VEGF 对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤的预防作用及其机制研究

目的:研究局灶性脑缺血再灌注后细胞凋亡、HSP70蛋白表达时空规律以及外源VEGF及VEGF抗体对它们的影响,探讨VEGF对缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用及其机制.方法:采用原位末端标记(TUNEL)、免疫组化方法,研究局灶性脑缺血再灌注后细胞凋亡数及HSP70蛋白表达时空分布,采用脑表面使用VEGF及侧脑室注射VEGF抗体,观察内外源VEGF对它们的影响.结果:VEGF抗体能显著增加缺血侧脑组织凋亡细胞数(再灌注12h-7d)及HSP70表达量(再灌注1-3d),而外源VEGF因子能显著减少同侧脑组织凋亡细胞(再灌注全程)及HSP70表达量(再灌注1-3d).结论:VEGF因子可抑制缺血脑组织细胞凋亡及HSP70表达量,提示VEGF参与保护缺血性脑损伤.     

加味温胆汤对MCAO模型大鼠神经功能缺失及血管新生的影响

目的:通过观察加味温胆汤对脑缺血再灌注大鼠神经功能缺损评分、血管新生和肝细胞生长因子HGF蛋白表达的影响,研究加味温胆汤的神经保护机制。方法:采用改良Longa法建立大鼠脑缺血再灌注模型,与补阳还五汤作对照,观察加味温胆汤对大鼠神经功能缺损程度评分的影响,并用免疫组织化学法检测缺血脑组织微血管密度及HGF蛋白表达。结果:加味温胆汤能明显改善脑缺血再灌注大鼠神经缺损症状,促进血管新生及大鼠脑组织HGF蛋白表达,与补阳还五汤比较有显著差异。结论:加味温胆汤可明显改善大鼠脑缺血再灌注后神经功能,促进缺血脑组织血管新生,其机制可能与其促进HGF表达有关。     

姜黄素后处理通过SIRT1/FOXO1信号通路拮抗小鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤

目的:探究姜黄素后处理是否通过激活SIRT1/FOXO1信号通路抵抗小鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤。方法:小鼠脑缺血30 min,再灌注24 h建立脑缺血再灌注模型。手术前脑室内注射SIRT1特异性抑制剂EX527。再灌注后腹腔注射姜黄素。小鼠随机分为以下6组:假手术组;单纯姜黄素后处理组;缺血再灌注组;缺血再灌注+姜黄素后处理组;EX527预处理+缺血再灌注+姜黄素后处理组;EX527预处理+脑缺血再灌注组。再灌注24 h检测脑梗体积、Complex I活性、ROS含量以及SIRT1、Ac-FOXO1、Bax、Bcl-2、Caspase-3蛋白表达情况。结果:与手术组相比,姜黄素后处理组梗死区脑组织SIRT1的表达量及活性明显增加,脑梗体积降低,ROS含量降低而Complex I活性增高,Bcl-2的表达增高而Bax和Caspase-3的表达量降低(均P0.05)。阻断SIRT1信号通路后上述姜黄素脑保护作用均减弱(P0.05)。结论:我们的研究首次证实姜黄素后处理通过激活SIRT1/FOXO1信号通路,进而降低氧化应激与凋亡,最终减轻脑缺血再灌注损伤。     

人参皂苷Rg1促进大鼠急性心肌梗死后血管新生

目的:明确人参皂苷Rg1在大鼠发生急性心肌梗死后是否能够促进心脏血管新生。方法:通过结扎SD大鼠左冠状动脉前降支建立大鼠急性心肌梗死模型,并将60只雄性SD大鼠随机分单纯手术组与人参皂苷Rg1治疗组。治疗组的大鼠造模1 h后将预先配成药液的人参皂甙Rgl按5 rag/(kg·d)剂量腹腔注射,1次/日至处死当日。对照组则腹腔注射等量生理盐水1次/日至处死当日。分别于手术后3、7天时对比两组大鼠的基本生命指标,后通过免疫荧光染色CD31对比观察两组大鼠心脏细胞中CD31的表达来评判血管新生水平。结果:①手术后3天、7天,两组大鼠的体重、心脏重量、心重/体重、鼠尾收缩压、心率比较差异均没有统计学意义(P0.05);②手术后3天、7天,人参皂苷Rg1治疗组心脏CD31表达水平明显高于对照组。结论:人参皂苷Rg1能够促进大鼠急性心肌梗后心脏的血管新生。     

