用线性回归法确定影响TNT渗油性的关键因素

TNT(2,4,6-三硝基甲苯)质量指标之一的渗油性,旨在控制TNT中低熔点共熔物,即TNT油的浸出,保证其使用和存贮要求。该指标的取舍问题,因无系统论证,尚无定论。虽然国内很多资料报道了取消的可行性,认为控制TNT的SP在80.20℃以上,是可以保证其渗油性的,但实践证明,SP与渗油性之间并没有线性关系,是不可以控制渗油性的。有人认为,控制过程参数就可保证其渗油性合格,此方法在工艺过程中的应用确有成效。但其量化分析(渗油性)值却存在诸多误差,不能真实地反映TNT的实际质量。因此舍弃TNT的渗油性指标,就意味着其中的低熔点共熔物失控,必须予以保留。但不加改进地保留现状,则不利于提高质量。     

用线性回归法确定影响TNT渗油性的关键因素

TNT(2,4,6—三硝基甲苯)质量指标之一的渗油性,旨在控制 TNT 中低熔点共熔物,即 TNT 油的浸出,保证其使用和存贮要求。该指标的取舍问题,因无系统论证,尚无定论。虽然国内很多资料报道了取消的可行性,认为控制 TNT 的 SP 在80.20℃以上,是可以保证其渗油性的,但实践证明,SP 与渗油性之间并没有线性关系,是不可以控制渗油性的。有人认为,控制过程参数就可保证其渗油性合格,此方法在工艺过程中的应用确有成效。但其     

大口径炮弹一次注装TNT的探讨

一、概述螺装的TNT药柱,密度较低,一般在1.47～1.50左右;强度也低,药柱在贮存一段时间之后,在大于螺杆直径的部位,发生粉化现象。由于装药密度低,弹丸威力也小。此外,由于药厂生产的TNT纯度越来越高,油性降低,螺旋装药也越发困难,容易产生大量废品;也有大量的TNT因不适用于螺装而报废。注装的TNT药柱,密度比螺装的高,通常为1.56～1.60;药柱的强度较好。由于装药密     

大口径炮弹一次注装TNT的探讨

一、概述螺装的 TNT 药柱,密度较低,一般在1.47～1.50左右;强度也低,药柱在贮存一段时间之后,在大于螺杆直径的部位,发生粉化现象。由于装药密度低,弹丸威力也小。此外,由于药厂生产的 TNT 纯度越来越高,油性降低,螺旋装药也越发困难,容易产生大量废品;也有大量的 TNT 因不适用于螺装而报废。注装的 TNT 药柱,密度比螺装的高,通常为1.56～1.60;药柱的强度较好。由于装药密度提高了,以122榴弹来说,可以多装300克左右的炸药;其爆速也可以提高300米左右。所     

国外B炸药改性技术重要进展

通过改进装药方法提高药柱质量减少装药疵病，改进炸药配方加入各种添加剂提高药柱的强度和韧性，提高药柱碎解后的点火能量、降低燃烧反应速率、降低渗油性，使Ｂ炸药的膛炸概率明显下降。     

压装工艺对CL-20基炸药性能及聚能破甲威力的影响

利用常温成型和热压成型两种工艺制备了典型的CL-20基混合炸药装药,测试了其装药密度、密度均匀性、力学性能、爆速,计算了格尼系数。对Φ50mm标准聚能装药进行了破甲试验。验证了不同压装工艺条件下装填CL-20基炸药装药聚能射流对45号钢靶的侵彻深度和穿孔直径效果。结果表明,与常温成型CL-20基装药相比,热压成型工艺条件时装药的密度提高不小于1.46%,密度均匀性、爆速和格尼系数和破甲能力试验数据均有不同程度的提高,且Φ50mm标准聚能射流对45号钢靶的平均穿深从310mm提高至343mm,平均穿孔直径由18.0mm增至23.5mm。     

新型炸药固体胶

最近,西安近代化学研究所在民品开发研究中,成功地合成了 XL-91系列新型炸药固体胶。试验表明,这种固体胶可作为添加剂直接加到熔融 TNT 中,迅速熔化并且均匀地分散开来,所成溶液流动性好。而以往试验过的高分子物质就不行,很难熔化,不是飘浮就是粘结成块。这种固体胶安定性好,在 TNT 溶液或在铸装药中对 TNT 的颜色无明显变化。当用在B 炸药中,可以充分发挥粘结性和钝感作用,能使铸装药具有一定的强度和韧性。可抑制 TNT渗油试验发现,如果不加这种固体胶,铸装炸药用小锤一敲就脆裂开来,加入后就难以敲裂。用     

