丘脑底核电刺激治疗帕金森病

目的 探讨脑深部电刺激（DBS）对原发帕金森病（PD）的治疗作用及手术方法。方法 应用微电极导向技术和手术计划系统进行靶点定位，对20例PD病人的丘脑底核（STN）进行电极植入，术后至少6个月的评价和随访。结果 15例单侧和5例双侧STN的DBS术后病人肢体僵直、震颤和运动迟缓等症状改善明显，术前术后UPDRS运动评分和日常生活能力评分均有显著下降（P＜0.01），服药量也有不同程度的减少，无严重及永久并发症。结论 STN的DBS手术治疗PD，对症状改善非常全面，可通过参数调整达到最佳治疗效果。服药量明显减少，是一种安全、有效的治疗方法。     

丘脑底核与电刺激术效果关系的研究

目的 研究脑深部电刺激（DBS）对帕金森病（PD）的治疗作用，观察术中丘脑底核（STN）刺激对PD震颤、肌僵直、运动的缓解效果以及对语言的影响，探讨电极在丘脑底核内的解剖位置与刺激效果的关系，以寻找植入刺激电极至STN的最佳位置。方法 26例帕金森病患者，利用MRI及微电极导向立体定向方法将刺激电极植入丘脑底核，其靶点：X＝11mm-13mm,Y=-1mm--3mm,Z=-7mm。术中予以高频刺激（频率为130Hz－150Hz，脉宽为90μs-150μs，电压自0.5V开始，逐渐增至8V）；利用电极的不同触点分别进行刺激，根据刺激效果和副反应的出现情况，确定电极在STN中的最佳位置。其中有3例进行了STN电极永久性植入，术后随访6－14月。结果 26例术中刺激发现，STN背外侧部是电刺激的最佳位置，而电极过深及过外铡易引起言语障碍。结论 STN的高频刺激能改善PD的震颤、僵直、运动缓慢等主要症状，是PD慢性刺激的最理想靶点，其背外侧部是刺激效果的最佳位置。     

深部电刺激脑内靶点在帕金森病中的应用

本综述脑深部电剌激(DBS)治疗帕金森病常用靶点的临床应用，目前常用靶点包括丘脑腹中间核(Vim)，苍白球内侧(GHi)和丘脑底核(STN)，根据病人症状可选择不同靶点。Vim DBS对单纯震颤的帕金森病有显疗效，GPi DBS和STN DBS适用于既有震颤和僵硬的帕金森病病人，又适用于运动迟缓和异动症病人，术后可逐渐减少服用多巴胺的剂量。目前认为STN DBS缓解震颤和僵硬疗效要优于GPi和Vim DBS，研究表明STN DBS具有一定的神经保护作用，它抑制了STN的过度兴奋，使谷氨酸的释放减少，降低对投射区域的神经毒性作用，减少了多巴胺能神经元的变性，延缓帕金森病的进展，可作为DBS治疗帕金森病的首选靶点。     

丘脑底核高频刺激治疗帕金森病

目的：研究脑深部刺激（DBS）对帕金森病（PD）的治疗作用。观察术中丘脑底核（STN）刺激对PD震颤,肌僵直、运动缓慢的缓解效果及对语言的影响,探讨植入刺激电极的最佳位置。方法：17例帕金森病患者,利用MRI及微电极导向立体定向方法将刺激电极植入丘脑底核,其靶点：X=11mm,Y=-1mm,Z=-7mm。术中予以高频刺激（频率为150Hz,脉宽为150μz,脉宽为150μs,电压自0.5V开始,逐渐增至6-8V）;其中有2例进行了STN电极永久性植入慢性电刺激,术后随访6-8月,结果：17例术中刺激发现,STN中上部是其刺激、改善病人症状的最佳位置,而电极过深及过外则易引起言语障碍,2例永久性植入慢性电刺激经随访观察对肌僵直的控制非常满意,对运动缓慢有明显改善,并减少美多巴的服药量,UPDRS运动评分下降50%。结论：STN的高频刺激能改善PD的震颤,僵直,运动缓慢等主要症状,是PD慢性刺激的最理想靶点,其中上部是刺激效果的最佳位置。     

