甘肃陇西与陇东地区马兰黄土工程地质特性分析研究

为研究甘肃陇西与陇东地区马兰黄土物理力学参数变化规律、参数间相关性和两地区土体工程地质特性差异,通过探井取得586组原状土样进行室内土工试验。研究成果初步定量解决了两地区马兰黄土物理力学参数差异量值和各地区土体物理力学参数间的相关规律性,在试验成果较少的情况下,应用本研究成果能简单快捷地取得土体其他特性参数,对工程勘察具有一定的参考价值。     

仪征市下蜀组粘性土的工程地质性质研究

根据实际工程资料及试验成果，研究了仪征市下蜀组粘性土的物理－水理、物理力学性质及变化规律。对如何合理利用粘性土的工程地质特性有着重要的意义。     

高灵敏度软土液化地基工程处理措施

以太原市小店区某工程为实例,针对拟建场地存在的高灵敏度软土和液化土,通过取样、试验,分析、评价了地基土的物理力学特性及工程地质特征.地基处理针对不同的地质情况,采取了相应的工程处理措施和设计方案,取得了良好的效果.     

济南浅层地基微观结构及分形特征研究

天然沉积土的宏观力学特性与微观结构紧密相关,研究土体微观结构对深入揭示土的宏观力学特性具有重要意义。首先研究济南地区深度在50 m以内黄河冲积地层天然沉积土的物理力学参数分布特征,再采用场发射扫描电镜试验,分析各土层不同方向土样的微观结构特征,最后应用分形理论,研究各层土分形维数的演化规律及其与物理特性参数间的相关性。结果表明:第(7)层黄土是以粗粉粒为主体骨架的蜂窝状大孔隙结构,第(8)层粉质黏土是碎屑粉粒为骨架的蜂窝结构,第(9)、(10)和(11)层粉质黏土是以黏粒集合体为基本单元的薄层状絮凝结构。不同土层土体土粒和孔隙的分形行为明显,随着地基深度增大,土粒和孔隙的分布分维数均逐渐加大,形态分维数均逐渐减小,土粒的粒径变化比孔隙的孔径变化明显,而孔隙的形态变化比土粒复杂。土体的分维数与含水率、孔隙比、液塑限、黏聚力和内摩擦角之间存在较强的相关性。     

风积砂作为土石坝坝壳填筑料可行性研究

对于在沙漠地区黄河干流上修建的某水利枢纽工程,通过分析天然状态风积砂工程地质性状、风积砂混合料制配样试验、风积砂现场碾压试验和风积砂碾压后物理力学试验,对在坝址区广泛分布的风积砂用作土石坝坝壳填筑料的可行性进行研究。     

用HEC固化剂加固黄土的试验研究

土体化学加固是利用化学材料发生反应生成凝胶并胶结土粒的特性来达到加固土体的目的。对黄土而言,化学加固后改善了土的结构状态,不仅使土的承载力提高,而且使其湿陷性、崩解性和压缩性等不良工程地质性质也大为改观。采用武汉水利电力大学研制的HEC新型土体固化剂进行黄土加固试验研究。通过不同条件下的剪切、无侧限抗压强度、渗透性、湿陷性、崩解试验对HEC固化黄土的工程性质进行试验研究,并对影响固化黄土力学性能的主要因素进行分析。试验结果证明:HEC固化黄土的物理、力学、水理等方面的性能都有大幅度提高;添加固化剂后的固化土湿陷性虽变小,但固化土样为重塑样,重塑后湿陷性亦显著减小,因此,仅从消除湿陷性方面来说,HEC消除黄土湿陷性的研究有待进一步深入。     

风能资源开发中地基特殊土层的工程地质分析

结合风电机组地基勘察实例,论述盐渍土、软土、黄土和松软砂土等特殊土基本物理力学性质,分析特殊土层的工程地质问题,提出相应的应对工程处理措施。     

卸荷工程岩体非线性模型的研究探讨

从卸荷岩体的工程地质特征、力学参数的确定、本构关系及卸荷岩体释放荷载的计算方面对卸荷工程岩体进行初步探讨.研究结果表明,卸荷工程岩体与传统的加载岩体的力学条件有本质的区别,其非线性特征更为明显.在岩体力学分析研究中,首先应划分加载区域和卸载区域,加载方向和卸载方向,加载和卸载的力学状态,然后在研究卸荷岩体工程地质特征的基础上,建立不同的物理力学模型,采用不同的物理力学参数,才能合理地分析卸荷工程岩体的强度与变形特征.     