新型炸药固体胶

最近,西安近代化学研究所在民品开发研究中,成功地合成了 XL-91系列新型炸药固体胶。试验表明,这种固体胶可作为添加剂直接加到熔融 TNT 中,迅速熔化并且均匀地分散开来,所成溶液流动性好。而以往试验过的高分子物质就不行,很难熔化,不是飘浮就是粘结成块。这种固体胶安定性好,在 TNT 溶液或在铸装药中对 TNT 的颜色无明显变化。当用在B 炸药中,可以充分发挥粘结性和钝感作用,能使铸装药具有一定的强度和韧性。可抑制 TNT渗油试验发现,如果不加这种固体胶,铸装炸药用小锤一敲就脆裂开来,加入后就难以敲裂。用     

关于取代TNT渗油性指标的探讨

本文提出了用色谱分析法测定2,3,4-TNT 和2,3,6-TNT 的含量取代 TNT 渗油性指标。     

关于取代TNT渗油性指标的探讨

本文提出了用色谱分析法测定2,3,4-TNT 和2,3,6-TNT 的含量取代 TNT 渗油性指标。     

气相色谱法测定梯恩梯渗油性的可行性研究

通过对梯恩梯样品渗油性和样品组成的测定，找到了控制梯恩梯渗油性的主要指标。测定结果表明，使用气相色谱法测定梯恩梯渗油性是可行的。     

Determination of Critical Conditions for Detonation Initiation in a Finite Volume by a Converging Shock Wave

Direct initiation of spherical and cylindrical detonation in a stoichiometric hydrogen–air mixture under normal conditions by a collapsing low-pressure region (cavity) in a space bounded by a rigid shell is considered. The study of the flow with allowance for the actual mechanism of chemical reactions was performed using the finite-difference method based on the Godunov scheme, with a moving computational grid and explicit capturing of the leading shock wave and contact surface. It is established that, for a fixed pressure in the collapsing region and for its radius equal to or exceeding the known critical radius for an unbounded space, there exists a minimum (critical) shell radius, on exceeding which a detonation wave emerges in the flow field under study. In the case of spherical symmetry, the excess internal energy of the spherical layer between the shell and the low-pressure region to be spent on initiation of detonation burning attains a minimum value that far exceeds the critical energy for detonation initiation by a TNT charge in an unbounded space. Key words: discontinuity decay, hydrogen–air mixture, detonation, shock wave, critical initiation energy.     

Initiation of detonation in hydrogen—Air mixture by explosion of a spherical TNT charge

Direct initiation of detonation by explosion of a TNT charge in a hydrogen—air mixture is considered. The critical mass of initiating charge is determined numerically using a finite-difference method based on the Godunov scheme, taking into account the real chemical kinetics of combustion of hydrogen in air and the real equation of state for gaseous detonation products of TNT. The applicability of the equation of state of a perfect gas to the detonation products of TNT is considered. The effective value of the exponent of Poisson's adiabat is determined.Moscow. Translated from Fizika Goreniya i Vzryva, Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 91–95, March–April, 1995.     

Electrochemical reduction of trinitrotoluene on core-shell tin-carbon electrodes

In this work, we studied the electrochemical process of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) reduction on a new type of electrodes based on a core-shell tin-carbon Sn(C) structure. The Sn(C) composite was prepared from the precursor tetramethyl-tin Sn(CH₃)₄, and the product contained a core of submicron-sized tin particles uniformly enveloped with carbon shells. Cyclic voltammograms of Sn(C) electrodes in aqueous sodium chloride solutions containing TNT show three well-pronounced reduction waves in the potential range of −0.50 to −0.80 V (vs. an Ag/AgCl/Cl⁻ reference electrode) that correspond to the multistep process of TNT reduction. Electrodes containing Sn(C) particles annealed at 800 °C under argon develop higher voltammetric currents of TNT reduction (comparing to the as-prepared tin-carbon material) due to stabilization of the carbon shell. It is suggested that the reduction of TNT on core-shell tin-carbon electrodes is an electrochemically irreversible process. A partial oxidation of the TNT reduction products occurred at around −0.20 V. The electrochemical response of TNT reduction shows that it is not controlled by the diffusion of the active species to/from the electrodes but rather by interfacial charge transfer and possible adsorption phenomena. The tin-carbon electrodes demonstrate significantly stable behavior for TNT reduction in NaCl solutions and provide sufficient reproducibility with no surface fouling through prolonged voltammetric cycling. It is presumed that tin nanoparticles, which constitute the core, are electrochemically inactive towards TNT reduction, but Sn or SnO₂ formed on the electrodes during TNT reduction may participate in this reaction as catalysts or carbon-modifying agents. The nitro-groups of TNT can be reduced irreversibly (via two possible paths) by three six-electron transfers, to 2,4,6-triaminotoluene, as follows from mass-spectrometric studies. The tin-carbon electrodes described herein may serve as amperometric sensors for the detection of trace TNT.     

