不同供镁浓度对芝麻生长及养分累积的影响

 为促进芝麻高产营养与栽培,探讨不同镁浓度对芝麻生长和养分累积的影响。以品种中芝13为材料,设置5个供镁浓度处理（0、50、100、500和1 000μmol/L）,30d后测定不同处理芝麻生物量、根系形态参数、氮磷钾含量等指标。结果显示：不同供镁浓度对芝麻生长有着不同程度的影响,镁在100μmol/L及以下时,芝麻出现缺素症状,表现为植株矮小、老叶失绿黄化,根系生长受阻。芝麻植株生物量随着供镁浓度增加而增加,根系生长对镁浓度的变化尤为敏感,缺镁抑制根系生长。与1 000μmol/L相比,3个缺镁浓度（0、50和100μmol/L）处理下根系干重分别减少97.83%、93.88%和86.65%,且侧根长、侧根数、根表面积、根体积以及根平均直径显著降低。同时,随着镁浓度增加,芝麻叶片和根系中氮、磷、钾累积量显著上升,说明适宜供镁有利于芝麻生长和养分累积。此外,与供镁浓度500μmol/L相比,1 000μmol/L处理下的芝麻植株,叶片与根系中钙的积累量均显著降低,暗示芝麻在钙和镁吸收方面可能存在拮抗关系     

水稻SUMO化E3连接酶SIZ1调控缺磷条件下根的发育和根构型形成

植物应对磷胁迫的方法之一是改变根系的构型。以水稻SUMO化E3连接酶SIZ1突变体ossiz1为供试材料,研究了OsSIZ1在水稻根发育中的作用以及其与磷胁迫、生长素之间的关系。与野生型相比,OsSIZ1抑制ossiz1种子根和不定根的伸长,促进侧根密度的增加和根毛的增多。缺磷时,突变体ossiz1的反应更强烈,即不定根伸长、侧根密度增大和根毛增多的趋势更加明显。说明OsSIZ1参与调控水稻根构型的改变,低磷时效果更明显。ossiz1地上部和地下部的总磷浓度显著高于野生型,说明OsSIZ1在水稻中负调控磷素的吸收利用。定量RT-PCR结果显示,ossiz1中OsYUCCA1和OsPIN1a/1b的相对表达量显著高于野生型,说明OsSIZ1负调控根中生长素的合成与极性运输,并且缺磷时负调控作用减弱。结果表明,SUMO化E3连接酶OsSIZ1调控缺磷条件下根构型的形成,而且这一过程可能是通过调控生长素分布完成的。     

NaCl和Na_2CO_3胁迫对水稻根系生长的影响

采用根箱土培的方法对NaCl和Na_2CO_3胁迫下水稻不同土层根系生物量(即根系鲜质量)和主根的长度、根系生长速率及侧根的生长等进行了研究。结果表明,水稻根系生物量随着土层深度的增加逐渐减少,每个区段的根系生物量均表现为Na_2CO_3胁迫处理低于NaCl胁迫处理,Na_2CO_3胁迫处理在土表下20 cm以下部分没有根系分布。同一Na~+浓度下,水稻主根的长度、根系生长速率和侧根的长度、数量和直径等指标值均表现为Na_2CO_3胁迫处理低于NaCl胁迫处理。100 mmol/L NaCl胁迫显著(P0.05)降低了水稻主根的长度、根系生长速率,极显著(P0.01)降低了侧根的数量;50 mmol/L(Na~+浓度)Na_2CO_3胁迫处理显著降低了水稻根系生长速率和侧根数量。     

