肝纤维化指标在乙型肝炎肝硬化及进展程度中的意义

目的应用Logistic模型联合受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)分析方法,评价肝纤维化指标Ⅲ型前胶原肽(PⅢP)、Ⅳ型胶原(CⅣ)、透明质酸(HA)、层黏连蛋白(LN),血小板比率指数(APRI),天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)/丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)比值在乙型肝炎肝硬化患者诊断中的价值,并对其严重程度进行预测。方法选取2018年3月-2020年4月在太原市第三人民医院进行治疗的慢性乙型肝炎、肝硬化代偿期以及肝硬化失代偿期患者各100例、92例、90例,分析肝纤维化四项(肝纤四项)、 APRI、AST/ALT指标水平对肝硬化及其分期的诊断价值。结果三组患者的肝纤维化四项、APRI水平比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05),随着病情的发展而升高。二分类Logistic回归分析得到Logistic回归模型:Logit(P)=1/[1+EXP(-1.479+0.048CⅣ+0.039HA-0.357PⅢP-0.044LN+0.097APRI+0.533AST/ALT],该模型经过似然比检验(χ~2=12.160,P=0.125),提示模型拟合良好,该模型诊断准确率为91.4%。ROC曲线结果显示,对于诊断肝硬化代偿期肝纤四项联合APRI,AST/ALT检测的诊断效能(AUC=0.871、灵敏度为78.33%、特异性为90.00%)高于各项指标单独检测;对于诊断肝硬化失代偿期,肝纤四项联合APRI,AST/ALT检测的诊断效能(AUC=0.937、灵敏度为88.89%、特异性为92.00%)均高于各项指标单独检测。结论实验室指标肝纤四项、APRI,AST/ALT检测在肝硬化代偿期及失代偿期的评估中有一定的价值,且联合检测的评估效能高于单一指标检测,为临床肝硬化分期的诊断可提供参考,对乙型肝炎肝硬化的进展程度有一定的预测意义。     

天冬氨酸氨基转移酶与血小板比值指数在预测慢性乙型肝炎肝纤维化中的临床意义

目的 评价天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)与血小板比值指数(APRI)在预测慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)肝纤维化中的临床意义.方法 对156例CHB患者肝组织纤维化程度进行Ishak评分.同时检测AST和血小板,计算APRI.比较不同肝纤维化分期与APRI间的关系.结果 APRI随着肝纤维化程度的升高而升高(P＜0.01),28例CHB患者给予抗病毒药物治疗,治疗前APRI为1.391±0.109,治疗后为0.430±0.062,治疗前后比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 APRI可作为预测CHB患者发生显著肝纤维化的指标之一,同时可间接对CHB患者抗病毒治疗的肝脏组织学疗效进行评价.     

Fibroscan和ARFI联合HA诊断慢性乙型肝炎肝纤维化程度的研究

目的研究Fibroscan和ARFI联合HA对慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)患者肝纤维化程度的诊断效果。方法选取我院收治的70例经病理诊断证实为CHB的患者的临床资料,所有患者均接受Fibroscan和ARFI检测,记录LSM、ARFI、APRI,并测定HA、LN、PCⅢ、Ⅳ-C。以肝活检病理学检查结果为金标准,采用ROC曲线分析Fibroscan、ARFI、HA单独及联合诊断CHB肝纤维化程度的准确性。结果除S0 vs.S1外,其他各级的LSM、ARFI、APRI、HA、LN、Ⅳ-C及PCⅢ比较,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Spearman相关分析显示,LSM、ARFI、APRI、HA、LN、Ⅳ-C及PCⅢ水平与肝纤维化分期呈正相关性(P<0.05)。ROC曲线显示,Fibroscan和ARFI联合HA检测显著肝纤维化和早期肝硬化的ROC曲线面积大于单独检测(P<0.05)。结论Fibroscan和ARFI联合HA对临床诊断及鉴别诊断CHB肝纤维化程度具有良好的效果。     

