Exploring a combination of objective and subjective assessment in landscape classification: Side case from Turkey

Landscape is a product of interactions between human and nature that bring multiple characteristics to discrete geographic settings. Landscape character assessment (LCA) is a process of describing, mapping and evaluating distinct characters in the landscape. The aim of this study is to integrate objective and subjective assessment in landscape classification in the case of Side district in Antalya, Turkey. The methodology of the study is based on a holistic approach to combine map-based biophysical information and on-site visual landscape characteristics into the LCA process. Principal component and cluster analysis were used to understand relationships and spatial patterns between 29 landscape character areas and types which were previously defined by previous work. The main source of data was landscape characters, and 35 character attributes was processed as variables. Cluster analysis showed that landscape character areas and types in Side were gathered into two main cluster groups and five sub clusters. The majority of landscape character areas tended to constitute separate subclusters, while character types appeared to form large groups of clusters in which recognisable land-use patterns were the main activity. According to the cluster dendrogram, it was possible to interpret spatial linkages between the clusters of character areas and types and to delineate geographic classification of the main landscapes in Side. Scaling relations for LCA in a pattern-process-product framework provided an explicit understanding of the data layers in landscape classification and where the clustering can function. Biophysical characteristics comprised the pattern of the landscape, while visual characteristics demonstrated the condition of the landscape as a product. The process depends upon transformation between the objective and the subjective as a link between pattern and product. Further steps would be to conduct semistructured surveys to assess local perceptions and preferences about landscape characters for landscape quality objectives.     

AN EVALUATOR'S VIEW OF NDEA INSTITUTE PROPOSALS

This paper analyzes the surprisingly great variation in demographic character across the states, utilizing data on fertility, mortality, age, sex, mobility, household character, abortion, race and ethnicity. A fairly simple regional pattern is revealed that is less related to levels of economic development than to long-standing historical cultural differences.     

Preserving coastal natural character: Court interpretations of a long‐standing New Zealand policy goal

New Zealand's policy goal to preserve coastal natural character was first incorporated into planning legislation in 1973 and protected area legislation in 1977. An evaluation of 100 relevant Resource Management Act Court decisions determined the Courts' interpretations of this policy goal. The Courts have repeatedly found that natural character is of nature (not culture), including natural elements, patterns, and processes. There is a continuum of naturalness from pristine indigenous ecosystems to the urban environment. A 2014 Supreme Court decision has upheld the use of environmental bottom lines for natural character and the importance of protection as part of sustainable management.     

不同比例尺下中国水系分维数关系研究

应用分形理论,再次验证整个中国水系及各流域水系分形特征的客观存在;通过比较1:450万及1:1200万比例尺计算的分形维值大小及变化规律,表明单一尺度的分形规律在其它尺度下依然存在;大比例尺条件下计算得到的分形维值也大,且各层次不同流域的分维值在不同比例尺条件下的变化也呈现相同的趋势,表明图源比例尺对分维计算值的影响。     

灌丛沙堆表面压力分布特征的实验研究

风成沙丘表面压力分布特征直接反映沙丘表面风蚀风积特点,因而是研究沙丘表面地貌过程的重要依据。依据风沙运动实验相似性理论,以新疆和田河流域实测柽柳沙堆为基础,按一定比例缩小制作成四组模型,选用起沙风速区间在6~14 m/s的5组不同风速分别对四组模型在风洞中作纯气流表面压力的模拟实验。结果表明,无植物覆盖的半球形沙堆和圆锥形沙堆的表面压力分布特征存在着较大差异,其中半球形沙堆迎风坡下部有较明显反射涡流,丘顶存在高压剪切气流区域,圆锥形沙堆则不存在这种风压变化,此外半球形和圆锥形沙堆两翼的高低压风蚀区域分布特点也不一致。人工“植物”引发的沙堆丘顶和背风坡区域表面风压的显著变化有利于截留沙尘、保护沙堆免受风蚀并促进沙堆增长。     

Spatial factors of differentiation of unemployment in Poland during 1990–2007

An analysis is made of the dynamics of unemployment and of the factors of its spatial differentiation on the territory of Poland. Six stages were identified in the dynamics of employment, which are associated with the character of development of the national economy and its accession to the common European market of manpower. It is stressed that the historical and political-geographical conditions have influence on the character of the spread of unemployment.     