乙烯对低磷胁迫下大豆根形态和生理特性的影响

利用沙培方法研究了乙烯对磷胁迫下大豆幼苗的生理影响。结果表明:磷胁迫下大豆主根长度降低50%,侧根长度增加46%,侧根数目增加64%。缺磷时大豆根系磷含量降低,根系活力和根系组织酸性磷酸酶活性分别是全磷培养植株的1.2和1.3倍;与供磷植株相比,缺磷时大豆干物质累积量显著降低,缺磷主要抑制了地上部分干物质累积,而根系干物质累积几乎不变,根冠比增大。磷胁迫使大豆乙烯含量增加,但乙烯释放量被乙烯拮抗剂Co2+抑制。外源乙烯利抑制全磷大豆主根伸长,促进缺磷大豆侧根生长;乙烯拮抗剂Co2+逆转了低磷和乙烯对主根的抑制,减少侧根数目。乙烯利能够增加大豆幼苗根系活力和根系组织酸性磷酸酶活性,降低大豆生物量,增加根冠比,且磷胁迫时效果更为明显。     

甘蓝型油菜苗期氮效率评价及基因型差异

为筛选氮高效油菜资源提供参考，本研究建立甘蓝型油菜苗期氮效率评价以及氮效率基因型差异的鉴别方法，以162份油菜育种品系为材料，设置正常氮供给（氮浓度为9 500μmol/L）和低氮胁迫（氮浓度为237.5 μmol/L）两个氮水平处理，采用营养液培养方法，研究不同氮水平下油菜苗期生物学性状及氮累积量，并对所有品系进行氮效率评价和基因型差异分类。两年试验结果显示，油菜生物量、主根长、侧根长、根冠比、氮累积量及氮吸收和利用效率在不同氮水平处理间差异极显著。不同氮水平下，油菜苗期生物量与氮累积量、氮利用指数、氮吸收效率极显著正相关，与侧根长显著正相关。低氮胁迫下油菜主根长、侧根长和根冠比增加，且根冠比与侧根长显著正相关，说明低氮胁迫下侧根伸长是油菜苗期适应低氮胁迫的重要途径之一。相比氮利用效率，氮吸收效率对油菜苗期生物量的形成影响更大，油菜苗期生物量与氮吸收效率存在极显著相关性，侧根长、氮累积量、氮利用指数与氮吸收效率存在显著正相关。因此，生物量可作为评价油菜苗期氮效率的主要指标，侧根长、氮积累量、氮利用指数可作为辅助指标。以不同氮水平下植株生物量的平均值为阈值，对162份供试油菜品系氮效率进行分类，其中双高效型油菜基因型23份、双低效型油菜基因型28份、中间型油菜基因型111份。进一步分析表明，双高效型油菜生物量、氮累积量、氮吸收效率均高于双低效型油菜，低氮胁迫下双高效型油菜在氮吸收累积方面更有优势。     

水稻利用难溶性磷酸盐的基因型差异及其与根系分泌物活化特性的关系

通过砂培和溶液培养试验,研究了水稻利用难溶性磷酸盐（Al P和Fe P）的基因型差异及其与根系分泌物活化特性的关系。 与正常供磷处理相比,Al P和Fe P处理都显著降低了8个水稻基因型的生物量、吸磷量和植株磷浓度。在Al P或Fe P处理下,8个水稻基因型的生物量、吸磷量和植株磷浓度都存在显著的基因型差异。正常供磷处理和低磷处理的水稻植株的根系分泌物对难溶性磷酸盐都具有一定的活化能力。相对而言,磷缺乏植株的根系分泌物对Al P或Fe P的活化能力都要高于正常供磷处理的植株。相关性分析表明,磷缺乏植株根系分泌物对Al P或Fe P的活化能力和水稻吸收Al P或Fe P的能力之间没有显著的相关性,这说明根系分泌物对难溶性磷酸盐的活化能力并不能反映水稻吸收难溶性磷酸盐的能力。对于大部分基因型来说,低磷处理增加了根系苹果酸和草酸的分泌量。然而,根系有机酸的分泌量与根系分泌物对难溶性磷酸盐的活化能力并没有呈现一致的结果。     

