黄河三角洲贝壳堤岛3种优势灌木的根系构型

根系构型决定了植物植株固定和资源吸收等很多重要功能,并通过资源的分配确定了植物的根冠比和净初级生产力。对黄河三角洲贝壳堤岛3种优势灌木柽柳、酸枣和杠柳的根系构型进行了研究,并验证了植物根系分支直径的尖细速率和根系分支前后的比例。结果表明:3种植物的根系构型不同,酸枣和杠柳根系主要分布在浅表层,水平根幅与垂直根幅的比值较大,而柽柳的垂直根深所占比例最大;杠柳和酸枣的拓扑指数分别为0.85和0.96,趋向于1,近似于鱼尾形分支,而柽柳的拓扑指数为0.65,接近于叉状分支。平均连接长度以酸枣最大,杠柳次之,柽柳最小。随连接长度增加,酸枣根系相比其他两种植物的尖细速率趋向于平缓。此外,3种植物的分支前后直径都符合Leonardo da Vinci法则。总之,根据根系构型,黄河三角洲贝壳堤岛3种灌木植物可以划分为2类,一类是以根系地表分布,扩大根幅,鱼尾形分支觅养的酸枣和杠柳,另一类则是根系深扎,充分利用地下资源的柽柳,体现了2种不同的生境适应对策。     

绿竹根系分布及生物力学性质

为探讨绿竹根系固土力学机制,研究了绿竹根系在土壤中的垂直分布状况,以及绿竹单根抗拉强度和林地土壤抗剪切强度.结果表明:绿竹根系干质量、长度、表面积和体积均随土层深度增加而减小,0~40 cm土层集中了90%以上的根系.径级D≤1 mm根系占全部根系长度的比例最大,为79.6%,占全部根系体积的比例最小,为8.2%;而D≥2 mm根系则相反,D=1~2 mm根系居于二者中间.12%含水率和饱和含水率下,绿竹根系最大抗拉力与直径呈幂函数正相关,而根系抗拉强度与直径呈幂函数负相关;不同径级根系的抗拉强度存在显著差异,D≤1 mm根系抗拉强度最大,而D≥2 mm最小.12%含水率下根系抗拉强度显著高于饱和含水率下根系抗拉强度,含水率对根系抗拉强度的影响随根系径级增大而减小.绿竹林地土壤抗剪切强度和裸地土壤抗剪切强度均随土壤深度增加而增大.绿竹林地土壤抗剪切强度与根系含量呈线性正相关,且显著大于裸地土壤抗剪切强度,其增加值与根系含量呈指数正相关,而与土壤深度关系不大.     

植物根系固坡抗蚀的效应与机理研究进展

植物根系对抵抗坡体浅层滑坡和表土侵蚀起着巨大的作用.植物根系通过增强土体的抗剪强度发挥固坡效应.目前有关植物根系固坡机理的模型较多,普遍接受的是Wu-Waldron模型.该模型表明,植物根系产生的土体抗剪强度的增量与根系的平均抗拉强度和根面积比成正比,应用该模型评价根系固坡效应的2个最重要因素是根系的平均抗拉强度和根面积比.研究发现,土壤抗侵蚀性随着植物根系数量的增加而提高,但未有一致的定量函数关系.植物根系提高土壤抗侵蚀性主要通过直径小于1mm的须根起作用.须根通过增加土壤水稳性团聚体的数量与粒径等作用来提高土壤的稳定性,以抵抗水流分散;须根还能有效地增强土壤渗透性,减少径流,从而达到减少土壤冲刷的目的.     