植物特征与某滑坡坝形成时间和稳定性关系

植物生长受其生长环境的影响，一定的生长情况，反映了其生活环境。在环境、生物、地质等学科，通过对植物种属、生长形态等分析，可以表明其生活环境的某些特征。在地质上，马刀树的存在是滑坡存在一个典型证据，生存时间较长的树，是其生活地区的活化石，对其进行分析，可以论证地质体的稳定性，在自然风景区和国家保护区，这种方法是非常具有应用价值的。本文通过对某一保护区的滑坡坝顶部生长的树木分析，确定其形成时间，这同其它调查结果是一致的。计算分析表明滑坡坝在形成后处于稳定状态，它同植物生长特征符合。表明这种分析方法是一种简易实用的方法，对其它工程也有借鉴意义。     

Traditional life support methods of the Evenki in the Baikal region

The strategies and local varieties of life-support systems of the Evenki in the Baikal region in the pre-collectivization period are considered. The specific character and the role of traditional kinds of activity, and the resources of flexibility and sustainability of a traditional lifestyle are revealed. The culturalgeographical reconstruction of the economic adaptation of the Evenki, undertaken in this study having regard to the multivariate character of the natural and social environments, is compared with current problems of ethnic identity conservation.     

甘南高寒牧区牧民参与合作经济组织的意愿及影响因素

在广大牧区发展牧民合作经济组织,对于提升畜牧业竞争力、增加牧民收入、培养新型牧民具有至关重要的作用。利用入户调查资料分析了甘南牧区牧民参与合作经济组织的意愿,通过实地调研总结了影响农户参与专业合作经济组织行为的主要因素,建立了牧民参与合作经济组织的行为模型,并运用Logistic模型进行了实证研究。研究结果表明:牧民参与合作经济组织的意愿受户主的受教育程度、畜牧业生产的专业化程度、畜产品的商品化程度等因素的影响。基于这些实证研究结果,提出了相关的政策建议。     

A GEOMORPHIC APPROACH TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF RIVER RECOVERY POTENTIAL

While many studies have documented pathways of river degradation, few studies have assessed the character, capacity, and stages of river recovery. In this paper, a generic procedure to measure river recovery is developed and applied in Bega catchment, on the south coast of New South Wales (NSW), Australia. The approach is based on analysis of geomorphic units and ergodic reasoning. Historical data and field analyses are used to identify stages of river evolution throughout Bega catchment. From this, stages of river condition and pathways of adjustment are assessed for three river styles at different positions within the catchment. Five categories of river condition are identified. Intact reaches operate in a self-adjusting manner, whereby processes maintain the pre-disturbance geomorphic character of the reach. The processes occurring in restoration reaches maintain and enhance the geomorphic structure of the reach. These reaches are moderately resilient to change. The river has experienced degradation, but has recovered to a condition approximating its pre-disturbance character and behavior. Degraded reaches are still adjusting to disturbance and the processes of recovery have not yet begun. The river is experiencing progressive deterioration away from the structure and function of the pre-disturbance condition. Turning-point reaches are at the transitional stage where they can either recover or revert to a degraded state. Finally, a creation reach has a self-adjusting character and behavior but operates under altered catchment boundary conditions. The character and behavior of the river do not equate to pre-disturbance conditions; rather, the river is well adjusted to the prevailing catchment boundary conditions of water and sediment transfer, and vegetation cover and composition (among many factors). Once these conditions have been identified for each river style, all reaches in a catchment are placed on pathways of degradation and recovery, and predictions made about their direction of change. The three river styles analyzed in Bega catchment demonstrate differing recovery pathways. Some reaches are adjusting toward a restored condition, while others are adjusting toward a new (or creation) condition. The geomorphic recovery potential of each reach is determined by assessing the connectivity of reaches throughout the catchment and interpreting limiting factors to recovery (e.g., water and sediment transfer, vegetation and coarse woody debris [CWD] character and distribution). [Key words: geomorphic river condition, river recovery, river degradation, recovery potential, fluvial geomorphology, river management.]     

澜沧江流域地理信息处理与地貌形态特征分析

地貌作为自然环境的重要组成要素,它对地表生态环境及各种自然资源的形成与分布具有重要作用。本研究针对澜沧江流域特殊的自然地理环境,应用GIS与遥感图像处理技术方法,通过对澜沧江流域1∶25万数字高程模型数据与地表覆盖遥感数据进行处理,提取流域有关坡度、坡向、地形起伏度等地貌特征要素,并进行定位表达与特征统计分析,结果获得了对流域地貌特征的定位与定量化的总体认识,研究成果直接为澜沧江流域水、土、生物、矿产等资源的综合开发利用,特别是为流域水资源的分配及其综合开发利用研究提供空间信息基础平台。     

CAPTAIN BRITAIN AND THE NARRATION OF NATION*

Captain Britain Weekly (1976–1977) was the first comic book specially created for the British market by New York‐based Marvel Comics. The title character was created as an analogue to Captain America, the legendary American nationalist hero of the so‐named comic book, but with key differences meant to resonate in the British context. I utilize visual and textual discourse analysis to study the narrative and imagery used to introduce this character to British comics fans, and I discuss readers' letters to the editor to evaluate audience response to the character and story lines. Attention is drawn to the hero's origin, which fuses science and magic to construct a paradoxically primordial, yet modern, British identity. Villains in these story lines provide hints about “un‐British” behavior and provide lessons for young readers, with direct moral connections to, and contrasts with, the narratives found in Captain America.     

