血管内介入治疗锁骨下动脉盗血综合征临床研究

目的探讨应用血管内介入治疗锁骨下动脉盗血综合征的有效性和安全性。方法回顾性分析53例经血管内介入的锁骨下动脉盗血综合征患者的临床资料,从手术成功率、手术并发症及术后随访情况观察血管内介入治疗的有效性和安全性。结果 45/53例(84.90%)锁骨下动脉狭窄患者和8/53例(15.09%)完全锁骨下动脉闭塞患者均成功进行了血管内介入治疗,术后症状明显缓解。53例患者中发生手术并发症5次(9.43%),但未出现神经功能缺损和危及生命的手术并发症。锁骨下动脉闭塞的手术并发症发生率(37.50%)较锁骨下动脉狭窄(4.44%)显著升高(P0.05)。随访50/53例患者,随访率94.34%,平均随访时间(18.6±1.2)个月。1例患者术后12个月再狭窄率超过90%,行二次球囊成型;其余患者预后良好。结论应用血管内介入治疗锁骨下动脉盗血综合征具有微创、安全、高效优点,可作为首选治疗方法。     

锁骨下动脉狭窄及闭塞的介入治疗

目的总结介入治疗锁骨下动脉狭窄及闭塞的经验。方法回顾性分析15例锁骨下动脉狭窄或闭塞的介入治疗经验。均行主动脉弓造影,根据造影结果分别采用经股动脉顺血流、经桡动脉逆血流或顺逆血流联合入路,行狭窄段血管球囊扩张、支架置入术。结果 7例动脉狭窄病人支架置入均成功;8例闭塞病人成功6例,失败2例。术后随访3～54个月,术后4个月再狭窄1例,成功行球囊扩张。Malek分级:1级9例,2级3例,3级1例,4级2例。结论采用血管内球囊扩张、支架置入术治疗锁骨下动脉狭窄或闭塞疗效确切,根据造影结果选择顺血流、逆血流或顺逆血流联合入路创伤小、安全可靠。     

支架置人术治疗锁骨下动脉狭窄／闭塞合并相邻椎动脉起始部狭窄病变——回顾性病例系列分析和随访

目的探讨血管内支架治疗锁骨下动脉狭窄／闭塞合并相邻椎动脉起始部狭窄病变患者的疗效。方法回顾性分析接受血管内支架治疗锁骨下动脉狭窄／闭塞合并相邻椎动脉起始部狭窄病变患者的临床资料,包括人口统计学特征、血管危险因素以及支架治疗和随访。结果共纳入28例锁骨下动脉狭窄／闭塞合并相邻椎动脉起始部狭窄病变患者,其中男19例,女9例,平均年龄（65±9）岁。总的技术成功率为92．9％,其中锁骨下动脉狭窄合并相邻椎动脉起始部狭窄23例（82．1％）,锁骨下动脉闭塞合并相邻椎动脉起始部狭窄5例（17．9％）,有2例发生并发症,无介入相关的严重脑卒中和死亡。平均随访（24±18）个月,发生再狭窄3例和临床相关事件5例。术后12、24个月和随访结束时首次血管通畅率分别为92．4％、82．5％和78．8％,无临床相关事件存活率分别为92．5％、78．6％和70．5％。结论血管内支架可安全和有效地治疗锁骨下动脉狭窄／闭塞合并相邻椎动脉起始部狭窄的患者。     