不同氮效率油菜苗期根系形态及养分累积差异研究

为了解低氮胁迫下氮效率差异油菜在根系形态及养分吸收累积方面的差异,以一对氮效率差异油菜种质为材料,通过水培研究在低氮胁迫下苗期根系形态和养分累积的变化及差异。结果表明,在不同氮浓度处理下,两个材料根系和养分累积量都存在显著差异（P<0.01）。低氮胁迫下（N浓度为0.38mmol/L）,油菜主根长和侧根长显著增加,根系木质化程度降低,养分累积量显著下降。与氮低效油菜种质相比,氮高效油菜总根长、根表面积、根体积、侧根数及主根长,分别高出30.96%、22.02%、24.13%、28.20%和40.62%,且植株氮、磷、钾累积量分别是氮低效油菜的2.02、1.89、3.37倍。此外,氮高效油菜根尖分生区细胞分裂数目增加,伸长区细胞长度增加,可能导致了油菜主根的伸长生长。综上所述,与氮低效油菜相比,氮高效油菜对低氮胁迫耐受力更强,根系较为发达、养分累积 量降低幅度小。因此,氮高效油菜种质可能通过更发达的根系和更多的养分累积来应对低氮胁迫。     

钙信号试剂对水稻种子根负向光性生长的影响

 为了探讨水稻根负向光性形成与钙信号传导的关系,以水稻种子根为材料,用不同浓度的钙信号试剂\[氯化钙、钙通道有机阻断剂异搏定、钙通道无机阻断剂氯化镧、钙调素抑制剂氯丙嗪（CPZ）以及生长素极性运输抑制剂NPA\]处理水稻种子根,以1/10 Hoagland培养液为对照,并用100~200 μmol/(m2·s)单侧光照射24 h。实验结果表明,适量的CaCl2使水稻种子根负向光性增强并使其生长加快,负向光性增强是由于外源Ca2+进一步促进生长素从向光侧向背光侧运输引起的,与生长速率加快无关;同时,随着钙通道有机阻断剂、无机阻断剂、钙调素抑制剂以及生长素极性运输抑制剂浓度的上升,水稻根的负向光性及生长均受显著抑制,当异搏定的浓度大于100 μmol/L,LaCl3的浓度大于12.5 μmol/L,负向光性消失,种子根的生长也受到严重的影响;而60 μmol/L钙调素抑制剂氯丙嗪、6 μmol/L 生长素极性运输抑制剂NPA也使得根负向光性消失,根的生长几乎停止;向LaCl3溶液、异搏定溶液以及NPA溶液中添加100 μmol/L CaCl2可使负向光性及生长速率得到不同程度的恢复,表明钙离子作为第二信使系统,与生长素相互作用,参与光信号调控水稻根生长和负向光性形成。     

低钾胁迫对玉米苗期根系生长和钾吸收特性的影响

研究低钾胁迫对玉米苗期根系生长和钾吸收特性的影响。玉米自交系种子A(不耐低钾)和B(耐低钾)用三个钾离子浓度(5μmol/L,100μmol/L,1000μmol/L)进行液体培养,4周时将苗转入培养桶中,连续培养50天。在转入的0d、3d、10d、25d、50d天时距根尖2cm处取样,观察根部形态特征及解剖结构,对其根系活力、Imax、Km进行测定。结果表明:耐低钾品种B低钾条件下,根表形态结构上,根毛数量增加,且形成部位距根尖较近;根解剖结构上,木质部导管分化增强,并改善了疏导组织运输能力;根冠比上,长度、重量根冠比增加;根系吸收能力上,根系活力、Imax显著提高,Km显著降低。耐低钾品种从根形态结构改变及根系活跃吸收能力增强两方面协同作用适应低钾胁迫,提高钾吸收能力。     