肝纤维化、r-谷氨酰基转移酶和凝血酶原时间联合检测的临床应用

目的通过对各型肝病患者血清肝纤维化四项和r-谷氨酰基转移酶(GGT)和凝血酶原时间(PT)的检测与分析,判断各型肝病患者纤维化指标。方法对住院95例各型肝病患者进行肝纤维化四项即透明质酸(HA)、Ⅲ型前胶原肽(PⅢNP)、Ⅳ型胶原(ⅣC)、层黏连蛋白(LN)及GGT和PT检测。结果中重度慢性肝病患者肝纤维四项升高明显,与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.01);急性肝炎PT和GGT指数无明显的改变;慢性轻度肝炎时,肝纤维四项及PT和GGT均轻度升高。中重度慢性肝炎患者中,肝纤维四项有较高的灵敏度,HA的灵敏度较高,为肝纤维化最敏感的诊断指标。结论通过肝纤维化四项及血清GGT和PT的联合检测,结果可作为判断慢性肝病患者肝纤维化的常规指标,为临床药物抗肝病纤维化治疗提供依据。     

肝纤维化四项检查与天冬氨酸氨基转移酶和血小板比率联合检测在诊断慢性乙型肝炎纤维化中的意义

目的分析肝纤维化四项检查和APRI在慢性乙型肝炎患者肝纤维化诊断中的临床应用价值。方法收集确诊为慢性乙型肝炎的患者149例,分为肝纤维化组和无肝纤维化组;所有患者进行肝纤维化四项检查、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶及血小板的检测并计算后两者的比率指数,分析各指标和肝纤维化的相关性,利用ROC曲线分析各指标对慢性乙型肝炎肝纤维化诊断的价值。结果肝纤维化组与无肝纤维化组的APRI、肝纤维化四项检查指标比较,明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),各指标与肝纤维化呈正相关关系(P0.05)。联合检测的敏感度为79.00%,特异度为92.10%,AUC为0.909,与单项检测比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论肝纤维化四项检查和APRI能够较准确反映慢性乙型肝炎患者的肝纤维化情况,对了解肝功能状态和病情变化具有重要的临床意义;5项指标联合检测对慢性乙型肝炎患者肝纤维化的评估临床符合性更高。     

血清肝纤维化四项联合Fibroscan对慢性乙型肝炎肝脏纤维化的诊断价值

目的探讨慢性乙型肝炎(chronic hepatitis B,CHB)患者血清肝纤维化4项水平,联合Fibroscan(FS)诊断肝脏纤维化的临床意义。方法选取CHB患者54例作为研究组,以病理结果为金标准,运用FS检测肝脏硬度值(LSM),检测肝脏纤维化四项:透明质酸(HA)、层黏连蛋白(LN)、Ⅲ型前胶原肽(PⅢNP)和Ⅳ型胶原(Ⅳ-C);分析四项水平及LSM等指标单独和联合诊断的ROC及AUC,探讨其在肝脏纤维化诊断中的价值。结果以病理学分为无肝纤维化组(S0),肝纤维化组(S≥1)和显著肝纤维化组(S≥2);与S0相比,S≥1 HA明显升高(P 0. 05); S≥2 HA、Ⅳ-C明显升高,差异均有统计学意义(P 0. 05)。以S0为阴性对照,S≥1为阳性对照,肝脏纤维化四项判断肝纤维化AUC为0. 661,肝脏纤维化四项联合FS判断肝纤维化AUC为0. 669。以S0为阴性对照,S≥2为阳性对照,肝脏纤维化四项联合判断肝纤维化AUC为0. 779,肝脏纤维化四项联合FS判断肝纤维化AUC为0. 813。结论肝脏纤维化四项对肝纤维化的诊断有一定筛查和预警作用,联合FS对肝脏纤维化的诊断、治疗及效果评价具有重要作用。     