引洮工程总干7号隧洞疏松砂岩工程地质特性研究

引洮供水工程7#隧洞施工中遇到了新近系地层中特殊的疏松砂岩(粉细砂岩)。经过对疏松砂岩和同类地层中的泥质砂岩进行对比试验,研究了疏松砂岩特殊的性质,其工程性质软弱恶劣,饱水后类似于饱和固结沙土的物理力学性质。疏松砂岩在甘肃中部具有区域性分布,作为隧洞围岩稳定性极差,且有诸多工程地质问题。研究其特殊性质对该地区工程建设具有重大的现实指导意义。     

卸荷工程岩体非线性模型的研究探讨

从卸荷岩体的工程地质特征、力学参数的确定、本构关系及卸荷岩体释放荷载的计算方面对卸荷工程岩体进行初步探讨。研究结果表明，卸荷工程岩体与传统的加载岩体的力学条件有本质的区别，其非线性持征更为明显。在岩体力学分析研究中，首先应划分加载区域和卸载区域，加载方向和卸载方向，加载和卸载的力学状态，然后在研究卸荷岩体工程地质特征的基础上，建立不同的物理力学模型，采用不同的物理力学参数，才能合理地分析卸荷工程岩体的强度与变形特征。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Impacts of Microcystis on algal biodiversity and use of new technology to remove Microcystis and dissolved nutrients

Cyanobacteria often dominate eutrophic lakes, outcompeting green algae that are required by fish and zooplankton. This study was undertaken to ascertain the impact of the cyanobacterium, Microcystis, on algal biodiversity. Under laboratory conditions, we found that the presence of Microcystis decreased phyla richness by 58%, phyla evenness by 47%, genera richness by 66% and genera evenness by 51%. Analysis by mixed anova s demonstrated a significant interaction between treatment and time and confirmed a significant reduction in richness and evenness of phyla and genera. We also conducted a phosphate restriction assay on the algae in Mason Lake (Irvine, CA, USA) and found that the threshold needed for algal growth there was 0.02 mg L^?1 PO₄. A pilot study was then conducted to test the effectiveness of the Blue Pro? water treatment facility in removal of this colonial organism from Mason Lake, in addition to removal of dissolved nutrients required for its growth. We measured a 97% reduction in Microcystis cells, a 72% reduction in chlorophyll‐a, and a 96% reduction in phosphate after just one 10 min cycle through the unit. Our study demonstrated that removal of Microcystis colonies may allow green algae to increase in numbers. This may improve algal biodiversity, which will benefit zooplankton and fishes.     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

簸箕李引黄灌区水沙分布及优化调度的经验

灌区利用水沙观测所取得的资料和试验数据，运用水沙运动力学理论，总结分析和揭示了灌区水沙分布的规律和特点。在此基础上，结合灌区的实际运行情况，围绕减少骨干渠道的淤积进行探讨、研究，进而，优化水沙调度方案。该方案实施后，骨干渠道减旅伴效果明显，取得了成功的经验。     

小湾水库大坝防渗面板及其裂缝的加固处理

小湾水库大坝防渗面板整体抗渗性能差,且存在多条裂缝,通过对面板钢丝网喷涂丙乳砂浆加固处理及其裂缝修补,大坝渗漏量明显减少,且左岸上灌浆廊道内及大坝下游坝面92～93 m高程下廊道入口处原有小股射流全部消失.     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).