刺激术和毁损术在双侧立体定向手术治疗帕金森病中的比较

目的比较脑深部刺激术和毁损术在双侧立体定向手术治疗帕金森病中的优缺点。方法69例帕金森病病人进行了双侧手术治疗,其中同期双侧丘脑底核(STN)脑深部刺激术(DBS)11例,同期一侧苍白球腹后部毁损术(PVP),另一侧STNDBS3例,分期一侧PVP或腹中间核(Vim)毁损术、另一侧STN或VimDBS9例;分期双侧PVP或Vim毁损术41例,同期双侧PVP5例。平均随访9.3个月。结果UPDRS评分显示刺激术和毁损术均能显著改善对侧肢体震颤、僵硬和运动迟缓症状,双侧刺激术还能改善步态和姿势症状,但双侧毁损术可加重语言、吞咽及流涎等症状,并发症较高。结论双侧DBS是具有双侧症状的帕金森病病人手术治疗的最佳术式,双侧毁损术并发症较高,应严格慎重采用。     

双侧丘脑底核电刺激治疗原发性帕金森病

目的 探讨双侧丘脑底核(STN)电刺激(DBS)对原发性帕金森病(PD)的治疗效果及手术方式。方法 应用MRI扫描、手术计划系统及微电极导向技术进行靶点定位,对15例病人行双侧丘脑底核电极植入及锁骨下刺激器植入,术后1～2周打开刺激器,术后1个月到2年随访评价。结果 全部15例病人术后肢体僵直、震颤及运动迟缓等症状明显缓解,UPDRS运动评分和日常生活能力评分均有显著下降(P<0.01),左旋多巴服用量也有不同程度的减少,无严重或永久并发症发生。结论 双侧STN电刺激手术治疗原发性PD,可全面改善病人症状,尤其是中线症状的改善更为明显;可通过调节刺激参数达到最佳治疗效果并避免副反应的发生;病人服药量减少,是一种安全有效的治疗方法。     

丘脑底核脑深部刺激术的参数设置及调整

目的 探讨帕金森病（PD）丘脑底核（STN）脑深部刺激术（DBS）术中、术后脉冲发生器的参数调整。方法 回顾采用STN—DBS治疗的62例帕金森病病人的病历资料．对病人术中及术后刺激参数的调整进行分析。结果 32例行单侧手术者均接受单极刺激；30例行双侧手术病人中，接受双侧双极刺激25例，双侧单极刺激2例．一侧单极刺激、另一侧双极刺激3例。7例触点调整均为上移。统一帕金森病评定量表（UPDRS）运动评分改善率双侧刺激优于单侧刺激。本组刺激参数为：电压双极14V．单极1～3．5V；脉宽60-120μs；频率180～190HZ。结论 STN—DBS术后病人采用适当刺激参数可获得安全可靠的疗效。电压调整对PD症状控制作用明显。脉宽及频率的调整相对较少；双侧刺激效果更佳。     

脚桥核—改善帕金森病轴性症状的潜在治疗靶点

正晚期帕金森病(Parkinson's disease,PD)人出现步态失调和姿势不稳(postural instability and gait difficulty,PIGD)等轴性症状,并常因此摔倒致残,进而严重影响患者的生活质量和日常活动能力。目前左旋多巴类药物等内科治疗不能有效改善PIGD,而外科治疗中能够很好改善PD常见症状(静止性震颤、运动迟缓和肌僵直)的丘脑底核(subthalamic nucleus,STN)和苍白球内侧部(globus pallidus pars interna,GPi)深部脑刺激(deep brain stimulation,DBS)对PIGD治疗效果不显     

