在校体能训练对飞行学员肺功能的影响

目的观察在校体能训练对飞行学员肺功能的影响。方法采用肺功能检测仪,对136名在校飞行学员体能训练2年前后肺功能进行测定。结果 1在校飞行学员体能训练2年后,用力肺活量和第一秒用力呼气容积占预计值百分比与训练前比较均有显著提高(P<0.05);小气道功能(MMEF、FEF50%、FEF75%)占预计值百分比与训练前比较变化差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。2体能训练前,136名飞行学员中肺通气功能障碍者15例,占总数的11.0%。15例肺通气功能障碍者均为轻度,其中阻塞性通气功能障碍者11例,限制性通气功能障碍者4例,无混合性通气功能障碍。经过2年体能训练后,3例阻塞性通气功能障碍者肺通气功能恢复正常,8例仍存在阻塞性通气功能障碍。4例限制性通气功能障碍者肺通气功能均恢复正常。3体能训练前有2例飞行学员存在小气道功能障碍,经过体能训练2年后小气道功能均恢复正常。结论在校体能训练可提高飞行学员肺通气功能,提示在校体能训练对提高大气道功能有重要意义,部分小气道功能亦可逆转,体能训练对小气道功能的影响有待进一步深入研究。     

飞行人员视力变化规律

目的 总结飞行基础学员、飞行学员和飞行员视力情况及其变化规律,为修改招飞体检视力标准提供依据. 方法 跟踪调查273名飞行基础学员在校期间的视力变化情况及其与屈光的关系、128名飞行学员在校期间视力变化情况以及236名飞行员连续3年视力变化情况. 结果 ①273名(546眼)飞行基础学员,招飞体检视力、入校复查视力均在标准范围内,毕业时视力有264名(528眼)视力在标准范围内,9人(12眼)视力低于正常范围.飞行基础学员毕业时视力和入校复查视力较招飞体检视力明显上升(P<0.01);毕业时视力与入校复查视力差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).毕业时,远视眼视力提高者明显多于近视眼(P<0.01).②飞行学员飞高教机前和毕业时视力较入校飞初教机前视力明显上升;飞高教机前和毕业时视力差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).③飞行员3年视力无明显变化,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05). 结论 ①飞行学员自招飞到毕业视力有逐渐增高的趋势,招飞体检时可以在严格控制屈光标准的前提下保留部分边缘视力者,以增加生源,但尚不能仅凭此作为修改招飞体检视力标准的依据.②建议分机种、飞行职务进行招飞并定向培养,对视力要求较低的机种以及非驾驶人员可适当放宽招飞视力标准.     

军事体能训练对学员身体成分的影响

目的通过为期7个月的军事体能强化训练研究军事体能训练对学员身体成分的影响。方法将458名学员随机分为实验组和对照组,通过7个月的训练,分析198名自我训练学员和260名在教员指导下训练学员身体成分的变化情况。结果 经过7个月的训练后,对实验组和对照组学员进行人体成分测量结果显示实验组学员除身高、体表面积、肌肉形态标准等方面与对照组无明显差异外,其余各项身体成分指标都存在显著性差异。结论 结果显示实验组和对照组学员两者的肌肉质量、去脂体重和体脂肪质量等17项指标具有显著差异,说明通过长期有目的、有计划、有针对性的体能训练,学员的身体成分发生了显著的变化,但腰臀比和浮肿指数两项指标未发生明显变化。     

飞行学员体能训练后心率与血乳酸水平的变化观察

目的：观察飞行学员体能训练后心率与血乳酸水平的变化。方法：测定飞行学员45例刚入校时与入校1年后不同时间节点心率和血乳酸水平的变化。结果：飞行学员体能训练1年后,运动前心率和血乳酸水平与刚入校时比较,差异不显著（P〉0．05）;运动后不同时间节点心率和血乳酸水平与刚入校时比较,差异显著（P〈0．05）。结论：通过体能训练可提高飞行学员心功能及机体乳酸缓冲能力。     