锁骨下动脉闭塞血管内开通评估量表初步应用研究

目的研究锁骨下动脉闭塞血管内开通评估量表(Accept量表)在临床上的应用价值。方法将本院经全脑血管造影确诊的锁骨下动脉闭塞患者59例,基于Accept量表分为Ⅰ级患者、Ⅱ级患者和Ⅲ级患者。比较各组患者手术成功率和手术不良事件发生率。结果本研究中手术成功43例(72.9%)。根据Accept量表评分,所有患者分为三组:Ⅰ级17例,Ⅱ级30例,Ⅲ级12例。Ⅰ级患者手术成功率(100%)明显高于Ⅱ级患者(76.7%)和Ⅲ级患者(25%),且Ⅱ级患者手术成功率亦明显高于Ⅲ级患者(均P0.05)。Ⅰ级患者中15例顺向开通,2例双向开通;Ⅱ级患者中5例顺向开通,18例双向开通;Ⅲ级患者3例双向开通。59例患者总共发生15次(25.4%)手术不良事件;其中Ⅰ级患者不良事件发生率为5.9%;Ⅱ级患者不良事件发生率为23.3%;Ⅲ级患者手术不良事件发生率为58.3%,显著高于Ⅰ级患者(P0.05)。结论应用Accept量表评估锁骨下动脉闭塞血管内开通术证明具有可行性和可靠性,有助于临床医师快速做出临床决策,具有一定的临床应用价值。     

锁骨下动脉闭塞血管内再通治疗的可行性分析

目的 探讨慢性锁骨下动脉闭塞血管内再通治疗的可行性、安全性与有效性。 方法 回顾性分析2014年1月-2018年6月首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院神经介入中心收治的慢性 锁骨下动脉完全闭塞且存在病变侧上肢远端肢体乏力等缺血症状或明确诊断为锁骨下动脉盗血综 合征（subclavian steal syndrome，SSS）患者的临床资料。分析血管内治疗慢性锁骨下动脉闭塞的血管再 通成功率、围手术期并发症（30 d内缺血性卒中、心肌梗死和血管性死亡）及术后血管再狭窄等指标。 根据血管内治疗后闭塞的锁骨下动脉开通结果分为成功再通组及再通失败组，比较两组一般资料 和临床特点。根据成功再通组患者所用支架类型分为自膨式支架组和球扩式支架组，比较两组术后 血管残余狭窄率的差异。对成功再通的患者进行随访，根据是否出现术后血管再狭窄分为术后再狭窄 组和无术后再狭窄组，比较两组的一般资料和临床特点。 结果 共纳入106例符合入组标准的患者，男性87例（82.1%），女性19例（17.9%），中位年龄61.0 （56.8～67.0）岁。有91例（85.9%）血管成功再通，15例（14.2%）血管再通失败，成功再通组及再 通失败组的人口学信息、既往史、发病到治疗时间等临床特征差异无统计学意义。所有患者均无 围手术期并发症发生。成功再通组35例（38.5%）采用自膨式支架，56例（61.5%）患者采用球扩式 支架，自膨式支架组和球扩式支架组术后中位残余狭窄率分别为10.0%（10.0%～16.3%）和10.0% （5.0%～10.0%），差异无统计学意义。成功再通组中有85例（93.4%）完成术后3个月到1年的随访并进 行了CTA或DSA检查，随访中位时间为13.0（6.0～15.0）个月，术后再狭窄5例（5.9%），无术后再狭窄 80例（94.1%），术后再狭窄组较无术后再狭窄组的中位年龄更高（64.0岁 vs 59.5岁，P =0.027）。 结论 血管内再通治疗是治疗慢性锁骨下动脉闭塞的一种安全有效的方法。     

症状性椎/锁骨下动脉狭窄支架术后支架断裂三例报道及文献复习

目的 探讨症状性椎/锁骨下动脉狭窄支架术后支架断裂的发生机制和防治措施.方法 回顾性分析3例症状性椎/锁骨下动脉狭窄支架术后支架断裂患者的临床资料,参考冠状动脉支架断裂分型、发生率与发生时间、发生机制和防治进行相关文献复习. 结果 3例症状性椎/锁骨下动脉狭窄支架术后支架断裂均与支架内再狭窄和闭塞有关,2例患者采用球囊扩张术后症状减轻,1例患者服药观察,病情无加重. 结论 椎/锁骨下动脉狭窄支架术后可发生支架断裂,应定期复查;支架断裂可引起症状加重,目前治疗应个体化.     