水飞蓟宾联合替诺福韦治疗慢性乙型肝炎肝纤维化的临床研究

目的研究水飞蓟宾联合替诺福韦治疗慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)肝纤维化的临床疗效。方法将120例CHB肝纤维化患者随机分为对照组(n=60)和观察组(n=60)。对照组采用替诺福韦治疗,观察组采用水飞蓟宾联合替诺福韦治疗,对比两组治疗后相关肝功能指标、治疗前后肝硬度值(LSM)及不良反应发生情况。结果治疗后,观察组的ALT、AST、血清HBV DNA定量、AFP、LSM均明显低于对照组,HBsAg、HBeAg、HBeAb转阴率明显高于对照组(P均<0.05)。两组的不良反应发生率(1.67%vs.3.33%)比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论水飞蓟宾联合替诺福韦治疗CHB肝纤维化可有效改善患者相关肝功能指标,降低其肝脏硬度,且不良反应较少,值得临床推广。     

血清高尔基体蛋白73及3种评分系统对慢性乙型肝炎患者肝纤维化的预测价值研究

目的通过分析血清高尔基体蛋白73(Golgi protein 73,GP73)及3种常用纤维化评分(Fibrotest、APRI、S指数)无创评估慢性乙型肝炎患者显著肝纤维化的临床价值,探索新的肝纤维化无创诊断指标。方法选取2013年3月-2014年6月经肝活检证实的慢性乙型肝炎患者148例,检测所有患者血清GP73和其他实验室指标,计算Fibrotest、APRI、S指数等3种评分,所有患者肝脏纤维化程度按Scheuer系统标准分为轻度肝纤维化组80例(S0~S1),显著肝纤维化组68例(S2~S4),比较两组患者血清GP73及3种纤维化评分的差异,并采用ROC曲线评价血清GP73及3种纤维化评分单项及联合应用对显著肝纤维化的诊断价值。结果显著肝纤维化组患者的血清GP73及3种纤维化评分均显著高于轻度肝纤维化组患者,差异有统计学意义(P0.01),且血清GP73与肝脏纤维化程度、Fibrotest、APRI、S指数均有较好的相关性;血清GP73、Fibrotest、APRI、S指数诊断显著肝纤维的ROC曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.750、0.743、0.665、0.661,95%CI分别为0.672~0.817、0.665~0.812、0.583~0.740、0.579~0.737;单项指标中血清GP73的诊断价值最好,AUC达到0.750,以108ng/ml为截点,其预测的敏感性和特异性分别为67.60%和80.00%;对血清GP73及3种常用纤维化评分评分进行多因素logistic回归分析构建联合预测模型,其AUC达到0.813。结论血清GP73对慢性乙型肝炎患者明显肝纤维化的预测有一定的临床应用价值,与其他无创诊断指标联合应用可以提高预测的准确性。     

血清肝纤四项与肝功能联合检测对慢性乙肝肝纤维化的诊断价值

目的探讨血清肝纤四项指标与肝功能指标联合检测结果在慢性乙肝肝纤维化诊断中的临床价值。方法选取慢性乙肝患者80例,将其设定为乙肝组,并取同时期在巩义市人民医院接受体检的健康者40例,将其设定为对照组。两组均接受血清肝纤维化指标以及肝功能指标检测,比较两组检测结果。结果相较于对照组,乙肝组血清透明质酸(HA)、IV型胶原(IV-C)、层黏连蛋白(LN)、Ⅲ型前胶原(PC-Ⅲ)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)和AST/ALT水平均更高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);血清肝纤维化指标与肝功能指标联合检测阳性检出率高于血清肝纤维化指标的阳性检出率以及肝功能指标阳性检出率,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论血清肝纤四项指标与肝功能联合检测在慢性乙肝肝纤维化诊断中的临床效果显著,效果优于单纯应用血清肝纤维化指标或肝功能指标检测。     