1991～2000年空军基础飞行学员观察矫治疾病对飞行合格率的影响

在招飞入校体检复查中观察矫治疾病者占 1.6 % [1 ] ,为探讨这部分人对基础飞行学员转校合格率的影响 ,笔者对我院 10年间飞行学员入校身体复查观察矫治结论及其转校飞行结论进行了调查。一、对象与方法1.对象 :飞行基础学院的男性飞行学员 ,年龄 19～ 2 1周岁。2 .方法 :查阅入校观察矫治疾病的健康档案 ,对经过全程基础理论和体能训练后 ,转校体检结论与入校观察矫治疾病情况进行对比统计分析。3.判定标准 :依据《中国人民解放军招收飞行学员体格检查标准》及《中国人民解放军空军飞行学员体格检查标准》。二、结果1991～ 2 0 0 0年 10年…     

低常远视力飞行学员屈光状态的追踪观察

目的 追踪观察部分低常远视力飞行学员入校1年后屈光状态及变化特点,为有关招飞体检标准提供客观依据. 方法 选择招飞时0.8≤远视力＜1.0(低常远视力)的飞行学员137人172眼为观察组,随机抽取同期招飞时远视力≥1.0飞行学员134人268眼为对照组;采用电脑验光方法进行动静态屈光检测和比较分析. 结果 ①招飞时两组屈光构成差异有统计学意义(x2=79.925,P＜0.01);1年后散瞳前两组屈光构成和变化特点无明显差异(x2=1.990,P＞0.05),新增混合性散光,近视明显增多,远视明显减少;散瞳后屈光变化与散瞳前相反;与招飞时比较观察组近视减少,对照组新增部分近视,两组屈光构成差异有统计学意义(x2=9.366,P＜0.05).②两组散瞳后近视屈光度明显低于散瞳前,远视屈光度明显高于散瞳前(均P＜0.01).③散瞳前后两组间屈光不正超标均无明显差异(x2=3.287、0.332,P＞0.05);超标屈光构成以近视为主,混合性散光次之.结论 ①1年后低常远视力组飞行学员屈光状态较招飞时略有改善,散瞳前屈光构成和屈光度变化特点与对照组基本相同;②对照组屈光波动幅度较大与其远视居多有关;③近视是两组屈光超标的主要原因.     

次极量平板运动试验评价飞行学员心电图T波变化的价值研究

目的:探讨次极量平板运动试验在评价飞行学员心电图T波变化的价值。方法:选择心电图Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF导联T波低平飞行学员33例,分别进行登梯运动试验和次极量平板运动试验,之后继续完成近2年的基础体能训练。比较次极量平板运动试验、登梯运动试验与基础体能训练后心电图检查T波合格情况,以及次极量平板运动试验与登梯运动试验对Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF导联T波低平的评价结果。结果:完成近2年基础体能训练后T波合格率,与次极量平板运动试验后4min、6min,以及与登梯运动试验后2min、4min、6min比较,差异均非常显著(P<0.01);而与次极量平板运动试验后2min比较,则差异不显著(P>0.05)。在评价Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF导联T波低平方面,次极量平板运动试验后2min的敏感度最高,漏诊率最低;而登梯运动试验后不同时段的敏感度均较低,且漏诊率较高。结论:次极量平板运动试验后2min与基础体能训练后,心电图检查T波合格情况接近,因此,在招飞体检时建议采用次极量平板运动试验评价心功能。     

青少年航空学校学员飞行适应能力与视力、屈光状态及隐斜度数相关性研究

目的 探讨空军青少年航空学校(简称青航校)学员飞行适应能力与视力、屈光状态和隐斜等医学选拔指标之间的关系,分析空军招收飞行学员(简称空军招飞)医学选拔标准是否合理,为空军招飞医学选拔标准修订提供理论依据.方法 选取12所青航校2020届毕业学员作为研究对象,对学员进行飞行适应能力评估,按空军招飞医学选拔相关要求进行体格检查,对不同飞行适应能力评分的学员身高、体质量、视力、屈光状态及隐斜等医学选拔指标进行统计分析.结果 飞行适应能力达标的学员裸眼视力(P=0.003)和屈光状态(P=0.027)医学选拔合格率显著高于飞行适应能力未达标的学员.医学选拔合格的学员,其飞行适应能力评分与隐斜度数、双眼屈光差和较差眼视力等均无统计学相关性.结论 学员医学选拔是否合格,将影响其飞行适应能力.当医学选拔合格时,飞行适应能力与视力、屈光状态、隐斜度数等体格检查结果无相关性.因此认为,现行眼科选拔标准制定较为合理.     

