Subaltern Urbanization: Indian Insights for Urban Theory

The concept of subaltern urbanization is about vibrant smaller settlements—outside the metropolitan shadow—sustainably supporting a dispersed pattern of urbanization. We propose a theoretical framework which draws on an empirical research collective using both large statistical and land-use data sets and detailed case studies in non-metropolitan Indian geographies. Anchored in postcolonial urban studies, it looks beyond the logic of agglomeration and questions our understanding of settlement hierarchies and the location of social and economic innovation processes, opening up an alternative reading of urbanization that could be valuable for other regions. Local agency is core to this concept, transporting the arguments of the ordinary and the subaltern beyond large cities. Our findings, apart from emphasizing the agency of smaller settlements, highlight their multiple local and translocal flows, shaping an autonomous external engagement that could exist independently of relationships with large cities. Further, even though the rural and the urban seep into each other, they do so organically, unlike the process in planetary urbanization. Additionally, the rural-urban dichotomy remains performative, in that governance regimes influence the urbanization process. Appreciation of these dynamics can provide insights towards a better understanding of the system of human settlements, which is our goal in advancing this framework.     

城市化与可持续城市化的理论探讨

快速城市化给我国城市化的健康发展带来巨大挑战。本文从结构、过程和功能三方面分析了城市生态系统的属性,探讨了城市化的概念及其正负两方面的效应,提出了要实现可持续的城市化,必须保证城市生态系统的结构合理、过程高效、功能完善,并从这三方面讨论了可持续城市化的内涵:随着城市化进程的不断推进,城市人均生态足迹增长得到控制,城市代谢效率不断提高,居民福利不断增长。     

Urban Political Ecology Beyond Methodological Cityism

The concept of planetary urbanization has emerged in recent years amongst neo‐Lefebvrian urban scholars who see urbanization as a process taking place at all spatial scales. This article analyses recent critiques of the urban political ecology (UPE) literature which argue that much of the work in the field has been guilty of focusing exclusively on the traditional bounded city unit rather than urbanization as a process. In response, the article reviews various strands of the UPE literature which have (always) moved beyond ‘the city’ to consider the various metabolisms and circulations of humans and non‐humans connecting cities with places outside of their borders at a variety of scales. Furthermore, it suggests how these approaches can productively work with the insights of the planetary urbanization literature, in considering both the changing nature of urbanization and also the socio‐ecological and political implications of these changes. Finally, the article suggests how the methodological approach of the ‘site multiple’ and its focus on everyday practices and lived experiences can be useful for researching diverse urban phenomena and their more‐than‐urban connections.     

资源型城市城乡统筹与城镇化发展研究综述

随着改革开放的不断深入,我国社会经济发展、城镇化进程的不断加快,城乡联系日益密切,城乡二元结构制约下的城乡关系矛盾开始不断凸显,原有城乡"二元"规划模式已难以满足实际发展需要,城乡发展逐步失衡……资源型城市作为一类代表性城市,其未来城乡发展道路值得关注。本文基于对资源型城市城乡统筹与城镇化发展的研究综述,探索其城乡统筹与城镇化发展的模式与路径、措施与对策。     

宜春市推进城镇化和新型城市建设研究

本文根据中央一号文件和宜春市社科联课题立项要求,对城镇化和城市建设概念进行了诠释,分析了当前宜春市的城镇化和城市规划建设概况,以较大篇幅、从以下五个方面对宜春市推进城镇化和新型城市建设进行了研究:城市规划、投融资渠道、人才引进、户籍制度、特色文化建设。探讨通过理论和实践相结合,推动宜春市新一轮城镇化建设高潮。     

城市化与城市现代化

对城市化和城市现代化的多种解释进行了梳理,认为这是两个各有特指的概念,不能混为一谈,但二者也有互相联系的方面,并就现实生活中二者的联系做了解析.     

