东京野茉莉种子休眠特性的研究

以浙江省遂昌县东京野茉莉新鲜种子为材料,通过对种子透水性、种被机械阻力、离体胚培养、发芽抑制物质提取及种子层积过程中的生理生化变化的研究,并利用赤霉素(GA3)进行发芽前预处理,探讨种子休眠机理及破除方法。结果表明:1)离体胚并无休眠特性,胚外组织中也不存在发芽抑制物质。尽管种子透水性影响其发芽率,但胚乳和种壳的机械束缚是东京野茉莉种子休眠的主要原因之一。2)层积后再机械处理可解除种子休眠。休眠能被赤霉素和(或)低温层积处理解除,说明种子同时存在生理抑制,其休眠类型属于综合性休眠。3)贮藏物质在层积过程中的动员与种子萌发率的提高密切相关,种内可溶性糖含量(R=0.885)、POD活性(R=0.658)与休眠的解除呈显著正相关。4)层积30 d后1 200 mg/L GA3处理的种子发芽率最高,为54%。胚的外覆物控制东京野茉莉的种子休眠,休眠解除的过程伴随种子内代谢水平的提高。     

毛果含笑种子休眠的原因及其休眠的破除

毛果含笑为分布于云南的珍贵绿化观赏树种,其种子具有休眠习性。为解决毛果含笑种子的有效繁殖问题,从种子的形态结构,种皮的透水性、种子中的萌发抑制物质测定,种子的生活力测定及其种子萌发试验等方面,对毛果含笑种子休眠的原因及破除方法进行了研究。结果表明:种胚发育不完全和种子所含的萌发抑制物质是导致毛果含笑种子休眠的主要原因。毛果含笑种皮具有较好的透水性,与其休眠的关系不大,由此可认为毛果含笑种子的休眠类型为形态生理休眠;用蒸馏水浸泡或赤霉素液浸泡种子均可有效破除毛果含笑种子休眠,促进其萌发。     

林木种子的休眠与解除

林木种子绝大多数都具有休眠现象，主要有生理发育不完全引起的生理休眠、外在不具备萌发基本条件而引起的强迫休眠等，文章叙述了种子休眠的原因及分类，休眠机理，解除种子休眠的多种措施，以及不同处理对不同树种的效应。     

阔瓣含笑种子休眠生理的初步研究

阔瓣含笑种子胚形态发育完善,具生理休眠特性。研究表明,内源促进物质缺乏可能是引起种子休眠的主要原因,种皮透气性差也有一定影响。该种子含水量高,忌干藏。种子在室温下层积80天或用低温(5℃)层积120天可解除休眠。层积期间种子含水量在40—50%可保持种子生活力和解除休眠。另外,种子用300ppm GA_3处理48小时可代替层积。种子适宜的发芽条件是黑暗30℃恒温。     

低温对杜仲种子发芽与成苗的影响

杜仲的种壳(果皮)含胶丰富,带壳种子虽能吸胀,但却不能萌发,属于种皮强迫休眠型种子。北京地区,经早春冷层积30～40天,胚根即破壳而出,发芽率可达90%左右。由此可见,种子存在生理休眠。萌动种子的ATP水平在冷层积最过期处于最高峰,达4.3×10~(-9)发光强度。种子解除休眠后,发芽温度范围放宽,幼苗生长迅速;未经冷层积的种子发芽后,幼苗为生理矮化苗。     

克服树木种子休眠的方法

树木种子休眠是植物为了种的生存，适应环境，在长期生长发育过程中形成的特性。树木种子的休眠从休眠程度上分为：强迫休眠和长期休眠。引起长期休眠的因素很多，如种皮的机械障碍、含有抑制物质、生理后熟、综合因素的影响。无论哪种休眠都极大影响种子的发芽。在播种育苗或在室内检验种子的品质都需采取措施，克服种子的休眠，促进种子的发芽，不同树种采取的措施也不尽相同。克服种子休眠的方法称为催芽。在实验和实践中总结出以下几种催芽方法：一、浸入催芽法此方法主要是通过不同温度的水在一定时间内浸种，使种子的种皮软化、通气、…     

枫杨种子休眠与萌发特性研究

为了确定枫杨种子的休眠原因及其打破休眠的方法,以枫杨成熟种子为材料,对种子透水性、种子浸提物的生物抑制作用、种子催芽处理效果以及种子在不同温度下的萌发能力进行研究。结果表明:枫杨种子种皮透水性良好,种子浸提液中存在发芽抑制物质,抑制物质的存在是造成种子休眠的主要原因。直接埋藏和混雪后埋藏解除枫杨种子休眠的效果不理想;低温层积解除种子休眠效果较好,层积时间达到120d时种子萌发率可以达到89%。温度显著影响枫杨种子的萌发,25℃的恒温条件下种子萌发能力显著高于其它温度条件。结论:枫杨种子不存在物理休眠,属于生理休眠类型,种子需要低温层积处理120d打破休眠,解除休眠种子的适宜萌发温度是25℃。     