慢性乙型肝炎肝纤维化无创性诊断模型的创建及验证

目的从临床常见血清学等指标中构建肝纤维化无创性诊断模型,并评价模型的诊断效能。方法符合入组标准的326例慢性乙型肝炎(Chronic hepatitis B,CHB)患者,于2006年4月—2017年10月在泉州市第一医院行肝活检,以6:4比例将上述患者随机分为建模组(197例)和验证组(129例)。应用建模组数据创建模型FM,评价FM诊断能力使用受试者工作特征曲线(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)。结果在建模组,年龄、血小板、总胆红素、白蛋白及Ln(HBV-DNA)衍生出无创诊断模型FM。在建模组,FM诊断显著肝纤维化AUROC为0.900,优于FIB-4(0.745,P=0.0349)、APRI(0.711,P=0.0365)、GPR(0.680,P=0.0377)。在验证组,FM诊断显著性肝纤维化的AUROC为0.843,优于APRI(0.698,P=0.0067)、FIB-4(0.660,P=0.0003)、GPR(0.721,P=0.0106)。结论由年龄、PLT、ALB、Ln(HBV-DNA)、TBIL五个参数构成的无创模型FM预测显著肝纤维化的价值均优于经典模型GPR、APRI、FIB-4。     

原发性肝癌患者乙肝病毒感染模式及其与甲胎蛋白和肝功能的关系

目的 探讨原发性肝癌（primary hepatocellular carcinoma,PHC）患者乙型肝炎病毒（hepatitis B virus,HBV）感染模式与血清甲胎蛋白（AFP）及肝功能检查的关系.方法 采用化学发光免疫分析和ELISA法及用速率法生化分析分别检测116例PHC患者.进行了甲胎蛋白、乙型肝炎病毒五项标志物及肝功能总胆红素（TBILI）、谷丙转氨酶（ALT）、谷氨酰转肽酶（GGT）及碱性磷酸酶（ALP）血清检测.结果 116例PHC患者HBV总感染率为97.4%（113/116）.HBsAg阴性为8.62%（10/116）.PHC患者HBV血清标志物感染模式,以HBsAg、抗-HBe和抗HBc阳性模式（小三阳）感染类型最多.表明该模式的乙肝患者为原发性肝癌的高危人群.只有3例（2.6%）PHC无HBV感染标记.116例PHC患者AFP测定有29例（25.0%）结果阴性,87例测定结果阳性,阳性率达75.0%.116例PHC患者全部病例均行肝功能检查,原发性肝癌患者肝功能异常者有较高的发生率.肝功能损害各个指标浓度呈不同程度的增高.结论 HBV与PHC之间的关系非常明确,HBV感染不仅是肝癌发生的一个重要的危险因素,而且表明肝癌病人常伴有HBV的复制活跃.提示仍有25.0%PHC患者血清AFP检测结果呈阴性而易被漏诊.约有50%原发性肝癌患者肝功能损害.因此,积极预防和控制HBV感染流行,恰当治疗、保肝和护肝措施,是减少原发性肝癌发生的关键所在.     

Serum cytokeratins in alcoholic liver disease: contrasting levels of cytokeratin-18 and cytokeratin-19.

Serum cytokeratin (CK) levels are widely used as tumor markers. Serum levels of CK-18, a tumor marker also known as tissue polypeptide specific antigen (TPS), are increased in patients with alcoholic liver disease. Cytokeratin-18 is the main component of Mallory bodies, a hallmark of alcoholic hepatitis, which may also contain CK-19. Serum levels of CK-18 and CK-19, a tumor marker also known as CYtokeratin FRAgment 21-1 (CYFRA 21-1) were investigated in (a) heavy drinkers with alcoholic liver disease (n=15), (b) patients with malignancy (n=22), and (c) healthy controls (n=10). Serum levels of CYFRA 21-1 (CK-19) were markedly increased in patients with malignancy, but were similar in heavy drinkers and healthy controls. In contrast, serum levels of TPS (CK-18) in heavy drinkers were higher than those of healthy controls, and even tended to be higher than those of patients with malignancy. Both CK-19 and CK-18 levels were higher in cases of alcoholic hepatitis than in cases of fatty liver. Correlation with hepatocyte CK inclusions was stronger for serum TPS (CK-18) than for CYFRA 21-1 (CK-19). In conclusion, serum CYFRA 21-1 (CK-19) and TPS (CK-18) show a different pattern of increase that could reflect the composition of the altered hepatocyte CK network in alcoholic liver disease. Their usefulness as tumor markers, particularly that of serum TPS (CK-18), may be limited in patients with alcoholic liver disease.     