The Urban Question under Planetary Urbanization

In Le Droit à la Ville (1968), Lefebvre projects the urban trajectory of his day into the sci‐fi imaginary of Isaac Asimov's remarkable Foundation series, recognizing the germ of ‘Trantor’ in our midst, the planet of 40 billion inhabitants where urbanization has reached its absolute maximum; all 75 million square miles of Trantor's land surface are a single city. In La Révolution Urbaine (1970), Lefebvre had already begun hinting at a new reality, not only an urban society, but of planetary urbanization. Today, four decades on, Asimov's extraterrestrial universe seems closer to home than ever, and closer to Lefebvre's own terrestrial prognostications: planetary urbanization is creating a whole new spatial world (dis)order. But how shall we reclaim the shapeless, formless and boundless metropolis as a theoretical object and political object of the progressive struggle? If the arena of politics has no discernible form, what would be the form of these politics? What, exactly, are urban politics? This article tries to rethink theoretically the urban question and the question of urban politics in our era of planetary urbanization, working through the political role of the urban in the light of recent ‘Occupy’ mobilizations.     

珠江三角洲城市边缘聚落的城市化

分析了珠三角城市化过程中城市边缘聚落的形态类别、一般演进过程和发展趋势,提出其分阶段城市化演进的范型,试图揭示制度变迁与城市边缘区形态的互动关系,并从城市规划角度提出若干对策和建议.     

新型城镇化视角下的农地非农化研究——以东莞市为例

本文拟通过对广东省东莞市城镇化进程中的土地非农化状况进行调查分析,分析其具体途径和特点,讨论其今后一段时期需要注意的问题和完善性建议,从理论和实践层面,为东莞市统筹城乡发展、促进新型城镇化发展提供参考,为我国相关政策的优化提供有益借鉴。     

Cacao Capitalism and Extended Urbanization: On the Contradictory Origins of Bounded Urbanism in Nineteenth‐century Coastal Ecuador

This article challenges both contemporary and classic urban theory by analyzing the historical case of coastal Ecuador. Working from primary and secondary sources, I track the urbanization of coastal Ecuador during the long nineteenth century, when cacao exports determined not only the economic wellbeing of the city of Guayaquil, but of the entire tropical lowland region. I argue that this extended urban geography was both experienced and practiced as an unbounded economic and cultural region. As the value of cacao exports skyrocketed, capitalists in the city invested in infrastructural projects and financial instruments, divorcing money‐making from cacao production. After the Gran Incendio (great fire) of 1896, the city was rebuilt according to the ideals of modern liberal planning that further separated the city from the country symbolically, despite their continued material interconnection. This work suggests that long histories of capitalist urbanization provide material and theoretical support for critiquing bounded urban theory both past and present, by moving beyond the city and highlighting the processes undergirding spatial production under capitalist social relations. Likewise, this historical case study argues that city‐centrism, rather than being constituted epistemologically, was tied to liberal notions of the urban based on nineteenth‐century ideologies of modernization and progress.     

可持续城市化:发展视野中的批判

可持续城市化发展在共同的发展理念遮蔽下存在着重大的内在差异,从发展哲学的整体性研究视野出发,我们通过对可持续城市化发展理念内在分歧的反思揭示出可持续城市化发展理念分歧的理论基础;进一步指出,当今世界城市可持续发展浪潮的实质是资本城市化;在中国实施城市的科学发展必须走自己的道路,要以城市的新现代性引领中国特色的可持续城市化发展道路.     

甘肃省农村城镇化发展现状及对策探讨

农村城镇化是深化农村改革,加快农村产业结构调整,培育和发展农村市场,推进农村城市化、现代化、社会化进程,缩小城乡差别的一项战略措施。本文分析了甘肃省农村城镇化发展的现状,探讨了加快甘肃省农村城镇化进程的基本对策及建议。     

轨道交通对中国城市化的意义

目前中国正处在快速城市化的进程中,需要增加城市的数量和人口、经济规模,并大力发展城市群和城市带,同时需要减小地区间的发展差距.因此构筑一个从城市轨道交通、城际轨道交通到跨区域的高速铁路这一不同层次的结构完善的覆盖全国的轨道交通体系,将有利于促进城市化,为全国广大人民群众提供快捷、舒适、准时、安全的交通保障,并为在全国范围内建设和谐社会做出重大贡献.     