根际氧浓度对水稻分蘖期养分吸收和根系形态的影响

以秀水09和春优84为材料,利用在线溶氧仪(氧气、氮气调节)设置4个氧浓度(低氧,0~1 mg/L;中氧,2.5~3.5 mg/L;高氧,>6 mg/L,即饱和溶解氧处理,在水稻生长过程中用充气泵连续向水体中充入空气;CK,常规水培,不进行氧调节),研究根际氧浓度对水稻幼苗生物量、养分吸收、积累以及根系形态的影响,探讨根际氧浓度变化情况下两个水稻品种幼苗养分吸收、积累和根系形态的差异。结果表明,与O₂浓度正常水平(对照)相比,中氧处理增加两个水稻品种幼苗根系、茎叶和总生物量。秀水09分别增加30.30%、32.96%和32.46%;春优84分别增加7.01%、1.77%和9.17%;高氧处理减少两个水稻品种幼苗根系、茎叶和总生物量,秀水09分别减少35.35%、15.62%和17.76%;春优84分别减少43.95%,18.92%和21.34%。低氧处理增加供试品种的根冠比。中氧处理增加两个水稻品种的N、P、K、Mn、Mg和Ca的吸收累积总量,低氧处理增加其Fe、Cu和Zn的吸收累积总量。中氧处理增加两个供试品种幼苗根系总根长、表面积、总根尖数和细根比例,降低幼苗粗根比例,有利于水稻幼苗对养分的吸收,使部分营养元素含量增加。同时,中氧处理对水稻幼苗生物量、养分吸收、积累、分配和根系形态的影响存在显著品种差异。     

Calcium Signaling is Involved in Negative Phototropism ofRice Seminal Roots简

Calcium ions(Ca2+) act as an intracellular second messenger and affect nearly all aspects of cellular life. They are functioned by interacting with polar auxin transport, and the negative phototropism of plant roots is caused by the transport of auxin from the irradiated side to the shaded side of the roots. To clarify the role of calcium signaling in the modulation of rice root negative phototropism, as well as the relationship between polar auxin transport and calcium signaling, calcium signaling reagents were used to treat rice seminal roots which were cultivated in hydroculture and unilaterally illuminated at an intensity of 100–200 μmol/(m2·s) for 24 h. Negative phototropism curvature and growth rate of rice roots were both promoted by exogenous CaCl2 lower than 100 μmol/L, but inhibited by calcium channel blockers(verapamil and LaCl3), calcineurin inhibitor(chlorpromazine, CPZ), and polar auxin transport inhibitor(N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid, NPA). Roots stopped growing and negative phototropism disappeared when the concentrations increased to 100 μmol/L verapamil, 12.500 μmol/L LaCl3, 60 μmol/L CPZ, and 6 μmol/L NPA. Moreover, 100 μmol/L CaCl2 could relieve the inhibition of LaCl3, verapamil and NPA. The enhanced negative phototropism curvature was caused by the transportation of more auxin from the irradiated side to the shaded side in the presence of exogenous Ca2+. Calcium signaling plays a key role as a second messenger in the process of light signal regulation of rice root growth and negative phototropism.     

砷胁迫下磷用量对不同磷效率水稻苗生长、磷和砷吸收的影响

 通过盆栽试验研究了苗期砷胁迫下磷用量对磷高效水稻99011和磷低效水稻99056生长以及对P、As吸收的影响。试验设3个磷水平（0、30、150 mg/kg）和5个砷水平（0、25、50、100、200 mg/kg）。结果表明,苗期施砷显著增加了两个水稻品种地上部及地下部砷的含量,降低了两个水稻品种的株高、分蘖数、地上部及地下部干质量;施磷不但促进了两个水稻品种的生长,而且还增加了根系对砷的吸收量。当土壤砷浓度为25 mg/kg和50 mg/kg时,施用30 mg/kg磷抑制了两个水稻品种砷向地上部的转移,但施用150 mg/kg磷却促进了砷向地上部的转移。相同的处理,磷高效水稻99011地上部干质量和根干质量均显著高于磷低效水稻99056。施砷后,在30 mg/kg磷水平上磷低效水稻99056的砷转移系数最低。     

Effects of Free-air CO2 Enrichment on Root Characteristics and C：N Ratio of Rice at the Heading Stage

The CO2 concentration in Earth’s atmosphere is increasing rapidly due to human activities, like fossil fuel combustion and rapid deforestation and is predicted to reach a concentration of 550 μmol/mol within this century [1]. The increase in atmospheric CO2 has a large potential to alter many ecosystem processes, particularly C and N cycling [2-4]. Plant C:N ratio not only serves as an important factor in maintaining the quality of plant tissue, but also a key index to keep balance betwee…     