三江并流区水电站消落带适生草本植物根系固土能力

三江并流区生态脆弱敏感,水电站库周消落带土壤侵蚀严重,为研究消落带适生草本植物的根系固土效应,并为重建植被、控制土壤侵蚀提供依据,以生长期为18个月的风车草(Cyperus alternifolius L.)、美人蕉(Canna indica L.)、花叶芦竹(Arundo donax var. versicolor)和菖蒲(Acorus calamus L.)4种草本植物为研究对象,采用自制的原位剪切仪测定根土复合体和素土的抗剪强度;用根系拉力试验机测定根系的抗拉强度,用Wu和Waldron模型(WWM)对根系提高土体抗剪强度进行预测,并评价模型的可靠性。结果表明：①4种适生草本植物根系都能增强土体的抗剪强度,风车草、美人蕉、花叶芦竹和菖蒲根系使土体的抗剪强度分别提高了403.89%、248.32%、388.50%和200.71%;②4种草本植物根系的抗拉强度均与直径呈现负幂函数关系;③根系抗拉强度较大、破坏面上根面积比较高和根系直径(D)<1 mm细根较多的草本植物,固土效应更加显著;④4种草本植物根系对土体强度增量的WWM模型计算值是实测值的9.37-43.85倍,该模型对高含水率土壤中草本植物根系的预测精度较低。风车草、美人蕉、花叶芦竹和菖蒲的根系均有较强的固土能力,尤其是风车草和花叶芦竹,是三江并流区黄登水库消落带植被重建和固土抗蚀的优选物种。     

不同人工灌木与草混播群落中4种灌木根系分布的研究

通过对3种人工群落中4种优良水土保持灌木荆条、柠条、胡枝子、紫穗槐的根系分布的研究,分析和探讨这4种灌木在不同群落中根系生物量分布,地上、地下生物量相关性及有效根密度的差异.结果表明:(1)紫穗槐在不同人工群落中的地下生物量相对稳定;(2)群落Ⅰ(胡枝子80/柠条80 紫穗槐30/荆条20 苇状羊茅150/百脉根100)的植物配置灌木根系生物量最大;(3)4种灌木地上、地下生物量有较强的相关性,地上生物量均随地下生物量的增加而提高;群落Ⅰ有效根密度总和远大于群落Ⅱ、Ⅲ.可见,紫穗槐具有良好的混播性能,群落Ⅰ的植物配置模式相对合理.     

喀斯特坡地2种地埂篱根-土复合体抗剪和抗冲性能综合评价

分析喀斯特地区不同地埂篱根系的形态和力学特性，量化其根-土复合体抗剪和抗冲性能的强弱，探寻该地区地埂篱根系固土抗蚀性能的评价因子，为喀斯特坡地水土流失治理中植被恢复措施的科学应用提供参考。选取重庆酉阳龙潭槽谷为研究区，分上、中、下坡分别布设拉巴豆和光叶苕子2种地埂篱，采用根系扫描仪和电子万能试验机测定其根系形态和力学参数，应变控制式直剪仪测定复合体抗剪强度，原状土冲刷水槽法测定复合体抗冲指数。结果表明：(1)抗剪复合体中，拉巴豆平均根长密度和根表面积密度分别高出光叶苕子59.32%和16.86%;抗冲复合体中，拉巴豆平均根长密度、根表面积密度和根体积密度较之光叶苕子高出30.48%、57.78%、92.98%;拉巴豆根系极限抗拉力和抗拉强度均显著高于光叶苕子。(2)2种地埂篱根系均能增强土壤的抗剪和抗冲性能，其中拉巴豆和光叶苕子复合体粘聚力较之对照土体分别增强了113.06%—124.37%和51.56%—87.12%,抗冲指数最高达到对照土体的2.81倍和2.45倍。(3)不同坡位，下坡2种植物的根长密度显著高于上、中坡；拉巴豆根系抗拉特性在下坡表现最优，光叶苕子在上坡表现更好；拉巴...     

多花木蓝根截面微观结构对其抗拉特性的影响

根截面微观结构由连通的骨架和相互贯通或封闭的孔洞构成, 其与根系抗拉力学特性有密切的联系。该文通过单根拉拔测试根系力学特性并采用扫描电镜获取根截面微观特征, 探讨根截面微观结构特征与根抗拉力学特性的关系。主要结果显示: 1)根系截面单位面积承受拉力和拉伸应变的能力均随根直径的增大而降低。2)根系抗拉强度和韧性随平均孔径的增加而降低, 其次孔径的均匀性对二者也存在一定的影响。3)导管排列方式随根直径的增加, 呈现单管孔→复管孔→管孔链→管孔团的排列方式, 导管排列方式和分布均匀性对根抗拉力学特性都有影响, 其中排列方式较分布均匀性的影响大。4)根截面管孔面积比对根抗拉特性的影响还受木质部和根皮及导管特征的影响。该研究从根系微观结构的角度揭示了根直径的增大影响截面微观结构进而影响根系的抗拉力学特性, 为进一步解析灌木根系固土力学机制提供了一定的理论基础。     