70例锁骨下动脉盗血综合征患者的临床特点分析

目的 分析锁骨下动脉盗血综合征(subclavian steal syndrome,SSS)患者的临床特点。方法 回顾分析2012年3月～2016年6月就诊于哈尔滨医科大学附属第一医院血管外科的70例锁骨下动脉盗血综合征患者的临床特点,这些患者均经彩色多普勒超声证实为锁骨下动脉盗血, 并根据椎动脉血流频谱特征将SSS分为3型,即隐匿型、部分型、完全型。结果(1)病因为动脉粥样硬化的患者为63例,大动脉炎为7例;(2)44例后循环供血区缺血的SSS患者中出现头晕为38例(86%); 34例患侧上肢缺血的SSS患者中表现为麻木20例(59%);(3)51例测得双上肢血压差的患者中双上肢收缩压差≥20 mmHg为48例(94%),而双上肢舒张压差≥20 mmHg为34例(67%);(4)30例术后进行随访的患者1～3年后再通率分别为93%、87%和80%; 发生再狭窄的患者中遵医嘱进行规律服药的患者仅40%。结论 动脉粥样硬化为锁骨下动脉盗血的首要病因; SSS患者临床症状以后循环供血区缺血和患侧上肢缺血为主,其中以头晕和患侧上肢麻木最常见; 双侧收缩压差≥20 mmHg较双侧舒张压差≥20 mmHg提示SSS更敏感; 未遵医嘱进行合理二级预防可能是再狭窄的重要原因。     

锁骨下动脉盗血综合征的临床特点与血管内支架治疗

目的探讨锁骨下动脉盗血综合征(subclavian steal syndrome,SSS)的临床特点以及血管内支架治疗的效果。方法回顾15例行血管内介入治疗的SSS患者的临床表现、颈部血管超声、数字减影血管造影(DSA)等相关资料及血管内支架置入情况,分析其临床特点及血管内支架置人的疗效。结果 (1)临床疗状中以头晕最常见,共12例(80.0%),体征中以锁骨上区血管杂音最常见,共12例(80.0%)。(2)15例患者中左侧锁骨下动脉狭窄8例,闭塞4例;右侧锁骨下动脉重度狭窄3例,左侧椎动脉重度狭窄1例。15例患者成功置入血管内支架16枚,其中15枚为锁骨下动脉支架,1枚为椎动脉支架。术后同侧上肢脉搏、血压恢复;随访3～41个月,再狭窄发生率低。结论 SSS最主要的临床表现为椎-基底动脉供血不足的症状和体征,血管内支架置入可有效缓解其临床症状。     

重度锁骨下动脉盗血综合征的侧支代偿及临床特点

目的探讨重度锁骨下动脉盗血综合征(SSS)的侧支代偿及临床特点。方法回顾性分析12例经全脑数字减影血管造影(DSA)证实为重度SSS患者的临床资料。结果 12例SSS患者主要临床表现为发作性头晕、视物旋转、跌倒等,活动同侧上肢后症状加重;DSA示左侧锁骨下动脉重度狭窄或闭塞10例,双侧锁骨下动脉重度狭窄2例;侧支代偿途径椎动脉-椎动脉-锁骨下动脉10例,颈内动脉-后交通动脉-大脑后动脉/基底动脉8例,颈外动脉-枕动脉下支-椎动脉肌支动脉-椎动脉-锁骨下动脉9例。8例患者行锁骨下动脉支架成形术后临床症状完全消失;2例患者因锁骨下动脉闭塞及对侧椎动脉中度狭窄而接受对侧椎动脉支架成形术,术后症状减轻;随访3个月～2.5年,症状无复发。结论重度SSS临床表现主要为发作性头晕,侧支代偿途径主要为椎动脉-椎动脉-锁骨下动脉,支架成形术可纠正血流动脉动力学紊乱,缓解临床症状。     

症状性头颈部慢性动脉闭塞血管内治疗疗效分析

目的 探讨症状性头颈部慢性动脉闭塞血管内治疗的可行性及安全性。方法 回顾性分析2013年3月至2015年12月血管内治疗的24例头颈部慢性动脉闭塞的临床资料,其中椎动脉颅内段慢性闭塞3例、颈总动脉慢性闭塞3例、锁骨下动脉慢性闭塞5例、颈内动脉慢性闭塞13例。结果 24例中,22例目标血管成功开通,开通率为91.7%（22/24）,术后头晕、乏力等症状得到改善;2例颈内动脉慢性闭塞未开通,后期行颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉搭桥手术,术后头部CTA、DSA造影均显示灌注良好。1例左侧颈总动脉慢性闭塞血管内治疗中出现血栓脱落,造成同侧颈内动脉急性闭塞,术中通过急诊行SolitaireTM FR取栓治疗,术后患者病情平稳。术后随访5~14个月,NIHSS评分、mRS评分均为较术前有所改善,均无缺血性卒中事件再发生。结论 症状性头颈部慢性动脉闭塞血管内治疗具有可行性,近期疗效良好,长期疗效有待于进一步观察。     