青少年航空学校学员入校6个月后远视力变化

目的通过对比分析青少年航空学校学员入学6个月后远视力变化情况,考察现行培养方案对学员视力保护的有效性和可行性,为有针对性地调整方案提供科学依据。方法记录3所青少年航空学校的222名学员定选及入校6个月后的远视力,以较差一只眼的视力为依据评价远视力总体变化情况;不同学校对比分析学员的视力变化,对用眼行为进行问卷调查,应用Logistic回归分析造成视力波动的主要影响因素。结果入校6个月以来,学员远视力水平稳中有升(P<0.05),视力保持稳定的学员比例占42.34%,有46.85%的学员视力上升。视力下降学员占10.81%,其中1.35%的学员视力下降至不合格。不合格学员集中在C校,C校学员总体视力呈现轻度下滑趋势(P<0.05),其余两校学员视力相对稳定。统计分析结果发现,学习时间和户外运动时间是对学员视力变化影响较大的2个因素。结论观察期内培养方案对于保护学员的视力是有效、可行的。下一步预防的重点可以放在学习时间和户外运动时间的合理分配上。     

空军飞行学员低常远视力变化趋势的追踪观察（摘要）

目的追踪观察飞行学员低常远视力的变化趋势。方法选择飞行学员271例（542眼）,其中远视力低常137人274眼,为观察组;远视力正常134人268眼,为对照组。分别观察招飞体检1年后双眼散瞳前后远视力变化情况并进行秩和统计分析。结果复查时两组远视力大部分均有提高。其中,散瞳后观察组远视力提高226眼（82．48％）,对照组提高183眼（68．28％）观察组招飞时远视力≥1．0占37．23％,复查散瞳后占86．49％;     

The effect of a physical activity education programme on physical activity, fitness, quality of life and attitudes to exercise in obese females

Obesity has reached epidemic proportions worldwide. Decline in physical activity has occurred simultaneously or before the increase in obesity. The aim of this pilot study was to investigate the effect of a physical activity group-based education programme delivered by a Physiotherapist on weight, physical activity, cardiovascular fitness, quality of life and attitudes to exercise in obese females. A sample of 18 obese Irish females (mean age 37.6 years, mean weight 117.9kg), took part in this study. The participants attended four physical activity education sessions in groups of 6-8, 1 month apart. Outcome measures were Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) measured by the Incremental Shuttle Walk test (ISWT) International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form (IPAQ-Short) Impact of Weight on Quality of Life Questionnaire-Short Form (IWQOL-Lite), and a questionnaire adapted from the EU survey on Consumer Attitudes to Physical Activity. There were no significant decreases in participants' weight (p=0.444) and there were no significant improvements in IPAQ (p=0.496) and IWQOL-Lite scores (p=0.337). There were significant improvements in CRF (p<0.0002). Attitudes towards exercise improved as shown by decreased barriers to exercise, i.e. decreased shyness (17%) and increased energy (22%) and increased enjoyment (22%). A group education programme focusing on physical activity alone demonstrated a significant increase in CRF (ISWT) and had a positive influence on attitudes to exercise. Longer duration interventions may allow participants to make the necessary lifestyle changes to achieve weight loss.     

High-intensity resistance and cardiovascular training improve physical capacity in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy

The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of a supervised high- and low-intensity structured training program in cancer patients concurrently undergoing chemotherapy. Seventy patients, in different stages of the disease and with different diagnoses (48 females, 22 males), between 18 and 65 years of age (mean age 42.8) participated in a 9-h weekly training program over 6 weeks. The intervention involved physical exercise, relaxation, massage, and body-awareness training. Physical capacity (one-repetition maximum tests (1RM), VO2max) and body composition (weight, skin-fold) were compared before and after the exercise intervention. The average increase in muscular strength was 41.3% (P<0.001) and 14.5% in aerobic fitness (pre: 2.27+/-0.597 L/min, post: 2.56+/-0.644 L/min, (P<0.001). The exercise intervention significantly increased the weight of the subjects by 1% (pre: 72.62+/-13.42 kg, post: 73.25+/-13.44 kg, P=0.016). There was a significant decrease in skin-fold measurements by 3% (P=0.031). The exercise intervention was well tolerated, provided that daily screening criteria were adhered to. The effects of resistance and cardiovascular training observed in this short-term study support the theory that exercise is a beneficial intervention strategy for increasing muscle strength and aerobic fitness during antineoplastic chemotherapy. This type of exercise program can be an important component of complementary treatment for cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy.     