南京椴种子贮藏及发芽试验

对南京椴种子的休眠机理和发芽条件进行了探讨。共设定2个处理：剪破种皮、热水处理（40℃）和3种贮藏方法：室内混沙堆藏、露天坑藏、自然贮藏进行试验。结果表明，剪破种皮、热水处理都没有发芽，说明南京椴种子的体眠不是种皮限制所引起的。3种贮藏方法的种子都要经过长达近440d的时间，让种子历经低温-高温-低温的变温阶段，均能不同程度地打破种子的休眠，因而认为南京椴种子休眠属于生理休眠。3种贮藏方法种子的发芽率分别为5．23％、4．98％和2．66％。     

祁连圆柏种子萌发特性及其解除休眠技术研究

为探讨祁连圆柏(Sabina przewalskii Kom.)种子休眠机制,对祁连圆柏种子进行种皮透水性、胚萌芽抑制物等直接和间接测定及各催芽措施对种子发芽育苗的影响研究,结果表明:祁连圆柏种子发芽极其困难,种壳虽骨质坚硬,但不影响种子的透水性能。祁连圆柏外果皮和果肉、种仁中均存在着影响种子萌发的抑制物质,但不影响种子发芽。种子形态成熟后,进入深度漫长的休眠生理后熟期,才能解除其深度休眠。     

华南五针松种子休眠生理的初步研究

华南五针松(Pinus Kwangfungensis Hand)种子的胚分化明显且发育完善,但种子具生理休眠特性。种子内部酶的活性低,是引起种子休眠的主要原因,外种皮存在的抑制物质,种皮的透水、透气性差对种子休眠也有一定的影响。低温(5℃)层积60天能有效地解除种子休眠,最适的萌发条件是在光照下30℃(日)/20℃(夜)变温。     

Effects of tallowtree seed coat on seed germination

We measured physiological parameters including water uptake, in-vitro embryo germination ratio, and seed coat structure observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to explore the influence of seed coat on the germination of seeds of tallow tree (Sapium sebiferum (Linn) Roxb.). Tallow tree seeds had good water permeability. We found that germination of cabbage seeds was inhibited when cabbage seeds were soaked in extracted solutions from tallow tree seed coat. Seed coat structure at the side of the radicle appeared to be a barrier to seed germination. We tested methods to break tallow tree seed dormancy. Dormancy of tallow tree seeds was overcome by soaking the seeds in 500 mg·L-1 or 1000 mg·L-1 GA3, followed by 100 days of cold stratification.     

肉花卫矛种子休眠及其解除的研究

＞Ｆ０．０１＝５．９９）。经ＬＳＲ检验，变温层积（２０～２５℃４５ｄ＋２～５℃　４５ｄ）的发芽率最高，可达５６．７％，且与其它各层积处理的发芽率之间存在极显著的差异；２～５℃层积９０ｄ、７０ｄ及对照（２～１５℃层积９０ｄ）的种子发芽率之间差异不显著；２～５℃层积３０ｄ的发芽率最低，仅为２２％（表２）。以上试验小结为：（１）成熟且发育完善的肉花卫矛种子在适宜的温度、水分等条件下不能发芽，种皮透气性差是肉花卫矛种子休眠的原因。（２）层积处理可以提高种子的发芽率，其中以２０～２５℃４５ｄ＋２～５℃４５ｄ变温层积处理的发芽率最高，可达５６．７％，解除了种子休眠。     

4种槭树种子的休眠原因及催芽方法试验

乡土树种鸡爪槭、色木槭、元宝枫和美国红枫等4个树种的种子都具有显著的休眠特性。采用人工介入手段进行休眠原因和催芽技术试验研究,结果表明:这4种槭树种子的种皮含有的化学物质和机械性阻碍导致了槭树种子的休眠;采用层积处理和GA3赤霉素浸种,能明显缩短种子的休眠期;彻底解除供试种子的休眠方法就是延长浸种沙藏层积的时间。措施,对保证育苗生产,提高出苗率和出苗整齐度有一定的研究价值。文章从层积处理和赤霉素处理入手,研究不同条件下催芽处理的效果,以此解释休眠的原因。     

Breaking seed dormancy in Cupressus atlantica Gaussen, an endemic and threatened coniferous tree in Morocco

Cupressus atlantica Gaussen (Cupressaceae) is an endemic and endangered coniferous tree geographically restricted to the N’Fis valley in South-Western Morocco. Like many forest species, C. atlantica exhibits dormancy which delays and reduces germination. To improveseed germination, different pre-treatments were conducted on C.atlantica seeds after storage for different periods (one, two and five years) including: scarification with sandy paper; soaking seeds in hot distilled water at 60℃and 80℃for 15 min and soaking seeds for 48 h in agibberellic acid (GA3) at 1,000 and 2,000 mg·L-1. Results showed that scarification with sandy paper increased the germination rate of Atlas cypress by up to 67%, indicating that the species possess essentially anexogenous dormancy (physical dormancy) due to the hard seed coat(hardseededness). Exogenous application of gibberellic acid (GA3) at1,000 mg·L-1 was also effective in breaking seed dormancy and germination induction. These two treatments induced faster speed germination expressed by low number of days to first germination (8 10days) and low values of mean germination times (MGT). However,germination rate, under any treatment, is greatly dependent on the year of seed collection. Seeds collected in year 2004 gave the highest value,suggesting that even after five years of storage, the germination capacity of C. atlantica seeds could remain high. This observation is very interesting in the exsitu conservation of such endemic and endangered species where the production of seeds is irregular over the years.     

