新疆西准噶尔乌尔禾地区早二叠世A_1型花岗岩成因及其地质意义

新疆西准噶尔南部地区出露的中酸性花岗岩以I型和A_2型花岗岩为主。本文通过对哈拉阿拉特山南麓乌尔禾地区新发现的A_1型碱长花岗斑岩进行详细的岩石学、锆石U-Pb年代学及地球化学研究,旨在准确厘定其形成时代,揭示岩石成因和构造背景。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年结果显示碱长花岗斑岩形成于295.0±1.8 Ma,为早二叠世初期岩浆活动产物。地球化学研究表明碱长花岗斑岩具有A型花岗岩特征。岩石显示高硅(SiO_2=73.72%～76.79%)、富碱(K_2O+Na_2O=7.70%～8.60%)、高TFeO/MgO(24.1～244,仅2件样品16)、10~4×Ga/Al(3.73～5.20)、(Zr+Nb+Ce+Y)(1010×10~(-6)～2425×10~(-6))和锆饱和温度(978～1039℃),低镁(MgO=0.01%～0.11%)和铝(Al_2O_3=11.55%～12.01%),强烈亏损Ba、Sr、Eu、P、Ti以及高ε_(Nd)(t)正值(+7.76～+11.9)等特征。与区域晚石炭世晚期—早二叠世早期的A_2型花岗岩相比,乌尔禾碱长花岗斑岩相对富Nb(43.4×10~(-6)～122×10~(-6)),且具有较低的Y/Nb(0.46～2.24)比值,属准铝质A_1型花岗岩。综合以上数据并结合前人大量研究成果,我们认为乌尔禾A_1型碱长花岗斑岩和区域同时期的A_2型花岗岩均形成于由俯冲板片后撤诱发的弧后伸展环境。在弧后伸展体制下,热的软流圈地幔上涌,底侵加热由亏损地幔衍生而来的年轻镁铁质下地壳物质,使其发生低程度部分熔融,最终在地壳浅部形成了相对富Nb的乌尔禾A_1型碱长花岗斑岩。     

大兴安岭南段毛登Sn-Cu矿床岩浆作用对成矿制约:年代学、地球化学及Sr-Nd-Pb同位素证据

毛登Sn-Cu矿床位于大兴安岭南段内蒙古锡林浩特境内,其Sn、Cu储量均达到中型.本文利用LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb法测得与成矿关系密切的花岗斑岩成岩年龄为138±0.6 Ma;利用LA-ICP-MS锡石U-Pb法测得锡石-硫化物-石英脉型矿石中锡石的Tera-Wasserburg谐和年龄为139±3.2 Ma,表明花岗斑岩体形成年龄与毛登矿床成矿年龄在误差范围内一致,均形成于早白垩世.花岗斑岩富硅(SiO2=73.18％～77.3％)、富碱(Na2O+K2O=8.00％～8.69％)、富钾(K2O=4.80％～5.22％)、贫铝(Al2O3=11.67％～12.83％),贫钙(CaO=0.49％～0.95％)、镁(MgO=0.12％～0.46％),具有较高的FeOT/(MgO+FeOT)值(0.74～0.91)、10000×Ga/Al值(3.64～4.28);微量元素亏损Ba、Sr、P、Ti等元素,富集Rb、Th、K、Hf等元素;稀土元素配分模式图呈典型的"海鸥型"以及显著的Eu负异常(δEu=0.05～0.2);锆石饱和温度为817～861℃,以上均说明花岗斑岩具有A型花岗岩特征.全岩Sr-Nd同位素结果显示低初始(87Sr/86Sr)i值(0.702907～0.704506)、较高的εNd(t)值(+0.8～+4.4)以及年轻的二阶段模式年龄(tDM2=572～863 Ma),说明花岗斑岩可能为新生地壳经部分熔融后,在上升过程中经历较强烈的结晶分异演化作用而形成.Pb同位素组成指示岩体和矿石的Pb同位素组成接近,说明成矿物质主要来源于岩浆.微量元素特征、构造环境判别图解显示花岗斑岩具有A2型造山后花岗岩特征,成岩环境处于伸展构造背景.结合前人研究成果以及矿区地质特征、成岩(矿)年代学、Sr-Nd-Pb同位素特征,认为毛登矿床成矿物质的富集与花岗斑岩体侵入密切相关,矿床成矿物质的富集规模受花岗斑岩结晶分异演化程度制约.     