NGAL对脓毒症/脓毒性休克患者预后的预测作用（已撤稿）

目的探究中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白(NGAL)对脓毒症和脓毒性休克患者预后的预测作用。 方法采用回顾性病例对照研究分析上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院急诊科2017年1月31日至2019年1月31日收治且明确诊断为脓毒症/脓毒性休克的84例患者,其中男性53例,女性31例;年龄18～80岁,平均(56.5±17.8)岁。根据患者的预后分为生生存组(n＝62)和死亡组(n＝22)。在患者入院第1天、第3天和第7天检测血浆NGAL水平,比较两组患者临床资料、实验室检查指标水平的差异,筛选出差异有统计学意义的观察指标对比,并采用pearson相关性分析比较NGAL与其他预后指标的相关性。再通过受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)曲线判断NGAL对脓毒症/脓毒性休克患者发生院内死亡和是否需行连续肾脏替代疗法(CRRT)治疗的预测价值。 结果死亡组患者NGAL浓度在第1天[(2 188.4±2 280.8)ng/mL比(538.2±777.4)ng/mL]、第3天[(2 045.5±2 388.8)ng/mL比(553.8±836.4)ng/mL]和第7天[(1 512.4±1 840.9)ng/mL比(192.3±410.2)ng/mL]均明显高于生存组患者,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。NGAL水平与序贯器官衰竭评分(Sequential Organ Failure Assessment, SOFA)(r＝0.4601)、急性生理与慢性健康评分(APACHE Ⅱ)(r＝0.37)、乳酸(r＝0.41)和肌酐(r＝0.48)都呈正相关性(P均<0.05)。第7天时NGAL水平对预后的预测价值[曲线下面积(AUROC)＝0.85,95% CI：0.70～0.99]高于第1天(AUROC＝0.71,95%CI：0.55～0.88)和第3天(AUROC＝0.72,95%CI：0.55～0.88)。第3天时肌酐和NGAL对是否需行CRRT的预测价值优于第1天和第7天。入院第3天时NGAL浓度(AUROC＝0.80,95%CI：0.64～0.97)与肌酐水平(AUROC＝0.83,95%CI：0.68～0.97)相比,前者对患者是否需行CRRT的预测作用具有更好的特异性,但敏感度相对较低。 结论对于脓毒症/脓毒性休克患者第7天时NGAL水平对预后具有很高的预测价值。与肌酐相比,NGAL对预测患者是否需行CRRT具有更高的特异性。     

Hepatitis-B virus determinant in patients with liver disease in Malawi

Sera from 185 patients admitted to hospital in Malawi with acute and chronic liver disease were tested for the following serological markers of hepatitis-B infection (HBV): hepatitis-B surface antigen (HBsAg) and its antibody (anti-HBs), HBe antigen (HBeAg) and its antibody (anti-HBe), and antibody to hepatitis-B core antigen (anti-HBc). Control groups consisted of patients without liver disease, students and blood donors. HBsAg was detected in 73%, 54·8% and 64% of patients with acute hepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatoma, respectively. 16% of patients with tropical splenomegaly syndrome (TSS) and 14·6% of patients with schistosomiasis, 9·5% of patients without liver disease, 1·4% of students and 7·6% of blood donors were HBsAg positive. Unexpectedly, 72·3% of HBsAg-positive specimens appeared to carry both major antigenic determinants (ady). HBeAg was detected in 15·8% and anti-HBe in 13·1% of patients with acute HBsAg-associated hepatitis, these determinants being detected less frequently than in sera from patients with HBsAg-associated hepatitis in the UK. HBeAg or anti-HBe were rarely detected in patients with hepatoma. With the exception of students and blood donors, over 80% of the Malawian study population had markers of current or previous HBV infection in their sera. Anti-HBc occurred most frequently in patients with hepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatoma, their geometric mean titres (GMTs) being 67·6, 160·1 and 211, respectively. The GMTs of patients with TSS, schistosomiasis and non-hepatic disease were 2·0, 4·6 and 2·3, respectively.     