红景天对心肌梗死大鼠缺血心肌血管新生作用及对VEGF的影响

目的:探讨中药红景天对急性心肌梗死大鼠缺血心肌血管新生作用及其对血管内皮生长因子(EGF)蛋白和mRNA表达的影响.方法:52只SD大鼠随机分成单纯手术组、术后给药组、提前给药组、假手术组和正常对照组.采用开胸结扎冠状动脉左前降支的方法建立心肌梗死模型,4周后处死动物.Ⅷ因子免疫组化染色后对各组大鼠梗死边缘区微血管进行计数;免疫组化技术及Western blot技术检测各组缺血心肌VEGF蛋白质水平表达变化;逆转录多聚酶链反应(RT-PCR)法检测缺血心肌VEGF mR-NA表达变化.结果:术后给药组和提前给药组血管计数均较单纯手术组增多(P＜0.01),且提前给药组明显多于术后给药组(P＜0.01);术后给药组和提前给药组缺血心肌VEGF及其mRNA表达较单纯手术组增加(P＜0.01),提前给药组缺血心肌VEGF及其mRNA表达明显高于术后给药组(P＜0.01).结论:红景天能够促进心梗后大鼠缺血心肌血管新生,其作用机制可能与上调局部心肌VEGF及其mRNA表达有关.预给红景天可能增强对心梗大鼠的上述作用.     

青蒿琥酯对肺癌裸鼠新生血管生成的影响及机制相关研究

摘要 目的：探讨与研究青蒿琥酯对肺癌裸鼠新生血管生成的影响及机制。方法：27只裸小鼠随机平分为3组-肺癌组、青蒿琥酯1组与青蒿琥酯2组,每组9只。所有小鼠都给予腹腔注射肺癌A549细胞成瘤,致瘤成功后肺癌组、青蒿琥酯1组与青蒿琥酯2组组采用磷酸盐缓冲液、2.0 mg/mL与4.0 mg/mL的青蒿琥酯进行灌胃,1次/d,持续10 d。结果：所有小鼠都致瘤成功,青蒿琥酯1组、青蒿琥酯2组的移植瘤重量低于肺癌组(P<0.05),抑瘤率高于肺癌组(P<0.05),青蒿琥酯2组与青蒿琥酯1组对比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。青蒿琥酯2组、青蒿琥酯1组的移植瘤细胞凋亡指数高于肺癌组(P<0.05),青蒿琥酯2组高于青蒿琥酯1组(P<0.05)。青蒿琥酯2组、青蒿琥酯1组的移植瘤组织周围淋巴管密度低于肺癌组(P<0.05),青蒿琥酯2组低于青蒿琥酯1组(P<0.05)。青蒿琥酯2组、青蒿琥酯1组的血清肿瘤坏死因子(Tumor necrosis factor,TNF)-α与白介素(Interleukin,IL)-6水平低于肺癌组(P<0.05),青蒿琥酯2组低于青蒿琥酯1组(P<0.05)。青蒿琥酯2组、青蒿琥酯1组的移植瘤结缔组织生长因子(Connective tissue growth factor,CTGF)、血管内皮生长因子(Vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)蛋白相对表达水平低于肺癌组(P<0.05),青蒿琥酯2组低于青蒿琥酯1组(P<0.05)。结论：青蒿琥酯在肺癌裸鼠的应用能抑制CTGF、VEGF蛋白表达,降低炎症因子的表达,促进肿瘤细胞凋亡,从而发挥抑制肿瘤增殖与新生血管生成的作用。     