脑深部电刺激治疗帕金森病的程控

目的探讨丘脑底核脑深部电刺激术治疗帕金森病(PD)的手术方法和脉冲发生器程控调节。方法自2000年1月～2004年2月用脑深部电刺激丘脑底核(STN)治疗帕金森病61例,其中单侧30例,双侧31例。采用磁共振扫描结合微电极记录技术进行靶点定位。术后用帕金森病评定量表(UPDRS)运动评分评价刺激效果。结果61例PD患者术后随访6～36个月,平均11．3个月。脉冲发生器开启时,在“关”状态下,UPDRS运动评分改善率45．2％;在“开”状态下,UPDRS运动评分改善率20．7％,未发现任何并发症。结论脑深部刺激(DBS)能有效控制帕金森病患者的症状,手术并发症少,术后可根据患者的症状调节参数,丘脑底核(STN)已成为治疗帕金森病的最佳靶点。     

丘脑底核脑深部电刺激治疗帕金森病临床SPECT随访

目的探讨丘脑底核脑深部电刺激(STN DBS)治疗帕金森病(PD)患者症状的改善及单光子放射计算机断层扫描(SPECT)的影像学变化。方法4例施行单侧STN DBS患者术前和给予电刺激后进行帕金森病综合评分(UPDRS)和SPECT测定。结果STN DBS术后临床症状明显改善,UPDRS运动评分缓解60%。3例改善良好的患者SPECT检查提示纹状体区域多巴胺转运体(DAT)含量较术前提高,另1例疗效欠佳的患者DAT含量降低,所有的患者多巴胺D2受体(D2R)检测与术前无明显差异。结论STN DBS可以明显改善PD患者的临床症状,SPECT检查显示刺激侧纹状体区DAT含量的升高提示STN DBS可能改善了多巴胺的代谢,而这种改善可能是STN DBS缓解PD症状的作用机制之一。     

脑深部电刺激治疗帕金森病和特发性震颤的近期和远期疗效

自1987年以后,脑深部电刺激(deep brain stimulation,DBS)成为治疗难治性帕金森病和特发性震颤的主要外科手段。刺激的靶点最先为丘脑腹侧中间核(nucleus ventero-intermedius,Vim)。由于Vim DBS只能缓解震颤,而对于帕金森病的其他核心症状以及多巴长期应用后的不良反应,如运动波动和异动症疗效不显著,1990年后治疗PD的靶点转移到丘脑底核(subthalamic nucleus,STN)和苍白球内侧部(interal globus pallidus,GPi),上述问题在这两个靶点得到显著改善。Vim DBS仍然为治疗特发性震颤的位点。本文就这3个靶点的持续电刺激在治疗帕金森病和特发性震颤的近期和远期疗效等进行评述。     

脑深部刺激电极埋置术治疗帕金森病疗效研究

目的 探讨脑深部刺激电极埋置术治疗帕金森病的疗效及其作用机制。方法 对32例帕金森病患者应用微电极导向立体定向技术,于丘脑底核埋置体外可控性脑深部刺激电极,对其疗效和预后进行随访。结果患者术后僵硬、震颤和运动迟缓等症状明显缓解,术前、术后统一帕金森病评分量表(unified Parkinson's disease ratingscale,UPDRS)运动评分和日常生活能力(activities of daily living,ADL)评分有显著性差异(P<0.01),部分患者由药物引起的开-关现象也有明显缓解;协同服用的多巴胺类药物的用量也有不同程度的减少。所有患者术中及术后均无严重的并发症,术后随访疗效肯定。结论 丘脑底核放置深部脑刺激电极,能明显改善帕金森病患者的临床症状,提高手术的安全性,并发症少。     

Thalamic, pallidal, or subthalamic surgery for Parkinson's disease?

Levodopa is a highly effective treatment of all motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease. However, long-term treatment with levodopa can lead to motor fluctuations and levodopa-induced dyskinesias. Motor side effects can become so disabling as to warrant surgical treatment. Both ablative surgery and deep brain stimulation (DBS) for Parkinson's disease (PD) can be performed in different target areas. Thalamic surgery mainly improves tremor, and to a lesser extent also rigidity and dyskinesias, whereas pallidal and subthalamic nucleus surgery improves all motor symptoms and levodopa-induced dyskinesias. The efficacy and safety of unilateral pallidotomy is well established. DBS has a lower morbidity and is safe enough to be performed bilaterally. The subthalamic nucleus (STN) presently seems to be the most promising target for DBS in advanced stage PD.     

Stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in a patient with Parkinson disease and essential tremor

BACKGROUND: The preferred surgical target for the treatment of Parkinson disease (PD) is either the internal globus pallidus or the subthalamic nucleus (STN); the target for treatment of essential tremor (ET) is the thalamic subnucleus ventralis intermedius (Vim). Some patients with PD have coexistent ET, and the identification of a single surgical target to treat both parkinsonian motor symptoms and ET would be of practical importance. OBJECTIVE: To describe the use of the STN target in deep brain stimulator (DBS) surgery to treat PD motor symptoms and the action-postural tremor of ET. DESIGN: Case report. PATIENT: A 62-year-old man had a greater than 30-year history of action-postural tremor in both hands, well controlled with beta-blockers for more than 20 years. He developed resting tremor, bradykinesia, and rigidity on his right side that progressed to his left side during the past 10 years. Dopaminergic medication improved his rigidity and bradykinesia, with only mild improvement of his resting tremor and no effect on his action-postural tremor. INTERVENTIONS: Left pallidotomy followed by placement of a left DBS in the Vim and subsequent placement of a right STN DBS. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Control of symptoms of PD and ET. RESULTS: The left pallidotomy controlled the patient's parkinsonian motor symptoms on the right side of his body, but did not affect the action-postural component of his tremor. The symptoms on the left side of the body, including both an action-postural and a resting tremor (as well as the rigidity and bradykinesia), improved after placement of a single right STN DBS. CONCLUSION: Placement of an STN DBS should be considered as the procedure of choice for surgical treatment of patients with a combination of PD and ET.     

Deep brain stimulation of CM/PF of thalamus could be the new elective target for tremor in advanced Parkinson's Disease?

Aim of this study was to investigate whether Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) of the Centre Median Nucleus/Parafascicular (CM/PF) Complex is useful in reducing extrapyramidal symptoms in advanced Parkinson's Disease (PD) patients. In particular, we compared the action of CM/PF and subthalamic nucleus (STN) DBS on resting hand tremor using EMG surface of ulnar and radial right-hand muscles. Our results show that C/M DBS is very effective in reducing tremor, indicating this complex as a new target in advanced PD patients.     

Combined deep brain stimulation and thalamotomy for tremor-dominant Parkinson’s disease

Although deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an established treatment for Parkinson’s disease, the long-term suppression of tremor is still a challenging issue. We report two patients with tremor-dominant Parkinson’s disease (PD) treated with unilateral thalamotomy of the ventralis intermedius nucleus (Vim) combined with the subthalamic nucleus (STN)-DBS or the posterior subthalamic area (PSA)-DBS. One year after the surgery, thalamotomy of the area from the Vim to the PSA showed improvement not only in tremor but also in rigidity and akinesia. PSA- or STN-DBS with low intensity stimulation eliminated residual PD symptoms. Combined DBS and thalamotomy may provide long-term improvement of the majority of PD symptoms using lower therapeutic stimulation voltages.     

Neurosurgery for Parkinson's disease

Medical therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD) often becomes inadequate over several years. Disability increases despite maximal medical management and many patients develop motor fluctuations and dyskinesia. In addition, medications provide good control of tremor in only 50% of cases. In appropriately selected cases, surgical therapies for PD provide benefit for medically refractory symptoms. Recent advances have provided a greater array of surgical options. Unilateral thalamotomy and thalamic stimulation are considered safe and effective procedures to treat contralateral tremor. Pallidotomy and pallidal stimulation primarily reduce contralateral dyskinesia, with lesser effects on bradykinesia and rigidity. Studies indicate that subthalamic nucleus (STN) stimulation improves "off" period function, decreases "off" time, and lessens dyskinesia. Fetal cell transplantation remains experimental, and studies are underway to evaluate the safety and efficacy of porcine fetal cell and human retinal pigment epithelial cell transplantation. This chapter reviews the history of surgical procedures for PD, describes current procedures, and offers a look into the future of neurosurgical options for PD.     