多花木蓝根截面微观结构对其抗拉特性的影响

根截面微观结构由连通的骨架和相互贯通或封闭的孔洞构成,其与根系抗拉力学特性有密切的联系。该文通过单根拉拔测试根系力学特性并采用扫描电镜获取根截面微观特征,探讨根截面微观结构特征与根抗拉力学特性的关系。主要结果显示:1)根系截面单位面积承受拉力和拉伸应变的能力均随根直径的增大而降低。2)根系抗拉强度和韧性随平均孔径的增加而降低,其次孔径的均匀性对二者也存在一定的影响。3)导管排列方式随根直径的增加,呈现单管孔→复管孔→管孔链→管孔团的排列方式,导管排列方式和分布均匀性对根抗拉力学特性都有影响,其中排列方式较分布均匀性的影响大。4)根截面管孔面积比对根抗拉特性的影响还受木质部和根皮及导管特征的影响。该研究从根系微观结构的角度揭示了根直径的增大影响截面微观结构进而影响根系的抗拉力学特性,为进一步解析灌木根系固土力学机制提供了一定的理论基础。     

喀斯特坡地拉巴豆地埂篱根及根-土复合体力学特性

为探索地埂篱在喀斯特坡地水土保持中的价值,在重庆市酉阳县喀斯特顺层坡种植拉巴豆地埂篱,通过对根系灰度扫描、化学成分(木质素、纤维素、半纤维素)测定,单根抗拉试验和根-土复合体抗剪/冲试验,分析拉巴豆地埂篱根及根-土复合体的力学特性及影响因素。结果表明:(1)拉巴豆根系全根指标根长、根表面积、根体积、根重均表现为中坡下坡上坡,优势径级为0.0d≤1.0 mm径级。全根根系纤维素的平均含量较木质素、半纤维素高,且与根系直径呈显著负相关。(2)根系平均极限抗拉力6.77 N、平均抗拉强度29.57 MPa。极限抗拉力与木质素含量呈对数函数正相关、与木质素/纤维素(木纤比)呈线性正相关,抗拉强度与纤维素含量、木纤比分别为对数函数正相关和负相关。(3)上坡位抗剪土样的根体积密度、根重密度和木纤比显著大于中、下坡;而抗冲土样的根体积密度、根重密度、纤维素和半纤维素含量则中坡较优,但不显著。(4)根系能有效提高土体抗剪性能,根-土复合体的内摩擦角与粘聚力均较对照裸地高,但仅上坡粘聚力存在显著性差异(较对照增大45.67%)。内摩擦角和抗冲指数均中坡、下坡较优,粘聚力最优值位于上坡位。根-土复合体的力学特性主要受根体积、根重、根表面积密度和纤维素的影响。综上,拉巴豆根及根-土复合体的力学特性主要贡献径级为0.0d≤1.0 mm径级,中、下坡细根量大且根-土复合体抗冲性能表现较优,上坡根-土复合体抗剪切能力最强,但抗冲性能较弱。在推广拉巴豆地埂篱时,尽量种植于地势较低缓的中、下坡,更能凸显水土保持效益。     