Hypermetabolism in clinically stable patients with liver cirrhosis.

BACKGROUND: Hypermetabolism has a negative effect on prognosis in patients with liver cirrhosis. Its exact prevalence and associations with clinical data, the nutritional state, and beta-adrenergic activity are unclear. OBJECTIVE: We investigated resting energy expenditure (REE) in 473 patients with biopsy-proven liver cirrhosis. DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional study with a controlled intervention (beta-blockade) in a subgroup of patients. RESULTS: Mean REE was 7.12 +/- 1.34 MJ/d and correlated closely with predicted values (r = 0.70, P < 0.0001). Hypermetabolism was seen in 160 patients with cirrhosis (33.8% of the study population). REE was > 30% above the predicted value in 41% of the hypermetabolic patients with cirrhosis. Hypermetabolism had no association with clinical or biochemical data on liver function. REE correlated with total body potassium content (TBP; r = 0.49, P < 0.0001). Hypermetabolic patients had lower than normal body weight and TBP (P < 0.05). About 47% of the variance in REE could be explained by body composition whereas clinical state could maximally explain 3%. Plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations were elevated in hypermetabolic cirrhotic patients (by 56% and 41%, respectively; P < 0.001 and 0.01). Differences in REE from predicted values were positively correlated with epinephrine concentration (r = 0.462, P < 0.001). Propranolol infusion resulted in a decrease in energy expenditure (by 5 +/- 3%; P < 0.05), heart rate (by 13 +/- 4%; P < 0.01), and plasma lactate concentrations (by 32 +/- 12%; P < 0.01); these effects were more pronounced in hypermetabolic patients (by 50%, 33%, and 68%, respectively; each P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Hypermetabolism has no association with clinical data and thus is an extrahepatic manifestation of liver disease. Increased beta-adrenergic activity may explain approximately 25% of hypermetabolism.     

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) markers among patients with chronic liver disease in Kuwait

The prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), antibody to the hepatitis B core (anti-HBc) and to surface antigen (anti-HBs), was investigated, using sensitive radioimmunoassay (RIA) systems, among patients with different clinical entities of chronic liver disease in Kuwait, and compared to a control blood donor population. 81% of patients and 44% of the controls had at least one HBV marker. 24% of patients, but none of the controls had both HBsAg and a high titre of anti-HBc in the absence of anti-HBs, suggesting a chronic infection. 31% of our patients with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis, 20% with cryptogenic cirrhosis and chronic active liver disease and 60% with hepatocellular carcinoma had these two markers. HBV antigenaemia was significantly more prevalent among male than among female patients and was particularly high among those less than 35 years old. The high prevalence of the various HBV markers among our patients suggests that HBV is a major factor in the development of chronic liver disease in our area. Furthermore, in view of the high prevalence of antigenaemia in patients with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis, HBV infection must play a concomitant role in the development of a more serious form of chronic liver disease among such patients.     

Hepatitis B and primary cancer of the liver in intertropical Africa

During the past 15 years, a growing body of evidence incriminates hepatitis B virus as the major factor in the etiology of primary liver cancer. Epidemiological studies throughout the world reported a striking correspondence between areas where the frequency of primary liver cancer is high and where HBV infection is hyperendemic. Moreover, primary liver cancer is commonly associated with cirrhosis of the postnecrotic macronodular type. Such data suggested a sequence hepatitis-cirrhosis-PLC. Such sequence was confirmed by extensive serologic testing studies which reported a high frequency of HBV markers in PLC patients compared to matched control groups. Data collected in Senegal, Mali and Burundi on 12,000 individuals stress the importance of HBV infections in these countries, as the high rate of chronic carrier state in patients suffering from liver cirrhosis or primary liver cancer (62-63%) compared to the general population (12-17%). Other HBV markers including anti-HBs, anti-HBc, HBeAg and anti-HBe had no prognostic value in the sequence hepatitis-cirrhosis-PLC. A new HBV seric marker, the HBsAg/IgM complexes, observed in HBsAg positive individuals, is more frequently detected in PLC patients (50%) and cirrhosis (40%) than in healthy HBsAg carriers (14%). These results would indicate that HBsAg carriers are more likely to develop cirrhosis or primary liver cancer when they evidence HBsAg/IgM complexes. In conclusion, the seric markers of evolution towards primary liver cancer are: HBsAg (the highest known risk factor), the presence in such individuals of HBsAg/IgM complexes, and increased values of alphafoetoprotein.     