Development of an S-doped titania nanotube (TNT) site-selectively loaded with iron(III) oxide and its photocatalytic activities

We investigated an S-doped titania nanotube (TNT) loaded with Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles in order to improve photocatalytic activity of S-doped TNT under visible light irradiation. S-doped TNT was successfully prepared using the solid-phase method at 350 °C under aerated conditions. S-doped TNT showed photoabsorption in the 400–500 nm visible light region and showed photocatalytic activity for oxidation of acetaldehyde under visible light irradiation. Loading of Fe₂O₃ on S-doped TNT remarkably improved the photocatalytic activity of S-doped TNT. PA spectra measurement, which was performed in order to elucidate the mechanism of activity improvement, showed that the efficiency of charge separation between photoexcited electrons and holes was improved because the electrons were trapped by Fe₂O₃. Enhancement of photocatalytic activity was strongly dependent on the site of Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles loaded on TNT. PA spectra measurement showed that the photoexcited electrons transferred to Fe₂O₃ from S-doped TNT under UV light irradiation or to S-doped TNT from Fe₂O₃ under visible light irradiation.     

Approximate Method for Calculating the Impact Sensitivity Indices of Solid Explosive Mixtures

An approximate method is proposed to calculate the impact sensitivity indices (critical initiation pressure and critical charge thickness) for solid explosive mixtures (explosive compositions and mixtures of an oxidizer with a fuel). The calculation is based on some model concepts of the physicochemical and explosive properties of reactive mixtures. Test calculations of the sensitivity indices were performed for mixtures of HMX and TNT and mixtures of ammonium perchlorate with polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and TNT, and the results are compared with data of laboratory experiments on an impactor.     

老化对TNT基熔铸炸药性能的影响

为了研究老化对炸药性能的影响，对自然贮存的3种熔铸炸药TNT／RDX、TNT／RDX／Al和 TNT／HMX／Al进行了加速老化试验。通过扫描电镜、真空安定性试验研究了老化前后3种炸药的微观形貌和安全性能，并测试了老化前后3种炸药的感度和爆速。结果表明，老化后炸药颜色变深，体积膨胀，质量变轻。样品的放气量小于2 mL／g ，热感度变化也较小。机械感度的变化与炸药组分和老化方式有关。TNT／RDX的爆速随着贮存时间的增加而降低，与整体加速老化情况一致，TNT／RDX／Al和 TNT／HMX／Al的爆热随贮存时间的增加变化趋势相反，说明两者老化机理可能不同。     

固支矩形钢板近距爆炸的毁伤特性

为掌握金属平板结构在近距爆炸载荷下的毁伤特性,以四边固支矩形钢板为对象,开展了柱形TNT装药近距爆炸毁伤试验,根据试验结果划分了钢板的3种毁伤模式:塑性大变形毁伤、临界起裂毁伤和花瓣状破口毁伤,建立了不同毁伤模式下的理论计算和数值模型,并分析了药量、爆距及钢板厚度对其近距爆炸毁伤特性的影响。结果表明,钢板的塑性最大变形随装药质量增加而增加,随爆距增加而减小;钢板的临界起裂毁伤形式为平行于长边的Ⅰ字形裂纹;爆距保持不变时,钢板的最大破口毁伤直径与药量为正相关,2000g药量时的最大破口直径为1000g药量时的1.18倍;相同药量时,随着爆距的增加,钢板最大破口直径呈先增大后减小的趋势,药量为500g和1000g时,最佳毁伤爆距分别为4cm和5cm。     

Acceleration Ability of Emulsion Explosives

The acceleration ability of an emulsion explosive sensitized with Expancel polymer microballoons and having an initial density of 0.193–1.2 g/cm³ was measured using the end acceleration method and the method of acceleration of a cylindrical shell. The results were compared with those obtained for 79/21 AN/TNT and with the results of ANSYS AUTODYN simulation.     

The Use of Utilizable Explosives to Increase the Efficiency of an Explosion

The possibility of using the utilizable explosives to increase the efficiency of an explosion of industrial high–explosive (HE) charges is studied under laboratory and working conditions. To do this, the explosive charges were used as linear initiators of the elongated charges of industrial HE. It is shown that the placing of an NB–40 ballistite powder rod of diameter 10 mm in a bulk–density TNT charge of diameter 40 mm increases the velocity of acceleration of an aluminum shell by 14% (the ratio between the detonation velocities of the powder and TNT is 1.8 : 1.0). The use of ShZ–1 TNT–based and ShZ–2 RDX–based hose charges in well charges of industrial HE, such as 79/21 Grammonit (79% granular ammonium nitrate/21% scale–shaped TNT), 30/70 Grammonit (30% granular ammonium nitrate/70% granular TNT), and ammonium nitrate, as linear initiators leads to a decrease in the output of bulky rock by 15—20% and allows one to increase the grid of the wells of diameters 160 and 220 mm by 20—25% with preservation of the rock output. The ratio of the detonation velocities of ShZ–1 and ShZ–2 and industrial HE charges is within 1.5—1.7 in the case of 79/21 Grammonit and 2.2—2.6 in the case of ammonium nitrate. The results obtained are explained by the fact that the detonation of a linear initiator from utilizable materials changes the form of the detonation wave front of the basic charge; as a result, it arrives at the surface of an ambient medium at a large angle and a more intense shock wave enters the medium compared to the case without a linear initiator.