杠柳幼苗对不同强度干旱胁迫的生长与生理响应

以黄土丘陵区常见灌木杠柳(Periploca sepium Bunge.)的两年生苗木为试验材料,模拟不同程度的土壤干旱环境,研究了土壤干旱对杠柳生长和生理生化特性的影响。结果表明,在3种土壤水分条件下杠柳的耗水和快速生长期均集中在6-8月,与黄土丘陵区雨热期重叠。在干旱胁迫下杠柳生长减慢,生物量累积减小,生物量优先向根系分配,根冠比显著增大。与适宜水分下相比,干旱胁迫下杠柳的水分利用效率随生物量与耗水量减小而显著升高,表明杠柳具有节约型水分利用对策。杠柳在干旱前期和中期丙二醛(MDA)含量下降、膜透性略有增加,干旱末期MDA含量和细胞膜透性与适宜水分相比显著升高。在中度干旱与严重干旱下,杠柳的超氧化物歧化酶与过氧化物保护酶活性持续上升直到试验末期才稍有下降。干旱胁迫对杠柳叶片渗透调节物质含量的影响显著,脯氨酸、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量均随着干旱胁迫程度的加大而显著升高,且随着胁迫时间的延长,脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量一直保持上升趋势;可溶性蛋白含量在前期急剧上升,中、后期下降,但含量一直高于适宜水分处理。本研究表明,杠柳能够充分利用黄土丘陵区局部雨热资源优势、具备减少地上蒸发面积、增加地下生长、吸收深层土壤水源等御旱策略以及保持较高的抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节能力等生理学耐旱机制,本研究从生长、生理特征上揭示了杠柳在黄土高原植被自然恢复中普遍存在的原因。     

Resistance training frequency: strength and myosin heavy chain responses to two and three bouts per week

Seventeen subjects performed resistance training of the leg extensor and flexor muscle groups two (2/wk) or three (3/wk) times per week. Changes in the relative myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoform contents (I, IIa and IIx) of the vastus lateralis and isometric, isokinetic and squat-lift one-repetition maximum (1RM) strength were compared between conditions after both a common training period (6 weeks) and number of training sessions (18). After 6 weeks and 18 sessions (9 weeks for the 2/wk group), increments in 1RM strength for the 3/wk and 2/wk groups were similar [effect size (ES) differences ≈0.3, 3/wk > 2/wk], whereas the 2/wk group presented greater isokinetic (ES differences = 0.3–1.2) and isometric (ES differences ≈0.7) strength increases than the 3/wk condition. A significant (P < 0.05) increase in MHC IIa percentage was evident for the 2/wk group after 18 sessions. Both training groups exhibited a trend towards a reduction in the relative MHC IIx and an increase in MHC IIa contents (ES range = 0.5–1.24). However, correlations between changes in the strength and MHC profiles were weak (r ²: 0.0–0.5). Thus, isometric and isokinetic strength responses to variations in training frequency differed from 1RM strength responses, and changes in strength were not strongly related to alterations in relative MHC content. Accepted: 19 March 1998     

Mechanical properties of river otter limb bones

The determination of the bone strengths of wild animals has many potential advantages, which include the ability to estimate age of animals; monitor strengths of bones as influenced by contaminants, particularly lead; provide appropriate data for design of capture, handling, and holding equipment to minimize the possibility for bone fracture in captured animals; and measure effects of nutrition on bone strength. The objectives of of this study were to provide data on the mechanical properties of limb bones of river otters and to consider effects of age and sex on the properties. Three-point bending and shear tests were conducted on the radius, ulna, tibia, and fibula. The three-point bending tests were first conducted on the bones loaded within their elastic limit. These tests were used to evaluate the modulii of elasticity of the bones. The data on the modulii indicated that age and sex did not have significant effects on the values. The four different bones tested had approximately the same modulus of elasticity, with an average value of 14. 1 gigapascal (GPa). The shear tests were conducted on the limb bones to failure in order to determine the maximum breaking force and strength of the bones. The shear force of the radius tended to increase with age and there was a significant (P < .001) age effect. The shear force of the ulna for males was significantly (P < .002) higher than that of the females. A similar trend was observed for the fibula (P < .03). The shear strength of the radius increased with age and there was a significant (P < .005) age effect. There was also a significant (P < .001) effect of sex on shear strength of the radius; values for females were higher. There were no significant effects of sex or age found on shear strengths of the ulnae, tibia, and fibulae.     