矿泉疗养因子对提高疗养期间飞行员体能的研究

目的：研究疗养期间合理应用自然疗养因子矿泉对飞行人员体能训练情况的影响。方法：选取36名健康男性疗养飞行人员作为受试者,随机分为3组（对照组、矿泉浴组、矿泉游泳组）,分别于实验前后记录各组体能测试数据进行统计分析。结果：实验前后比较,矿泉游泳组单杠引体向上、负重50kg杠铃深蹲起立和仰卧起坐训练项目检测有显著性提高（P〈0.05）,旋梯测试结果略高,全身运动五项略低,两者均未达到显著差异（P〉0.05）;矿泉浴组单杠引体向上和仰卧起坐检测结果有显著性增高（P〈0.05）,全身运动五项略低,其他两项实验结果有增高趋势（P〉0.05）;对照组旋梯和全身运动五项测试结果降低,其他三项均有不同程度提高,未达到显著水平（P〉0.05）。结论：矿泉疗养因子的应用对疗养期间的飞行人员有增强体能的作用。     

The effect of callisthenic exercise on physical fitness values of sedentary women

Introduction

The purpose of this study was done to determine the effects of a 12-week callisthenic exercise program on some physical and physiological parameters of young, middle-aged and menopausal women.

Synthesis

We studied, during 12 weeks, 172 subjects’ age, height and body weight means were determined. Physical characteristics of Group I were (between19–30 years) 26.72 ± 3.57 years, 158.18 ± 4.66 cm and 71.45 ± 10.32 kg, for Group II (between 31–44 years) were as 41.43 ± 4.69 years, 156.94 ± 5.27 cm and 73,89 ± 10,66 kg, and Group III (between 45–56 years) were as 50.60 ± 4.05 years, 154.45 ± 4.18 cm and 75.51 ± 11.71 kg, respectively. All subjects attended the study, 50 minutes per session, three sessions per week, aerobic and calisthenic exercise programs. The intensity of the exercise was determined by Karvonen method (60 or 70%). There were significant differences in increase among aerobic power, sit-up, push-up, and handgrip strength values in Groups I, II and III. There was a significant difference among Group I, II and III in decreased blood pressure (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

It was determined that physical fitness values had decreased as the age increased. As a result, it can be said that the long-term callisthenic exercises cause the similar positive changes on women at different ages.     

Fundamental movement skills and physical fitness as predictors of physical activity: A 6‐year follow‐up study

The purpose of this study was to examine the extent to which fundamental movement skills and physical fitness scores assessed in early adolescence predict self‐reported physical activity assessed 6 years later. The sample comprised 333 (200 girls, 133 boys; M age = 12.41) students. The effects of previous physical activity, sex, and body mass index (BMI) were controlled in the main analyses. Adolescents’ fundamental movement skills, physical fitness, self‐report physical activity, and BMI were collected at baseline, and their self‐report energy expenditure (metabolic equivalents: METs) and intensity of physical activity were collected using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire 6 years later. Results showed that fundamental movement skills predicted METs, light, moderate, and vigorous intensity physical activity levels, whereas fitness predicted METs, moderate, and vigorous physical activity levels. Hierarchical regression analyses also showed that after controlling for previous levels of physical activity, sex, and BMI, the size of the effect of fundamental movement skills and physical fitness on energy expenditure and physical activity intensity was moderate (R² change between 0.06 and 0.15), with the effect being stronger for high intensity physical activity.     

A study of potential Olympic swimmers. Part 2. Changes due to three months intensive training

Anthropometric and physiological measurements were recorded for a group of exceptional young swimmers undergoing an intensive training programme over 3 months. The observed changes are presented and are discussed in relation to the training undertaken, and are compared with expected changes due to normal growth. Some of the physiological parameters measured showed marked changes: average physical work capacity decreased significantly, while the physical fitness index improved. Many of the anthropometric changes were small, but a significant increase in lean body mass occurred in both boys and girls, and in both groups the average weight gain was greater than that expected. In individuals subjected to rigorous training significant changes in anthropometric and physiological parameters over and above the expected changes due to normal growth and development occur relatively quickly within a period of 3 months.     