黄芪丹参不同配伍对气虚血瘀模型大鼠血液流变学和血管内皮因子的影响

目的:研究黄芪丹参不同配伍对气虚血瘀证大鼠血液流变学和血管内皮因子的影响。方法:将SD大鼠随机分为对照组、模型组、丹参组、黄芪组、黄芪丹参1:1组、2:1组、4:1组,采用限食、游泳、皮下注射肾上腺素方法建立气虚血瘀证大鼠模型,对照组与模型组给予蒸馏水,用药组分别给予不同剂量的丹参、黄芪及不同比例黄芪丹参配伍灌胃给药治疗,连续27日。测定血液流变学指标,内皮素-1(ET-1)、一氧化氮(NO)、血栓素B2(TXB2)和6-酮-前列腺素-F1α(6-keto-PGF1α)含量。结果:模型组大鼠血液流变学参数和血管内皮因子与对照组比较,差异具有统计学意义(P0.01)。与模型组比较,黄芪丹参1:1组、2:1组、4:1组血液流变学参数显著降低(P0.05或P0.01),NO、6-keto-PGF1α、6-keto-PGF1α/TXB2明显升高(P0.01),ET-1、TXB2明显降低(P0.01)。与1:1组比较,2:1组血液流变学参数显著下降(P0.05或P0.01),NO、6-keto-PGF1α、6-keto-PGF1α/TXB2显著升高(P0.05或P0.01),TXB2明显降低(P0.05)。2:1组大鼠血液流变学参数和血管内皮因子与4:1组比较,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05或P0.01)。结论:黄芪丹参配伍对气虚血瘀证大鼠模型具有改善血液流变及保护血管内皮作用,其中以黄芪丹参2:1组最佳。     

Ephrin-B2促进大鼠局灶脑缺血再灌注后VEGF表达及血管新生

目的:探讨Ephrin-B2对大鼠脑缺血再灌注后脑组织中血管新生的调节作用及其可能的机制。方法:雄性SD大鼠随机分为正常组及、缺血再灌注组及Ephrin-B2干预组,后两组再分为4天、7天、14天、28天亚组;线栓法制备局灶性大脑中动脉缺血再灌注模型;改良神经功能评分(modified neurological severity scores mNSS)评分法对各时间点模型进行评分;Western blot及荧光定量PCR检测缺血脑组织中血管内皮生长因子(Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor VEGF)的表达;以免疫荧光双标法定位VEGF表达的细胞类型;以CD31+BrdU计数缺血半暗带中新生微血管密度(microvessel densityMVD)。结果:Ephrin-B2干预组与缺血再灌注组各时间点亚组比较,新生微血管密度测定计数较缺血再灌注组均显著增加(P0.05),神经功能评分均显著降低(P0.05),VEGF mRNA水平及蛋白表达水平均显著增加(P0.05),VEGF主要表达于CD31阳性的血管内皮细胞。结论:Ephrin-B2通过上调VEGF的表达促进脑缺血再灌注后缺血半暗带血管新生,从而促进神经功能缺失的修复。     

Rac1 对糖尿病大鼠脑缺血后血管新生的影响机制的研究

目的:通过观察糖尿病大鼠脑缺血后,脑组织内Rac1表达的变化及其对VEGF、SDF-1表达的影响,探讨不同血糖水平时Rac1对脑缺血后血管新生的影响机制。方法:腹腔注射链脲霉素制作糖尿病大鼠脑缺血模型,尾静脉注射Rac1抑制剂NSC23766,通过western blotting法检测脑组织中总Rac1、VEGF和SDF-1表达;通过GST-pulldown法检测脑组织中活性Rac1表达。结果:在糖尿病大鼠脑缺血模型中,VEGF和SDF-1的表达随着血糖水平的升高而下降;脑组织内Rac1蛋白表达随着血糖水平升高而减少;抑制Rac1活性后,脑组织中VEGF表达均下降但SDF-1的表达反而增加。结论:在糖尿病大鼠脑缺血模型中,高血糖可抑制脑组织Rac1、VEGF和SDF-1的水平,该抑制作用随着血糖升高而增加。抑制Rac1水平可抑制VEGF表达但并未抑制SDF-1水平,提示高血糖可能通过抑制Rac1导致VEGF表达下降,从而影响血管新生。     