东昆仑群力地区晚泥盆世A型花岗岩的年代学、地球化学和构造意义

报道了东昆仑群力地区正长花岗岩体的锆石U-Pb年龄和岩石地球化学特征,并对岩石成因及其构造意义进行了讨论。锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年结果表明群力正长花岗岩体的形成时代为376.2Ma(MSWD=0.25),属晚泥盆世。岩石地球化学成分显示其属于高钾钙碱性、准铝质-弱过铝质系列花岗岩。岩体富硅(SiO_2=74.61%～77.85%)、富碱(Na_2O+K_2O=7.03%～7.94%)、高铁镁比(FeO~T/MgO=11.39～36.93)、贫钙(CaO=0.50%～1.01%)、贫镁(MgO=0.06%～0.20%);稀土配分模式表现为"海鸥型"分布特点,具有强烈的负铕异常(δEu=0.08～0.09);高镓含量(Ga=22.86×10~(-6)～27.06×10~(-6)),富集高场强元素组合(Zr+Ce+Nb+Y=720×10~(-6)～891×10~(-6))、亏损Ba、Sr、P、Nb、Ta、Ti等;同时岩体具有高的锆石饱和温度(991℃～1 201℃)。综合岩石地球化学特征表明群力正长花岗岩体属于A型花岗岩中的A_2型花岗岩,结合区域研究成果,认为群力正长花岗岩形成于始特提斯洋闭合后的伸展构造背景。这一结果将始特提斯洋闭合后的伸展作用时限从中泥盆世延长到晚泥盆世。     

内蒙古西乌旗石匠山晚侏罗世——早白垩世A型花岗岩锆石U-Pb年龄及构造环境

内蒙古西乌旗石匠山A型花岗岩位于贺根山缝合带内,侵位于早石炭世迪彦庙-白音布拉格蛇绿岩带和下二叠统寿山沟组与大石寨组中,岩性为二长花岗岩。石匠山A型花岗岩富硅(SiO_2=74.18%~77.16%)、富钾(K_2O=4.31%~5.07%)、富碱(Na_2O+K_2O=8.44%~9.16%),贫Al_2O_3、CaO、MgO、TiO_2、P_2O_5、Sr、Ba、Eu、Ti和P,具有较高的Ga/Al(3.98~6.09)、(Na_2O+K2O)/CaO、K_2O/MgO、TFeO/MgO、Rb/Nb、Y/Nb、Sc/Nb值,稀土元素配分曲线为典型的海鸥式分布,δEu为0.01~0.19,负Eu异常显著,明显不同于I、S和M型花岗岩,为典型的铝质A型花岗岩。在地球化学分类判别图解上,石匠山A型花岗岩显示A_2型后造山铝质花岗岩特征,反映其形成于后造山伸展环境。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年结果表明,该花岗岩的侵位年龄为159.8±1.3Ma、143.1±1.3Ma、136.20±0.69Ma,即形成时代为晚侏罗世-早白垩世,揭示贺根山缝合带在晚侏罗世-早白垩世为后造山伸展阶段。     