纳米SiO2对poss复合树脂弯曲和抗压强度的影响

目的：观察纳米SiO2填料对纳米复合树脂poss的弯曲强度和抗压强度的影响,探究纳米SiO2的最佳添加比。方法：将经过硅烷偶联化的纳米SiO2颗粒加入poss复合树脂中,合成SiO2质量分数分别为0．5％,1％,1．5％和2％的Si02／poss复合树脂,分别为BCDE四组,纯poss组为A组（对照组）。每组试件固定于万能材料测试机上,以1．0mm／min的速度垂直加压直至试样破坏,采用SPSSl6．0软件对结果做单因素方差分析。结果：弯曲强度测试结果：C组最高,与其他四组均有统计学差异（P〈0．05）;A、B、D三组无显著性差异,与E组差异明显（P〈0．05）。抗压强度测试结果：D组最高,与其他四组均有统计学差异（P〈0．05）;B组和E组与A组差异显著（P〈0．05）,与C组无显著差异。结论：纳米SiO2在一定范围内能够提高poss复合树脂的弯曲强度和抗压强度。     

纳米SiO_2对poss复合树脂弯曲和抗压强度的影响

目的:观察纳米SiO2填料对纳米复合树脂poss的弯曲强度和抗压强度的影响,探究纳米SiO2的最佳添加比。方法:将经过硅烷偶联化的纳米SiO2颗粒加入poss复合树脂中,合成SiO2质量分数分别为0.5%,1%,1.5%和2%的SiO2/poss复合树脂,分别为BCDE四组,纯poss组为A组(对照组)。每组试件固定于万能材料测试机上,以1.0mm/min的速度垂直加压直至试样破坏,采用SPSS16.0软件对结果做单因素方差分析。结果:弯曲强度测试结果:C组最高,与其他四组均有统计学差异(P0.05);A、B、D三组无显著性差异,与E组差异明显(P0.05)。抗压强度测试结果:D组最高,与其他四组均有统计学差异(P0.05);B组和E组与A组差异显著(P0.05),与C组无显著差异。结论:纳米SiO2在一定范围内能够提高poss复合树脂的弯曲强度和抗压强度。     

Effect of thermocycling on the flexural and impact strength of urethane-based and high-impact denture base resins

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2011.00474.x
Effect of thermocycling on the flexural and impact strength of urethane‐based and high‐impact denture base resins Objective: Mechanical properties of the acrylic resins used for denture fabrication may be influenced by water and temperature. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of thermocycling on the flexural and impact strength of a high‐impact (Lucitone 199) and a urethane‐based denture material (Eclipse). Materials and methods: Flexural strength (64 × 10 × 3.3 mm) and impact strength (60 × 6 × 4 mm) specimens were made following the manufacturers’ instructions and assigned to two groups (n = 10): control (C) – not thermocycled – and T – thermocycled (5000 cycles between 5 and 55°C). Specimens were submitted to three‐point bending and Charpy impact tests. Results: Flexural strength (MPa) and impact strength (kJ/m²) data were analysed with two‐way anova (p = 0.05). The flexural strength of material Eclipse (C, 136.5; T, 130.7) was significantly higher than that of resin Lucitone 550 (C, 99.4; T, 90.1). Material Eclipse exhibited significantly higher impact strength (C, 6.9; T, 5.3) than the resin Lucitone 550 (C, 3.5; T, 3.0). For both materials, a significant decrease in flexural and impact strengths was observed when the specimens were thermocycled. Conclusion: Flexural and impact strengths were higher for Eclipse than for Lucitone 550, in both groups. Thermocycling decreased the flexural and impact strengths of Eclipse and Lucitone 550.     

A Study on the Importance of Core Strength and Coordination Balance during Basketball Based on Biomechanics

When basketball players play against each other in a game, better coordinated balance can give them a better advantage. This paper briefly introduces the coordination balance and core strength of basketball players. Twenty basketball varsity members were selected from Chengdu College of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China as subjects for the test. The athletes were randomly divided into a control group and an experimental group. The control group received regular strength training, and the experimental group received core strength training in addition to regular training. Both groups underwent isometric muscle strength test, coordination and balance test and shooting percentage test before and after training. The results demonstrated that muscle group strength increased in the control group after conventional training, but the experimental group showed more significant improvement in muscle group strength after additional core strength training; the experimental group had better coordination and balance ability after core strength training; the experimental group had a significantly higher shooting percentage after core strength training due to the improvement of coordination and balance ability.     