常压氧与高压氧对成年大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤后微血管新生影响的比较

目的:研究常压氧与高压氧对成年大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤后微血管新生影响的差异。方法:将成年SD雄性大鼠随机分为三组:假手术组(SS组)、常压氧治疗组(NBO组)、高压氧治疗组(HBO组),每组又随机分为3、7、10天三个亚组。采用线栓法对NBO组和HBO组大鼠进行大脑中动脉栓塞(MCAO),缺血1.5小时后拔出栓子再灌注,NBO组进行常压氧治疗,HBO组进行高压氧治疗。大鼠分别在3、7、10天麻醉处死,取脑组织切片,血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)、VEGF受体-1(FLT-1)和CD34免疫组化染色,光镜观察取图和统计分析。结果:NBO各组与SS各组相比,VEGF、FLT-1和CD34阳性细胞数目均明显增多(P<0.05);HBO各组与NBO各组比较,7天、10天组VEGF、FLT-1和CD34阳性细胞数目均显著增多(P<0.05)。结论:HBO治疗较NBO治疗对成年大鼠微血管的新生更有促进作用。     

Regulation of limb development by the sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor S1p1/EDG-1 occurs via the hypoxia/VEGF axis

Angiogenesis, also known as new blood vessel formation, is regulated coordinately with other tissue differentiation events during limb development. Although vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF) is important in the regulation of angiogenesis, chondrogenesis and osteogenesis during limb development, the role of other angiogenic factors is not well understood. Sphingosine 1-phosphate, a platelet-derived lipid mediator, regulates angiogenesis and vascular maturation via its action on the G-protein-coupled receptor S1P(1) (also known as EDG-1). In addition to vascular defects, abnormal limb development was also observed in S1p(1)(-/-) mice. Here we show that strong induction of S1P(1) expression is observed in the blood vessels and the interdigital mesenchymal cells during limb development. Deletion of S1P(1) results in aberrant chondrocyte condensation and defective digit morphogenesis. Interestingly, the vasculature in the S1p(1)(-/-) limbs was hyperplastic and morphologically altered. In addition, the hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1 alpha and its response gene VEGF were induced in S1p(1)(-/-) limbs. However, aberrant regulation of HIF-1 alpha and VEGF were not observed in embryonic fibroblasts derived from S1p(1)(-/-) mice, suggesting a non-cell autonomous effect of S1P(1) on VEGF expression. Indeed, similar limb defects were observed in endothelium-specific S1P(1) null mice in vivo. These data suggest that the function of S1P(1) in the developing vasculature is essential for proper limb development.     

MicroRNA signature and function in retinal neovascularization Agrawal S,Chaqour B简

Ischemic retinopathies are clinically well-defined chronic microvascular complications characterized by gradually progressive alterations in the retinal microvasculature and a compensatory aberrant neovascularization of the eye. The subsequent metabolic deficiencies result in structural and functional alterations in the retina which is highly susceptible to injurious stimuli such as diabetes, trauma, hyperoxia, inflammation, aging and dysplipidemia. Emerging evidence indicates that an effective therapy may require targeting multiple components of the angiogenic pathway. Conceptually, mircoRNA (miRNA)-based therapy provides the rationale basis for an effective antiangiogenic treatment. miRNAs are an evolutionarily conserved family of short RNAs, each regulating the expression of multiple protein-coding genes. The activity of specific miRNAs is important for vascular cell signaling and blood vessel formation and function. Recently, important progress has been made in mapping the miRNA-gene target network and miRNA-mediated gene expression control. Here we highlight the latest findings on angiogenic and antiangiogenic miRNAs and their targets as well as potential implications in ocular neovascular diseases. Emphasis is placed on how specific vascular-enriched miRNAs regulate cell responses to various cues by targeting several factors, receptors and/or signaling molecules in order to maintain either vascular function or dysfunction. Further improvement of our knowledge in not only miRNA specificity, turnover, and transport but also how miRNA sequences and functions can be altered will enhance the therapeutic utility of such molecules.     