新疆贝勒库都克铝质A型花岗岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄、地球化学及其成因

新疆东准噶尔卡拉麦里地区是一个重要的锡成矿带,分布有多种类型花岗岩。贝勒库都克岩体位于锡成矿带中部,由黑云母正长花岗岩和黑云母二长花岗岩组成。本文通过精确的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年获得贝勒库都克含锡黑云母正长花岗岩年龄为283±2Ma,MSWD=0.14(95%置信度),时代属于早二叠世,这与东准噶尔后碰撞深成岩浆活动的范围(330～265Ma)相吻合。岩石地球化学研究表明,贝勒库都克岩体富硅(SiO2=75.25%～76.67%),低铝(Al2O3=11.91%～12.86%),贫镁(MgO=0.02%～0.18%)和钙(CaO=0.39%～0.89%),富碱(Na2O+K2O=8.08%～8.97%),K2ONa2O,NK/A=0.86～0.95(平均0.92),A/NCK=0.97～1.02,富集Rb、K等大离子亲石元素及Zr、Hf等高场强元素,Ba、Nb、Sr强烈亏损,δEu=0.01～0.11,其FeOt/MgO(12.71～84.51,平均34.55)和10000Ga/A1(2.97～4.20)值大,HFSE元素(Zr+Nb+Ce+Y=191.8×10-6～353.3×10-6)含量高,明显不同于典型的I型和S型花岗岩,基本属于典型的铝质A型花岗岩。年代学和地球化学综合研究表明,贝勒库都克铝质A型花岗岩是壳幔混合成因,是准噶尔地区后碰撞幔源岩浆底侵作用导致大陆地壳垂向生长过程的记录者。     

乌兹别克斯坦中天山Kattasay地区A型花岗岩的岩石成因和构造意义SCIEI北大核心CSCD

A型花岗岩对认识区域构造背景具有重要指示意义。Kattasay地区石英斑岩和碱长花岗斑岩位于乌兹别克斯坦中天山恰特卡尔-库拉玛火山-深成岩带内。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb数据表明石英斑岩在~297.3Ma形成,而碱长花岗斑岩在~294.5Ma侵位。地球化学结果显示它们均具有高SiO_(2)(70.14%~75.78%)和K_(2)O+Na_(2)O (8.07%~10.48%)含量以及高FeO^(T)/(FeO^(T)+MgO)(0.88~0.94)比值。样品还具有高的10000Ga/Al (2.51~3.14)比值和Zr+Nb+Y+Ce (439.5×10^(-6)~1141×10^(-6))含量,这些特征说明Kattasay地区石英斑岩和碱长花岗斑岩为A型花岗岩。二者具有相似的微量元素特征,Rb、K、Th、U显著正异常而Ba、Sr、Ti、Nb、Ta呈现负异常,表明它们在演化过程中经历了显著的分离结晶作用。同位素结果显示,它们的ε_(Hf )(t)值在+0.06~+5.03之间,ε_(Nd)(t)值为-2.21~-3.24。Nb-Hf同位素解耦的现象,可能是岩浆混合作用的结果。相近的侵位时间以及相似的地球化学和同位素组成表明两种岩石具有相似的源区。Kattasay地区A型花岗岩的识别暗示着Turkestan洋在晚石炭世末期已经完全闭合,在早二叠世中天山地区已经进入后碰撞环境。     

内蒙古中部乌兰呼都格花岗斑岩的成因及其地质意义

内蒙古中部乌兰呼都格碱长花岗斑岩是白音乌拉-东乌珠穆沁旗晚古生代花岗岩带的组成部分。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年方法获得该碱长花岗斑岩的侵位年龄为289~290 Ma,表明其形成于早二叠世。岩石高硅(SiO_2=73.54%~75.17%)、富碱(Na_2O+K_2O=7.66%~8.40%)和富铝(Al_2O_3=13.55%~14.68%),贫铁镁(TFe_2O_3=0.66%~1.65%,MgO=0.25%~0.36%)和贫钙(CaO=0.27%~0.46%)。强烈富集大离子亲石元素(LILEs)Rb、Ba、Th、U和K,亏损高场强元素(HFSEs)Nb、Ta、Ti,具显著的Sr、P负异常和Pb正异常,显示弧岩浆的地球化学特征。岩石稀土总量较低且变化范围大(∑REE=78.78~130.53μg/g),富集轻稀土元素,轻、重稀土元素分异较明显,具弱Eu负异常(δEu=0.59~0.93);稀土元素分布模式表现为右陡倾且相互平行、重稀土分布较平坦。Sr-Nd同位素组成为低(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)i(0.70355~0.70375)、正εNd(t)(+1.04~+3.12),反映亏损地幔源区特征。岩石学和地球化学特征表明乌兰呼都格碱长花岗斑岩属于I型花岗岩,形成于后碰撞伸展构造环境,是俯冲板片断离作用触发石炭纪弧地壳镁铁质岩石部分熔融的产物,在岩浆上升演化过程中可能经历了钾长石、钛铁矿和磷灰石的分离结晶作用。乌兰呼都格I型花岗岩的厘定显示内蒙古中部苏尼特左旗北部地区早二叠世处于后碰撞伸展演化阶段。     