飞行学员基础学院体能训练一年后静态肺功能变化

目的　了解新招飞行学员训练一年后 ,静态肺功能的变化情况。　方法　使用日本ST 95型呼吸分析仪 ,对 5 6 2名新招飞行学员训练一年前后静态肺功能进行常规检测。　结果　新飞行学员训练一年后 ,2 5 %呼气中期流量 (MEF2 5)与训练前比较差异有显著性意义 (P <0 0 5 ) ,体重、肺活量 (VC)、潮气量 (TV)、最大通气量 (MVV)、最大呼气流量 (PEF)、用力肺活量 (FVC)、1s用力呼气容积 (FEV1)、3s用力呼气容积 (FEV3 )、75 %呼气中期流量 (MEF75)和 5 0 %呼气中期流量 (MEF50 )的检测值与训练前比较有显著提高 (P <0 0 1) ;身高、最大呼气中期流量 (MMEF)与训练前检测值差异不明显 (P >0 0 5 )。　结论　经过训练后 ,飞行学员的主要肺功能指标均较训练前有显著改善。提示加强训练对于提高肺功能有重要意义。     

The effect of leg strength on the incidence of lower extremity overuse injuries during military training

This study examined the effects of strength, aerobic fitness, and activity profile on the incidence of overuse injuries, particularly stress fractures, during military training. A total of 136 military recruits were followed during 9 weeks of basic training. Maximal strength and aerobic fitness were determined by a one-repetition maximum leg press and a 2,000-m run, respectively. An activity profile was determined by the recruit's activity history. Twelve recruits (8.8%) were diagnosed with stress fractures. Recruits who were 1 SD below the population mean in both absolute (98.4 +/- 36.6 kg) and relative strength (1.72 +/- 0.61 kg/kg of body weight) had a five times greater risk for stress fracture (p < 0.05) than stronger recruits. Poor aerobic fitness did not appear to be related to any increased incidence of stress fracture. It appears that recruits with lower body strength levels, within 1 SD of the population mean, have a reduced incidence of stress fractures during military training.     

Applied physiology of amateur wrestling.

The general physiological profile of the successful wrestler is of one having high anaerobic power (mean range of 6.1 to 7.5 W/kg for arms; mean range of 11.5 to 19.9 W/kg for legs); high anaerobic capacity (range for arms 4.8 to 5.2 W/kg; range for legs 7.4 to 8.2 W/kg); high muscular endurance; average to above average aerobic power (range 52 to 63 ml/kg/min); average pulmonary function (range 1.90 to 2.02 L/kg/min for VEmax); normal flexibility; a high degree of leanness (range 3.7 to 13.0% fat) excluding heavyweights; and a somatotype that emphasises mesomorphy. Training methods include wrestling, and nonwrestling activities for increasing strength and power (i.e. resistance training), and to improve cardiovascular fitness (i.e. endurance training). Unfortunately, data on the isolated effects of wrestling on fitness and the type of training programme most effective for success in wrestling are scarce. The practice of weight loss is commonly used by wrestlers to enhance performance. Rapid weight loss has profound adverse effects on the wrestler's physiology but little effect on strength or anaerobic power performance as measured in the laboratory. In contrast, muscular endurance appears to be impaired by the rapid weight loss. Current research on weight loss and performance in wrestlers has taken 2 directions: (a) towards nutritional treatments to prevent suboptimal muscular endurance, and (b) towards the development of programmes to estimate minimal weight based on body composition techniques and thereby prevent weight reductions.     

促进新兵体能素质发展的实验研究

 目的研究发展新兵体能素质的有效方法,优化武警部队新兵体能训练方案.方法400名武警健康男性新兵随机分为对照组和实验组,实验组实施干预训练方案,对照组按部队现行方案组织训练.经8周训练后,对14项身体素质指标进行训练前后和组间的对比分析.结果实施干预训练8周后,7项力量素质测试指标实验组有6项显著高于对照组;3项耐力跑成绩实验组的提高幅度均大于对照组;5项体能素质的分级比较,实验组的优良率显著高于对照组.结论采用干预训练方案能够有效发展新兵的体能素质,训练效果优于部队现行训练方案.