Genotypic Variations in Response of Lateral Root Development to Fluctuating Soil Moisture in Rice

Abstract

Developmental plasticity in lateral roots may be one of the key traits for the growth of rice plants under soil moisture fluctuations. We aimed to examine responses in seminal root system development to changing soil moisture for diverse rice cultivars. Special attention was paid to the two different types of lateral roots ; the generally long, thick L type capable of branching into higher orders, and the non-branching S type. Plants were grown in half-split polyvinyl chloride tubes fixed with transparent acrylic plate for root observation under glasshouse conditions. When plants were grown first under drought conditions, then rewatered, the seminal root system development in terms of dry weight and total length was promoted as compared with plants grown under continuously well-watered conditions in IR AT 109 and Dular, drought tolerant cultivars. Promoted production of L type lateral roots mainly contributed to the development of the longer seminal root system. Plants exposed to soil submergence before they were grown under drought conditions did not show such promoted responses in these two cultivars. However, in KDML 105, a drought tolerant cultivar, the production of especially L type laterals was substantially promoted under drought and rewatered conditions. Honenwase was characterized by the shallow root system and great reduction in root system length when soil moisture becomes limited. These facts show that genotypic variations exist in the plastic response of rice seminal root system and that the L type lateral root plays a key role in manifestation of this plasticity.     

Effect of Indoleacetic acid （IAA） on the Negative Phototropism of Rice Root

To explore the effects of IAA on negative phototropism of rice (Oryza sativa L) root, agar block containing IAA was unilaterally applied on root tip to examine the phototropic response of root to exogenous IAA, and microstructure of the bending part was observed with an optical microscope. The growth of seminal roots could be regulated by exogenous IAA as well as light,as a result the root bent towards the site treated, causing asymmetric growth of the root cells at the elongation zone and consequently bending growth. IAA concentration in the shaded side of adventitious root increased much greater at 1.5 h after the start of irradiation. The unequal lateral IAA distribution can be concluded to be the main cause for negative phototropism of rice root.     

Effect of Indoleacetic acid (IAA) on the Negative Phototropism of Rice Root

To explore the effects of IAA on negative phototropism of rice ( Oryza sativa L.) root, agar block containing IAA was unilaterally applied on root tip to examine the phototropic response of root to exogenous IAA, and microstructure of the bending part was observed with an optical microscope. The growth of seminal roots could be regulated by exogenous IAA as well as light,as a result the root bent towards the site treated, causing asymmetric growth of the root cells at the elongation zone and consequently bending growth. IAA concentration in the shaded side of adventitious root increased much greater at 1.5 h after the start of irradiation. The unequal lateral IAA distribution can be concluded to be the main cause for negative phototropism of rice root.     

硫化氢提高水稻磷吸收转运的生理和分子机制

【目的】低磷胁迫是限制水稻产量的主要因素之一。水稻淹水条件下产生H2S，然而，H2S作为信号分子是否参与调节水稻响应缺磷胁迫还未可知。【方法】在正常磷和低磷条件下测定水稻H2S含量，揭示H2S在水稻响应缺磷胁迫中的作用。用2 μmol/L H2S前体物质NaHS预处理水稻1 d，然后在加磷和低磷条件下培养6 d，测定水稻体内总磷含量、酸性磷酸酶活性、抗氧化酶活性、木质部汁液磷含量、磷转运子基因表达以及根系构型变化，从而探究H2S参与调节水稻响应缺磷胁迫的生理和分子机制。【结论】低磷胁迫下，水稻根系和地上部H2S含量显著增加。NaHS预处理水稻显著增加低磷条件下水稻体内有效磷和总磷含量，提高根系酸性磷酸酶活性，提高抗氧化酶活性、木质部汁液磷含量和磷转运子基因表达水平，同时还改变水稻根系构型，增加总根长、总根表面积、总根体积和总根尖数，从而促进低磷条件下水稻对外界磷的吸收和转运，最终缓解缺磷胁迫。