南极与青藏高原冰芯中阳离子对比研究

本文选取南极Ｎｅｌｓｏｎ站、横断山的海螺沟冰川、喜马拉雅山的达索普冰川、西昆仑的古里雅冰川和天山的托木峰冰川为研究对象,以化学成分作为指标,作了模糊聚类分析。结果表明,在不同水平下分类,冰川之间关系程度不同,反应的气候环境也不同。南极与青藏高原冰川中离子浓度存在差异,尤其是Ｎａ＋和Ｃａ２＋的含量差异显著。Ｎｅｌｓｏｎ站的Ｃａ２＋／Ｎａ＋之值比青藏高原各冰芯低许多,其与海水中Ｃａ２＋／Ｎａ＋之值相当。Ｃａ２＋／Ｎａ＋之值体现了冰川离海洋的距离,Ｃａ２＋／Ｎａ＋之值越小,则冰川离海洋越近,反之则越大。     

南极长城湾沉积物中稀土元素的初步研究

本文通过对长城湾表层沉积物中稀土元素的地球化学研究,认为其总量丰度、配分模式、特征参数等,均与菲尔德斯半岛的火山岩相似,因而长城湾沉积物的主要来源似为菲尔德斯半岛基岩的风化产物。     

Dora the Explorer: Preschool Geographic Educator

Abstract

Dora the Explorer is a twenty-three-minute television program for preschoolers viewed by millions every day in many countries. These programs are also marketed as videotapes and DVDs. This seven-year-old Latina, bilingual cartoon character teaches many things by interacting with the young viewers. On every program Dora and friends have to go someplace to solve a problem. Map is a cartoon character who helps viewers read the map and tells Dora where to go next. Some episodes are particularly geographic. Geographers need to evaluate the contributions of Dora the Explorer to geographic education for preschool children, a little-studied subject.     

高原草地退化遥感监测对象的地学属性分析--以西藏自治区那曲县为例

本文通过分析那曲县草地退化遥感监测对象的空间分布特征、波谱响应特征和时相特征三个地学属性,得出以下结论:(1)那曲县的自然景观单元分异程度比较低;(2)退化草地植被在TM5、6波段具有高反射值,LAND-SAT TM信息源中具有对草地植被退化敏感的波段TM7,TM5和TM3;(3)高原植被返青比较晚,生长期短,7、8月份是牧草生长旺季。并根据地学属性分析结论选择7月下旬的LANDSAT TM图像作为草地退化动态监测的主要遥感信息源。     

贵州省农业产业结构调整研究

文章论述了贵州省农业产业结构现状、存在的主要问题及其调整方向。依照资源潜力和生态地质环境特点,特色农业开发是贵州省农业产业结构调整的突破口,但特色农业的生产布局必须与生态地质环境进行空间耦合,只有按照生态地质环境的空间分异性调整农业产业结构,才能使贵州省特色生态环境和优势农业资源得以充分利用,实现农业经济的跨越式发展。     

新疆农村经济地域类型划分与不发达类型区农村产业结构调整的基本思路

用定量和定性相结合的方法，采用多指标综合，对新疆农村经济的类型进行了初步划分，指标的选取主要反映区域经济的规模、结构层次的人均国内生产总值、农民人均家庭纯收入、农村非农份额等，把全疆划分为三种农村经济类型，即发达、较发达和不发达等。分析了其中不发达类型区农村产业结构的静态特征、动态特征和横向比较特征，在此基础上，提出了不发达类型区农村产业结构调整的基本思路。     

汉字矢量字形输出的新途径

汉字矢量字形的输出是实现地图图面注记自动化的关键。汉字信息处理可采用用户程序级、操作系统级和硬件级三种方式。一、三两种方式已经过多年的实践,表明都有不尽人意之处。本文从操作系统级出发,将供显示和打印用的点阵式字模转化为适合绘图仪输出的矢量数据。这一方法可利用国标一、二级字库的汉字信息资源,并可以获得地图图面注记所需要的各种字体和字形的汉字。