层积和激素处理对山楂种子生理生化的影响

为了研究山楂种子的体眠机理,以野生山楂种子为试材,经1个冬季的层积后,用200 mg/L GA3和ABA处理种子,测定层积与激素处理对种子生理生化指标的影响.结果表明,野生山楂种子层积1个冬天不能解除休眠,其休眠程度较深,经GA3处理后,少量种子萌发,但只长子叶,胚芽和胚根没有萌动.层积后山楂种子的细胞膜透性增加,呼吸加强,总糖、还原糖和游离氨基酸含量降低,可溶性蛋白质含量增加.CAT和SOD活性增加.POD和PAL活性降低.GA3处理使种子CAT、SOD、POD和PAL活性均有所降低,而ABA处理除了使SOD活性降低外,对其余各酶的影响与GA3的作用相反.     

Enhancement of seed germination in Macaranga peltata for use in tropical forest restoration

We used pre-sowing treatments v/z., soaking seeds in concen- trated sulphudc acid （CSA）, gibberellic acid （GA）, combined treatment of CSA ＋ GA and mechanical scarification to overcome seed dormancy and enhance synchronous germination of Macaranga peltata seeds. We analysed percent seed germination data by logistic regression and con- finned that except in GA treatment, time and acid concentration together were crucial for enhancing germination. The combination treatment of CSA and GA resulted in higher percent germination （up to 74%） than either treatment used separately, but produced defective seedlings （26%）. Mechanical scarification of seed coat had the greatest impact in enhanc- ing germination （78%） and reducing imbibition time （6 days） against the control （0%）. Germination studies and SEM analysis confirmed that seed germination in M. peltata was inhibited by seed coat dormancy.     

濒危树种羊角槭种子基本生物学特征

采用种皮透水性测定、生活力测定、种皮和种胚甲醇提取液测定等方法,对羊角槭基本生物学特征进行了研究。结果表明:羊角槭种子呈压扁状卵圆形,由外种皮、内种皮、种胚和子叶组成,无胚乳;种子千粒质量50.88g,其中种皮占完整种子质量的79.55%以上;种子中空籽和败育种子比例达63.81%,反映出较高的种子败育率;饱满的种子中有生活力者占56.67%;种皮具有一定的透水性,种皮和种胚甲醇提取液对白菜籽发芽有抑制作用,说明羊角槭种子自身含有发芽抑制物可能是导致种子深休眠的主因。     

Optimal and synchronized germination of Robinia pseudoacacia,Acacia dealbata and other woody Fabaceae using a handheld rotary tool:concomitant reduction of physical and physiological seed dormancy

The Fabaceae(legume family) is one of the largest families of plants with a worldwide distribution and a major role in agriculture and in agroforestry.A hard seed coat impermeable to water is a typical feature of several species.Physical dormancy delays and reduces germination so that mechanical,physical and chemical scarification methods have been classically used to break seed dormancy of many species.We evaluate the effectiveness of a methodology to scarify seeds of several woody Fabaceae of ecological and economical importance,including Robinia pseudoacacia and Acacia dealbata and the shrubs Cytisus scoparius,C.multiflorus and Ulex europaeus.We describe the optimized use of a handheld rotary tool(HRT),and compare its effectiveness with other scarification methods reported to break dormancy such as boiling or dry heating.Total germination and/or speed of germination were enhanced after the application of the HRT,with germination percentages significantly higher than those achieved by other methods of scarification.Based on a thorough literature review,a mode of action for the HRT is suggested which could operate by breaking the physical and physiological dormancy of treated seeds through thecombined action of coat abrasion and moderate temperatures.Considering these results,we recommend the application of this rapid,effective,low-cost and highly reproducible HRT method to break seed dormancy and enhance germination of these species and others with similar dormancy constraints.     

Seedling Culture of Kalopanax septemlobus

IntroductionKaIOPalaxsel,IeInlt,bllsisadecidtlouSarborwitI1l1igI1adaptational1dgrowtI1.Tl1isspeciesdis1ributedi11nortl1eastChina,nortI1ernChina,middIeCI1i11a,at1dsouthwestCl1ina.Itswood,witI1fi11egrai11andsl1i11eafterbeingslicedandCIIt,waseasytoprocess.K`Il(,-PanaxsePIemI(,husiswideIyusedfornotonIyil1dtlstry,suchasconstruction,bridgea11dpIywood,butaIsolbrfurnitureforitshighduratiol1ofrubbi11gandrotti11g.Itsseedhas38%ofoilproduCtion,wI1icI1canbeusedf()rindustryofsoap-maki11g.Tanni…