Ontogenetic changes in limb bone structural proportions in mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei)

Behavioral studies indicate that adult mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei) are the most terrestrial of all nonhuman hominoids, but that infant mountain gorillas are much more arboreal. Here we examine ontogenetic changes in diaphyseal strength and length of the femur, tibia, humerus, radius, and ulna in 30 Virunga mountain gorillas, including 18 immature specimens and 12 adults. Comparisons are also made with 14 adult western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla), which are known to be more arboreal than adult mountain gorillas. Infant mountain gorillas have significantly stronger forelimbs relative to hind limbs than older juveniles and adults, but are nonsignificantly different from western lowland gorilla adults. The change in inter-limb strength proportions is abrupt at about two years of age, corresponding to the documented transition to committed terrestrial quadrupedalism in mountain gorillas. The one exception is the ulna, which shows a gradual increase in strength relative to the radius and other long bones during development, possibly corresponding to the gradual adoption of stereotypical fully pronated knuckle-walking in older juvenile gorillas. Inter-limb bone length proportions show a contrasting developmental pattern, with hind limb/forelimb length declining rapidly from birth to five months of age, and then showing no consistent change through adulthood. The very early change in length proportions, prior to significant independent locomotion, may be related to the need for relatively long forelimbs for climbing in a large-bodied hominoid. Virunga mountain gorilla older juveniles and adults have equal or longer forelimb relative to hind limb bones than western lowland adults. These findings indicate that both ontogenetically and among closely related species of Gorilla, long bone strength proportions better reflect actual locomotor behavior than bone length proportions.     

A new method for measuring power output in a single leg extension: feasibility, reliability and validity

A method is described for measuring the explosive power of the leg in extension which has been found safe and acceptable for all age groups and levels of physical capability. The extension movement takes 0.25-0.40 s in a push through 0.165 m against a flat pedal. At the end of the push the leg is fully extended. The movement is made seated so that the forces are contained between the buttocks and the foot. The seat position is adjusted for leg length and the push is transmitted by a lever and chain to spin a flywheel. The gearing is such that resistance to the movement remains velocity of the flywheel is measured by an optoswitch and used to calculated the average leg extensor power (LEP) in the push. The reliability of the power measurement was evaluated in 46 subjects ranging in age from 20 to 86 years; they included medical students and geriatric day patients. They were tested on two occasions separated by a week. The maximal values on the first occasion (best of at least five trials) ranged from 30 to 300 W (mean +/- 1 SD = 154 +/- 88 W). There was no significant difference on re-test and the coefficient of variation was 9.4%. In a subgroup of 9 non-naive subjects who were measured by an experienced observer it was 6.3%. As expected, power was lower in women than in men and declined sharply with age. The sex difference was less when the values were expressed as power per body mass; a sharp age-related decline remained.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Flexural and bond strengths of relined denture polymers assessed by four‐point bending tests and Weibull analysis

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2011.00515.x Flexural and bond strengths of relined denture polymers assessed by four‐point bending tests and Weibull analysis Objectives: The aim of this study was to (1) investigate the flexural strengths of three denture resins i.e. heat, photopolymerised and microwaved and how it was affected by relining with auto‐ and visible light–polymerised hard reliners, (2) investigate the bond strengths between denture resins and hard reliners and (3) interpret the results of both tests by utilising Weibull analysis. Materials and methods: Specimens (65 × 10 × 2.5 mm) from denture resins, relined and bonded combinations were tested using a four‐point bending test in a universal testing machine and a crosshead speed of 5 mm/min. Ten specimens for each bulk resin and denture resin–reliner combination for a total of 150 were tested. Results: Statistical analysis indicated significant differences between bulk materials (p < 0.001) and between reliners (p < 0.001) for flexural and bond strength tests. Conclusion: It was concluded that (1) the four‐point flexural strength was different between the denture base materials, (2) flexure strength between bulk and relined or between relined with autopolymerised and photopolymerised bases was different, (3) flexural strength among relined denture bases was different and (4) bond strengths among relined denture bases were different.