南秦岭随州地区正长花岗岩锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年代学与地球化学特征

随州北部正长花岗岩体呈岩脉出露,年代学研究表明,正长花岗岩中岩浆锆石SHRIMP U-Pb加权平均年龄为648.8±1.9Ma(MSWD=0.86),属新元古代。岩石地球化学成分显示其属于高钾钙碱性、准铝质系列花岗岩。岩体高硅(SiO_2=70.67%～75.75%)、富碱(K_2O+Na_2O=7.28%～8.53%)、铁镁比(FeO~T/MgO=26.37～35.50)较高、钙镁含量较低(CaO=0.60%～1.53%,MgO=0.07%～0.12%);稀土元素配分曲线呈右倾斜型,显示Eu负异常(δEu=0.33～0.56);1000Ga/Al值介于2.60～3.41,Zr+Nb+Ce+Y=552.48×10~(-6)～648.87×10~(-6);微量元素原始地幔标准化蛛网图显示,Rb、K和Th等大离子亲石元素明显富集,相对富集Zr、Hf、Nb、Ta等高场强元素,相对亏损Sr、P和Ti,以上特征表明随州北部正长花岗岩为A1型花岗岩。结合区域构造演化,认为随州北部正长花岗岩形成于板内伸展的构造环境,新元古代晚期,秦岭-桐柏-大别地区构造体制经历了重要的转变,在南秦岭东段由古秦岭洋的俯冲导致的挤压作用转换为弧后拉伸减薄作用。在伸展体制下,岩浆上涌形成本区A1型正长花岗岩。     

乌兰浩特地区早白垩世晚期花岗斑岩年代学、地球化学特征及其构造背景

内蒙古乌兰浩特地区出露的两条花岗斑岩带分布在与嫩江—八里罕断裂相关的左行走滑剪切带内。通过LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学研究,确定该花岗斑岩的形成时代为124.99±0.99 Ma,属于早白垩世晚期。地球化学特征表明,该花岗斑岩Si O2含量为70.56%～78.34%,(Na2O+K2O)为7.10%～8.99%,铝饱和指数A/CNK为0.98～1.20,富硅、碱,属于准铝质-过铝质花岗岩。花岗斑岩稀土元素总量中等,轻、重稀土元素分馏明显((La/Yb)N=9.49～14.71),Eu负异常较强(δEu=0.33～0.73),相对富集大离子亲石元素Rb、Ba和高场强元素Th、U,Sr、Nb、Ti相对亏损,呈明显负异常,属于高分异I型花岗岩。嫩江—八里罕断裂在早白垩世晚期曾发生短暂的伸展作用。     

乌兰浩特地区早白垩世晚期花岗斑岩年代学、地球化学特征及其构造背景

内蒙古乌兰浩特地区出露的两条花岗斑岩带分布在与嫩江—八里罕断裂相关的左行走滑剪切带内。通过LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学研究,确定该花岗斑岩的形成时代为124.99±0.99 Ma,属于早白垩世晚期。地球化学特征表明,该花岗斑岩Si O2含量为70.56%～78.34%,(Na2O+K2O)为7.10%～8.99%,铝饱和指数A/CNK为0.98～1.20,富硅、碱,属于准铝质-过铝质花岗岩。花岗斑岩稀土元素总量中等,轻、重稀土元素分馏明显((La/Yb)N=9.49～14.71),Eu负异常较强(δEu=0.33～0.73),相对富集大离子亲石元素Rb、Ba和高场强元素Th、U,Sr、Nb、Ti相对亏损,呈明显负异常,属于高分异I型花岗岩。嫩江—八里罕断裂在早白垩世晚期曾发生短暂的伸展作用。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.