The Urbanization of Nature in a (Post)Socialist Metropolis: An Urban Political Ecology of Allotment Gardening

In this article we explore how nature becomes part of the city through the example of allotment gardening in the city of Prague, in the Czech Republic. Prague allotments were established based on an ongoing political-ecological process of urbanization of nature that was locally driven by socialist (from 1948 to 1989) and later neoliberal governance. We employ a situated urban political ecology (UPE) approach to analyse changes in the planning of allotments and the impact thereof on the experience of gardeners. This double focus allows us to uncover the effects of neoliberalization on the processes of production of urban nature in respect of both policy and everyday practice. We contrast contemporary capitalist urbanization with its socialist predecessor by showing the immediate effects of the acceptance of neoliberal modes of governance on allotments, urban nature and the understanding of the city. We open allotments as a terrain for UPE to turn attention to the (uneven) production of urban nature in a post-socialist context that has thus far been largely absent from the UPE literature. We demonstrate that post-socialist urbanization is a fruitful terrain that offers new opportunities to unmask the effects of neoliberalization on the production of uneven urban space and thus improves our understanding of contemporary uneven urbanisms.     

工业化和城市化协调推进的城乡统筹发展研究

首先,工业化和城市化协调推进是实现城乡统筹发展的经济基础;其次,我国工业化和城市化的失衡推进使得城乡统筹发展面临许多困境;最后,提出了工业化和城市化协调推进的城乡统筹发展思路。     

我国城市化战略取向研究——兼论自贡市大城市化的目标定位

本文在我国已经开展城市化的基础上进一步深入探讨了城市的概念、功能与发展史,特别是对城市的十二大基本功能和两大延伸功能进行了界定,提升了对城市的认知度;分析了我国城市化的国际国内环境条件及其战略意义,在总结城市化经验的基础上,对我国城市化战略的调整进行了设想,从宏观和微观两个层面阐述了新的战略方案,并构建了战略的发展路径;最后,拟定了自贡市大城市化的建设目标与发展对策。     

Recombinant Urbanization: Agrarian–urban Landed Property and Uneven Development in India

This article develops the concept of recombinant urbanization to show how agrarian landed property and land‐based caste/class relations shape the production of post‐liberalization urban real estate markets in India. I focus on two interrelated but differentiated agrarian property regimes in western Maharashtra to argue that real estate development is building on prior uneven agrarian land markets, which were themselves sociotechnically produced by colonial and postcolonial development politics. Through an examination of the organizational form of sugar cooperatives, which mediated agrarian capitalism in an earlier era, I track how these primary agricultural cooperatives are now being reorganized into real estate companies, sometimes with former sugarcane growers as company shareholders. The same caste‐based political and social capital that made sugar cooperatives possible in a capitalist agrarian society is now being leveraged by agrarian elites to ease their own and their constituents’ entry into an urbanizing economy. The concept of recombinant urbanization opens new methodological entryways to analyze the entangled agrarian and urban question in predominantly agrarian and late liberalizing societies.     

加快边疆城市城镇化建设路径研究

推进以人为核心的新型城镇化建设是落实党中央精神的重要举措。加快边疆城市城镇化建设是协调区域发展、平衡东西部差距的重要任务。通过完善空间结构、修复城市生态、完善城市功能、加强历史文物保护、塑造城市风貌、推进城市改造等多种方式提升城市成长空间,为城市带动周边乡镇融合发展奠定坚实基础。     

巴西城市化模式的分析及启示

巴西是世界上经济较为发达的发展中国家,城市化水平相当高.但是,它的城市化先于工业化,属于过度城市化模式.20世纪30年代之前,巴西主要依靠外来移民推动其城市化进程,属于无工业化的城市化;之后,工业化起步,进一步加速了城市化的发展.但是,由于历史、政策等多方面原因,巴西在城市化过程中出现了区域不平衡和过度城市化、贫民窟等严重的城市问题.研究巴西城市化发展的经验和教训,对我国城市化进程中实现城乡协调和可持续发展具有一定的启示作用.     

城市化与城市职能、体系、结构

城市的职能作用应包括政治及经济两个方面。城市管理职能、体系及城市对经济的推动作用的研究 ,均应包括在城市化的内容中。通过对我国城市发展的回顾 ,说明城市与交通、经济、环境的关系。城市体系、规模、结构应该是生态网状结构 ,不再是一块过大的板或内聚能量过大的堆。