肝功与血清学指标水平检验在70例脂肪肝诊断中的应用分析

目的对肝功与血清学指标水平检验在脂肪肝诊断中的应用进行分析研究。方法随机抽取2013年4月—2014年4月本院收治的70例脂肪肝患者设为观察组,抽取同期来我院健康检查的70例健康者设为对照组,测定并比较两组肝功与血清学指标。结果观察组患者ALT、AST、TC、TG水平明显高于对照组健康者,组间比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论脂肪肝患者肝功与血脂指标水平明显上升,肝功与血脂指标水平检测可作为临床筛查脂肪肝的有效方法,其对判断患者发病状况与预后具有重要指导意义。     

Blood cell superoxide dismutase and enolase activities as markers of alcoholic and nonalcoholic liver diseases

Monitoring of chronic alcoholism would be facilitated by using sensitive biochemical markers in blood cells, mainly to detect differences between alcoholic subjects with or without liver injury. We propose two types of markers: the first one is superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity involved in the conversion of superoxide radicals (O2-.) formed during acetaldehyde oxidation by xanthine oxidase after chronic alcohol consumption; the second one is enolase activity with both isoenzyme forms: nonneuronal enolase (NNE) and neuron specific enolase (NSE) which has been shown to be modified in many injuries related to the glycolytic pathways. For SOD activity we found a significant increase in alcoholic patients with liver injury and mainly in cirrhotic patients with ascitis. Both enolase activities were also found to be significantly increased in alcoholic patients with liver injury but NNE activity was also increased in alcoholics without apparent liver disease. Our results suggest that increased activity of SOD and NSE in blood cells may be related to liver injury mainly in alcoholism while increased NNE activity may also be a marker of alcohol abuse without liver injury.     

A prospective study: prediction of the first variceal haemorrhage in schistosomal and non schistosomal liver disease

A prospective study was conducted on liver disease patients without previous history of bleeding (haematemesis and/or melena) to identify those at highest risk of bleeding. A hundred and twenty non-alcoholic patients (96 males and 24 females), ages ranging from 30 to 60 years were studied. Patients were followed for up to two years or to time of bleeding (mean 18 +/- 7.3 months), during which 34 (28.3%) patients bled. Schistosomal patients showed less incidence of bleeding (12.1%, p < 0.05) than those with mixed aetiology (Schistosoma and cirrhosis 23.5%, and chronic active hepatitis and schistosoma 44.4%). The presence of positive viral markers (either HCV antibodies or HBsAg) was associated with a higher percent of bleeding during the follow-up period (43.2% and 45.4%, respectively), than those negative for these markers (21.7%, 24.4%, respectively). Univariate analysis showed the following significant risk factors associated with bleeding: modified child classification, reduced platelet count, endoscopic findings of cherry red spots, gastric varices and increased grade of oesophageal varices. Multivariate analysis revealed that the risk of bleeding was significantly related to the presence of cherry red spots, the presence of gastric varices, grade of oesophageal varices and the patient's prothrombin time. In conclusion, bleeding from oesophageal varices is a frequent and serious event in patients with chronic liver disease. The risk of variceal bleeding from liver disease with mixed aetiology (schistosomiasis associated with viral hepatitis HBV or HCV) was found to be significantly higher than that with schistosomal aetiology alone. The endoscopic findings of cherry red spots, gastric varices, increased grade of oesophageal varices and to a lesser extent the prothrombin time were found to be high risk factors. Patients having those risk factors should be considered for prophylactic measures.