Effects of deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus on sleep architecture in parkinsonian patients

Patients affected by Parkinson's disease (PD) often complain of disturbed sleep resulting from nighttime motor disabilities such as nocturnal akinesia, tremor and rigidity, motor behaviour during REM sleep or periodic leg movements (PLM) during sleep. Sleep may also be affected by dopaminergic and anticholinergic drugs or coexisting depressive syndrome. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of subthalamic nucleus (STN) effectively reduces PD motor disability. The aim of this study is to evaluate the sleep architecture modifications after STN DBS. We assessed five patients (two men and three women, mean age 63.8+/-3.3 years, with a mean history of PD of 13.8+/-4.9 years) who underwent STN DBS. The mean levodopa equivalent dosage (LED) was 1010+/-318 mg before surgery and 116+/-93 mg 3 months after surgery. Polysomnography (PSG) with audiovisual recordings was performed on two separate nights, the first assessment in the week before surgery and the second 3 months after surgery. Three months after surgery, PSG showed an increase in total sleep time, in the longest period of uninterrupted sleep, and in the percentage of stage 3-4 NREM sleep, while there was a reduction of wakefulness after sleep onset. PLM, apnea-hyopnea index and REM sleep behaviour disorder were unaffected by STN DBS. STN DBS seems to be an effective therapeutic option for the treatment of advanced Parkinson's disease because it improves the cardinal symptoms and also seems to improve sleep architecture.     

Deep brain stimulation and medication for parkinsonian tremor during secondary tasks.

This study examined the efficacy of subthalamic nucleus (STN), deep brain stimulation (DBS), and medication for resting tremor during performance of secondary tasks. Hand tremor was recorded using accelerometry and electromyography (EMG) from 10 patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and ten matched control subjects. The PD subjects were examined off treatment, on STN DBS, on medication, and on STN DBS plus medication. In the first experiment, tremor was recorded in a quiet condition and during a cognitive task designed to enhance tremor. In the second experiment, tremor was recorded in a quiet condition and during isometric finger flexion (motor task) with the contralateral limb at 5% of the maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) that was designed to suppress tremor. Results showed that: (1) STN DBS and medication reduced tremor during a cognitive task that exacerbated tremor, (2) STN DBS normalized tremor frequency in both the quiet and cognitive task conditions, whereas tremor amplitude was only normalized in the quiet condition, (3) a secondary motor task reduced tremor in a similar manner to STN DBS. These findings demonstrate that STN DBS still suppresses tremor in the presence of a cognitive task. Furthermore, a secondary motor task of the opposite limb suppresses tremor to levels comparable to STN DBS.     

Deep brain stimulation in the management of Parkinson's disease

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a neurosurgical treatment of Parkinson's disease and other movement disorders. This surgical technique is applied to three brain targets: the ventral intermediate nucleus of the thalamus (Vim), the globus pallidus internus (Gpi) and the subthalamic nucleus (STN). Vim DBS improves contralateral parkinsonian tremor. STN and GPi DBS improve contralateral bradykinesia, rigidity, parkinsonian tremor and also levodopa-induced dyskinesia. There is little comparative data between bilateral STN and bilateral GPi procedures but the improvement with bilateral STN DBS seems more pronounced than with bilateral GPi DBS. Moreover, only STN BDS allows a significant decrease of antiparkinsonian medication. The other advantage of STN over GPi DBS is the lower consumption of current. The DBS procedure contrary to ablative surgery has the unique advantage of reversibility and adjustability over time. Patients with no behavioral, mood and cognitive impairments benefit the most from bilateral STN DBS. The stimulation-induced adverse effects related to DBS are reversible and adjustable. More specific adverse effects related do hardware are: disconnection, lead breaking, erosion or infection. The disadvantage of DBS is a relatively high cost. The setting of stimulation parameters to achieve the best clinical result may be very time-consuming. Most authors agree that DBS is a safer and more favorable procedure than ablative surgery.