Diagnostic Difficulties and Treatment Implications

Summary: Differentiation between types of epileptic seizures has been aided in recent years by the introduction of intensive neurodiagnostic techniques and the development of increasingly detailed classification systems. Paradoxically, these developments have not simplified the task of matching the appropriate antiepileptic drug to a particular seizure type. It is reasonable to assume that anticonvulsant drugs will have different effects on different types of seizures, but faulty, circular reasoning can enter the picture if one also assumes that responses of seizures to different drugs signify different seizure types. There are several examples of differential diagnoses that can fall prey to this problem, including the diagnosis between partial seizures with secondary generalization and generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the diagnosis between complex partial seizures and absence seizures with automatisms, among others. Considerations of etiology in future classification systems can further complicate the problem: should one then choose an anticonvulsant drug on the basis of individual seizure type or on the basis of the type of epilepsy? Ramifications of this issue extend even to the drug approval process. Official sanction is not given for use of a drug for a seizure type not included in the original efficacy studies, even if later scientific evidence shows that seizure type to be related to a type that is included. New trials must be undertaken. These problems arise from how we choose to classify seizures.     

Cognitive Dysfunction Associated with Antiepileptic Drug Therapy

Summary: Epilepsy is frequently associated with cognitive dysfunction. However, the reasons for this correlation are unclear. Possible influential factors include patient age; duration, frequency, etiology, and type of seizures; hereditary factors; psychosocial issues; and antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy. Whereas many of these factors are beyond the physician's control, AED therapy is one element that can be addressed in treatment decisions by recognizing the potential cognitive effects of particular AEDs. For example, phenobarbital impairs memory and concentration; phenytoin affects attention, problem solving ability, and performance of visuomotor tasks. In contrast, carbamazepine may affect concentration, while valproate would appear to have minimal effects on cognition. Moreover, cognitive effects of AEDs are amplified with coadministration of multiple anticonvulsants (polytherapy). A review of studies on the cognitive effects of monotherapy with AEDs, as opposed to those of polytherapy, provides evidence that drug-related cognitive dysfunction can be reversed if patients are switched to a simpler therapeutic regimen. Future research should be directed toward developing reliable measures for assessing and monitoring cognition, and understanding the particular cognitive side effects of each AED. Physicians also need to revise their opinions about which side effects are "tolerable" for epileptic patients.     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy in Adults With Partial and Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures

Summary: Carbamazepine and phenytoin are drugs of choice in initial monotherapy for adult partial and secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures. These designations reflect the results of the Veterans Administration Epilepsy Cooperative Study Group of 1985. An earlier comparative study of carbamazepine and phenytoin by Ramsay and associates found both drugs equally effective in controlling new-onset seizures. Among the advantages of carbamazepine is that it causes relatively few cognitive and dysmorphic side effects. Its disadvantages are its unavailability in parenteral formulation and its metabolic autoinduction. The latter must be compensated for by planned dosage increases to maintain therapeutic plasma steady-state levels during the first 2 or 3 months of treatment. Carbamazepine is judged a drug of choice in the treatment of these secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the drug of choice in children, adolescents, and women susceptible to the dysmorphic side effects associated with other anticonvulsant agents.     