MicroRNA signature and function in retinal neovascularization

Ischemic retinopathies are clinically well-defined chronic microvascular complications characterized by gradually progressive alterations in the retinal microvasculature and a compensatory aberrant neovascularization of the eye. The subsequent metabolic deficiencies result in structural and functional alterations in the retina which is highly susceptible to injurious stimuli such as diabe-tes, trauma, hyperoxia, inflammation, aging and dys-plipidemia. Emerging evidence indicates that an effec-tive therapy may require targeting multiple components of the angiogenic pathway. Conceptually, mircoRNA(miRNA)-based therapy provides the rationale basis for an effective antiangiogenic treatment. miRNAs are an evolutionarily conserved family of short RNAs, each regulating the expression of multiple protein-coding genes. The activity of specific miRNAs is important for vascular cell signaling and blood vessel formation and function. Recently, important progress has been made in mapping the miRNA-gene target network andmiRNA-mediated gene expression control. Here wehighlight the latest findings on angiogenic and antian-giogenic miRNAs and their targets as well as potentiaimplications in ocular neovascular diseases. Emphasis isplaced on how specific vascular-enriched miRNAs regu-late cell responses to various cues by targeting severafactors, receptors and/or signaling molecules in orderto maintain either vascular function or dysfunction. Fur-ther improvement of our knowledge in not only miRNAspecificity, turnover, and transport but also how miRNAsequences and functions can be altered will enhancethe therapeutic utility of such molecules.     

Synthesis and evaluation of heteroaryl-ketone derivatives as a novel class of VEGFR-2 inhibitors

We have discovered novel inhibitors of VEGFR-2 kinase with low nanomolar potency in both enzymatic and cell-based assays. Active series are heteroaryl-ketone compounds containing a central aromatic ring with either an indazolyl or indolyl keto group in the ortho orientation to the benzylic amine group (Fig. 1). The best compounds were demonstrated to be inactive against a small select panel of tyrosine and serine/threonine kinases with the exception of VEGFR-1 kinase, a close family member. In addition, the lead candidate 8 displayed acceptable exposure levels when administered orally to mice.     

Expression of developmentally regulated endothelial cell locus 1 was induced by tumor-derived factors including VEGF

Developmentally regulated endothelial cell locus 1 (Del1) is a new angiogenic molecules expressed specifically in early embryonic endothelial cells. We investigated the relationship between Del1 and tumor cell-derived vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Dunn osteosarcoma cells and high- and low-metastatic murine sarcoma cells did not express Del1. However, the expression of Del1 was observed in these primary tumor tissues and the pulmonary metastatic tissues after subcutaneous inoculation in vivo. Every tumor cell-conditioned medium containing VEGF induced the expression of Del1 in murine lung microvascular endothelial (MLE) cells, although control MLE cells did not express Del1. The anti-mouse VEGF monoclonal antibody inhibited the induction of the Del1 expression. In addition, mouse recombinant interleukin-1alpha and tumor necrosis factor-alpha also induced Del1 in MLE cells. Del1 may play an important role in tumor angiogenesis through the effects of tumor-derived factors including VEGF.     

Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its cognate receptors in human pheochromocytomas

Pheochromocytomas are well-vascularized tumors, suggesting that a potent angiogenic factor may be involved in the mechanism of their formation. As vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a potent mitogen for vascular endothelial cells, here we have investigated the mRNA and protein expression of VEGF and the mRNA expression of its two receptors (Flt-1 and Flk-1/KDR) in pheochromocytomas tissue. An increase in VEGF mRNA (mainly isoforms VEGF(121) and VEGF(165)) and in VEGF protein expression were observed by semi-quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot, respectively, compared to normal adrenomedullary tissue. Flk-1/KDR, and Flt-1 levels of mRNA were also increased markedly in tumors and correlated with levels of VEGF mRNA. Therefore, we speculate that upregulation of VEGF expression and its receptors might be important in the pathogenesis of pheochromocytomas.     

Annexin A3 is a potential angiogenic mediator

Angiogenesis is a complex process that is regulated by a variety of angiogenic activators and inhibitors. Disruption of the balanced angiogenesis leads to the progress of diseases such as tumor growth, rheumatoid arthritis, and various blood vessel-related disorders. Even though a number of proteins involved in angiogenesis have been identified so far, more protein factors remain to be identified due to complexity of the process. Here we report that annexin A3 (ANXA3) induces migration and tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. High level of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a prominent angiogenic factor, is also detected in conditioned medium obtained from cells transfected with ANXA3 expression plasmid. Reporter assays show that ANXA3 enhances hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) transactivation activity. Taken together, our results suggest that ANXA3 is a novel angiogenic factor that induces VEGF production through the HIF-1 pathway.     

IGF2: epigenetic regulation and role in development and disease

Insulin-like growth factor II (IGF2) is perhaps the most intricately regulated of all growth factors characterized to date. Its gene is imprinted – only one allele is active, depending on parental origin – and this pattern of expression is maintained epigenetically in almost all tissues. IGF2 activity is further controlled through differential expression of receptors and IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs) that determine protein availability. This complex and multifaceted regulation emphasizes the importance of accurate IGF2 expression and activity. This review will examine the regulation of the IGF2 gene and what it has revealed about the phenomenon of imprinting, which is frequently disrupted in cancer. IGF2 protein function will be discussed, along with diseases that involve IGF2 overexpression. Roles for IGF2 in sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling and angiogenesis will also be explored.     

HIF-1α/VEGF在稽留流产患者绒毛组织中的表达及其与微血管密度的关系

目的:探讨缺氧诱导因子1α(HIF-1α)/血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)在稽留流产患者绒毛组织中的表达及其与微血管密度的关系。方法:采用免疫组织化学方法分别检测了30例人工流产和30例稽留流产患者绒毛组织的微血管密度(MVD)、HIF-1α和VEGF的表达。分别在缺氧(1%O_2、5%CO_2和94%N_2)和常氧(20%O_2、5%CO_2和75%N_2)条件下培养HTR8/SVneo细胞,并通过转染HIF-1αsi RNA来敲低HIF-1α。通过q RT-PCR和Western blot分析HTR8/SVneo细胞中HIF-1α和VEGF的m RNA和蛋白表达。此外,通过小管形成实验评价缺氧及转染HIF-1αsi RNA对HTR8/SVneo细胞小管形成的影响。结果:稽留流产组织样本中的MVD显著低于人工流产(7.22±0.55 vs 14.65±1.12,P0.05)。HIF-1α和VEGF在稽留流产组织中的表达显著低于人工流产组织(P0.05)。HIF-1α和VEGF的表达均与MVD显著正相关。与常氧相比,缺氧可显著上调HIF-1α和VEGF的m RNA和蛋白水平(P0.05)。转染HIF-1αsi RNA显著下调HIF-1α和VEGF的m RNA和蛋白水平(P0.05)。与常氧相比,缺氧可显著促进HTR8/SVneo细胞的小管形成(P0.05),而转染HIF-1αsi RNA则可显著抑制显HTR8/SVneo细胞的小管形成(P0.05)。结论:胎盘发育过程中的缺氧环境丢失及HIF-1α/VEGF的抑制可能是稽留流产发病的一项机制。