Etiologic and Preventive Aspects of Epilepsy in the Child–Bridging the Gap Between Laboratory and Clinic

Summary: Four broad categories of basic phenomena are pertinent to developing ways to prevent epilepsy. These include mechanisms of epileptogenesis, ictal initiation and temporary entrainment by the seizure discharge of normally functioning brain, seizure propagation, and control mechanisms that function both to restrain the cascade of epileptic events culminating in a seizure and to arrest the epileptic event and restore the interictal state. In newborns and children, hypoxia-ischemia is a major factor leading to epileptogenesis, and several schemes are proposed to classify, quantify, and prevent hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Control mechanisms must be better understood in order to develop prophylactic recommendations for epilepsy, and an experimental model of "kindling antagonism" may increase our understanding of these. Programs of prevention of seizures in children will evolve only if basic researchers and clinicians work productively together to develop an adequate understanding of factors important in epileptogenesis and antiepileptogenic control mechanisms.     

Predisposing and Causative Factors in Childhood Epilepsy

Summary: We review information from large studies of defined populations, examining the role of known factors and especially of prenatal and perinatal factors in contributing to nonfebrile seizure disorders of early childhood. We depend especially, but not exclusively, on the recently completed analyses from the Collaborative Perinatal Project of the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke, the NCPP. About 4% of children in the NCPP who had at least one non-febrile nonsymptomatic seizure by the age of 7 years had a previous seizure during acute neurologic illness, such as meningitis or during the acute illness after trauma. Many such seizures should potentially be preventable. Of children with seizures, 10% had had a neonatal seizure and 13% had had a febrile seizure. Among the hundreds of prenatal and perinatal factors explored as predictors of childhood seizure disorders, the principal predictors identified were congenital malformations of the fetus, cerebral and noncerebral; family history of certain neurologic disorders; and neonatal seizures. In agreement with the British National Child Development Study, labor and delivery factors in the NCPP appeared to contribute very little to childhood seizure disorders. Maldevelopment, rather than damage at birth to an initially intact nervous system, appeared to be the more common mechanism. Most seizure disorders of early childhood remained unexplained by the large set of prenatal and perinatal characteristics examined.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Treatment Considerations in Anticonvulsant Monotherapy

Summary: The long-standing practice of polypharmacy in treating epilepsy is giving way to use of monotherapy. Monotherapy can improve seizure control as well as reduce the risk of serious idiosyncratic reactions, dose-related side effects, and complex drug interactions. Monotherapy also offers improved compliance and cost-effectiveness. The basis of monotherapy is accurate diagnosis and assessment of the patient's seizure type(s), followed by selection of a single appropriate anticonvulsant drug. Many patients currently treated with multiple anticonvulsants can be successfully converted to monotherapy with a carefully monitored program in which troublesome and redundant drugs are gradually withdrawn from the therapeutic regimen.     

Anticonvulsant Drugs and Cognitive Function: A Review of the Literature

Summary: Alterations of cognitive function are separate from disturbances of behavior seen in association with epilepsy. The nature of the cognitive disability may to a certain extent depend on the seizure type. Partial seizures, mainly derived from a temporal lobe focus, impair memory tasks, while generalized seizures seem to have more effect on attentional abilities. A number of studies, reviewed in this paper, suggest that anticonvulsant drugs further impair cognitive function. Maximal impairments are seen in patients receiving polytherapy: rationalization of polytherapy improves cognitive abilities. Studies in children and adults have allowed differentiation of the effects of various commonly used antiepileptic agents. Maximal cognitive deficits are seen with. phenytoin, while phenobarbital and sodium valproate induce moderate disturbances, and carbamazepine seems relatively free from such toxicity. Further research is needed on the interrelationship between types of seizure disorders, types of anticonvulsant medications, and cognitive function.     

Dextromethorphan: Cellular Effects Reducing Neuronal Hyperactivity

Summary: Dextromethorphan is a dextrorotary morphinan without affinity for opioid receptors, commonly used as an antitussive medication. During the past 5 years, interest in the compound and its demethylated derivative, dextrorphan, has been revived because additional neuroprotective and an-tiepileptic properties were found in in vitro studies, animal experiments, and a few clinical cases. Both morphinans are able to inhibit N -methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor channels and voltage-operated calcium and sodium channels with different potencies. The inhibition of the NMDA receptor is believed to be the predominant mechanism of action responsible for the anticonvulsant and neuroprotective properties of the compounds.