胆固醇酯转运蛋白基因多态性与2型糖尿病合并冠心病的关系

以PCR-RFLP检测胆固醇酯转运蛋白(CETP)基因TagⅠB多态性。CETP基因第1内含子TagⅠ B2B2基因型可能是糖尿病患者冠心病发生的保护性基因型。     

2型糖尿病并大血管病变患者载脂蛋白B基因多态性研究

目的 研究载脂蛋白B（ApoB）基因变异与2型糖尿病大血管病变的关系。方法 对65例2型糖尿病合并大血管病变患者和60名对照组的 ApoB基因EcoRⅠ和XbaⅠ酶切位点限制性片段长度多态性（PCR－RFLP）进行研究。结果 2型糖尿病大血管病变组载脂蛋白B少见等位基因频率（X^ ,E^-）显著升高，与对照组比较，E^-等位基因频率改变与2型糖尿病患者血脂异常有相关性，X^ 等位基因频率升高与2型糖尿病并大血管病变明显相关。结论 遗传因素在2型糖尿病大血管病变中起重要作用。     

胆固醇酯转运蛋白限制片长多态性与冠心病

胆固醇酯转运蛋白促进脂蛋白中各种中性脂质的转运和交换,调节高密度脂蛋白代谢,在胆固醇逆向转运中起关键作用。胆固醇酯转运蛋白基因在第1内含子上具有限制片长多态性,其等位基因为B1和B2,等位基因B1与血浆胆固醇酯转运蛋白水平升高,活性增强,高密度脂蛋白水平降低密切相关,在冠心病的发生发展过程中具重要意义。     

基质金属蛋白酶9基因多态性与2型糖尿病血管病变的相关性研究

目的 探讨基质金属蛋白酶9(MMP-9)基因C-1562T多态性与2型糖尿痫血管病变的关系．方法 运用PCR-RFLP检测110名健康对照者和450例2型糖尿病(DM)患者(其中单纯2型DM者100例、大血管病变者120例、糖尿病肾病(DN)患者130例、糖尿病视网膜病变患者100例)的MMP-9基因型，比较各组的基因型和等位基因频率。结果 (1)所有糖尿病视网膜病变患者的基因型均为CC型。(2)与对照组和单纯2型DM组相比，大血管病变组的T基因型和T等位基因频率显著升高，而DN组的TT基因型和T等位基因频率明显下降。(3)Logistic回归分析显示MMP-9 T等位基因、血清MMP-9、总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、脂蛋白(a)是大血管病变发生的危险因素；尿白蛋白排泄率、脂蛋白(a)、HbA1C是DN发生的危险因素。结论 MMP-9基因C-1562T多态性与2型DM血管病变的发生有关，T等位基因是大血管病变的易感基因，是DN的保护基因。     

胆固醇酯逆向转运蛋白基因TaqI多态性对海南省汉族老年脑梗死患者分子预警的价值

目的探讨胆固醇酯逆向转运蛋白(CETP)基因Taq IB遗传多态性与海南省汉族脑梗死的关联性及对分子预警的价值。方法纳入317例海南省汉族脑梗死患者及305例海南省汉族健康对照,利用Snapshot方法检测CETP基因位点Taq IB多态性,利用SPSS21.0软件分析基因型频率及等位基因在组间的分布情况。结果 Taq IB的B1B1、B1B2、B2B2三种基因型分布频率在实验组中为55.21%、34.07%及10.73%,在对照组中为45.25%、39.67%及15.08%,组间差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。等位基因A和G在实验组中的分布频率为72.24%和27.76%,对照组中的检出率为65.08%和34.92%,组间差异亦具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 CETP基因Taq I多态性与海南省汉族脑梗死关联性密切,有望成为脑梗死分子预警指标。     

对氧磷酶2基因311Cys/Ser多态性与2型糖尿病合并大血管病变的相关性

目的探讨对氧磷酶2基因311 Cys/Ser多态性与山东青岛地区2型糖尿病患者合并大血管病变的关系。方法通过抽提基因组DNA并应用聚合酶链反应扩增包含对氧磷酶2基因311位点的基因片段,然后应用聚合酶链反应限制片长多态性技术检测对氧磷酶2基因311 Cys/Ser多态性在2型糖尿病合并大血管病变组、单纯2型糖尿病组以及正常对照组的基因频率。结果山东青岛地区人群存在对氧磷酶2基因311 Cys/Ser多态性。2型糖尿病合并大血管病变组对氧磷酶2基因的3种基因型(CC、CS、SS)的构成比与单纯2型糖尿病组和正常对照组比较差异具有显著性(P<0.05或P<0.01),S等位基因频率较单纯2型糖尿病组和正常对照组显著增高(P<0.05或P<0.01);携带S等位基因的个体患糖尿病大血管病变的风险为非携带者的2.932倍;对氧磷酶2基因311 Cys/Ser多态性不同基因型亚组间血脂水平无明显差异。结论在山东青岛地区人群中,对氧磷酶2基因311 Cys/Ser多态性与2型糖尿病合并大血管病变具有相关性,其S等位基因可能是该地区2型糖尿病合并大血管病变的危险因素之一。     

胆固醇酯转运蛋白TaqIB基因多态性对脂蛋白水平的影响

胆固醇酯转运蛋白 (CETP)介导高密度脂蛋白(HDL)中的胆固醇酯与低密度脂蛋白 (LDL)及极低密度脂蛋白 (VLDL)中的甘油三酯等量交换 ,在胆固醇逆向转运中起关键作用 ,调节各种脂蛋白颗粒大小和脂质组成 ,与动脉粥样硬化的发生和发展密切相关。CETP在多个位点有基因多态性 ,目前研究较多的是CETP基因第 1内含子限制性片段多态性 ,根据是否有TaqI作用位点划分等位基因B1和B2 ,由此测定 3种CETP基因型B1B1、B1B2、B2B2[1] 。研究表明 ,CETP TaqIB多态性是一普遍存在于白种人群中的遗传学变异 ,等位基因B2与血浆高密度脂蛋白胆…     

急性冠状动脉综合征患者胆固醇酯转运蛋白TaqIB基因多态性与血脂水平的关系

目的:探讨急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)患者胆固醇酯转运蛋白(CETP)TaqIB基因多态性与血脂水平的关系。方法:对236例经冠状动脉造影证实为ACS的患者(ACS组)及54例经冠状动脉造影排除冠心病的患者(对照组)进行研究。采用酶法测定血脂各项水平,采用多聚酶链反应-限制性内切酶片段长度多态性分析CETP基因中TaqIB基因多态性。结果:与对照组比较,ACS组CETPTaqIB基因型及等位基因频率的分布差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。B1B2与B1B1基因型比较,HDL-C水平显著增高(P<0.05)。B1B2与B2B2基因型比较各血脂指标间差异无统计学意义。等位基因B2与低HDL-C有关。TG≥1.7mmol/L时不同基因型间各血脂指标差异无统计学意义;但在TG<1.7mmol/L时B1B1基因型的HDL-C水平显著低于B1B2基因型(P<0.05)。结论:B1、B2等位基因频率的分布在ACS组与对照组间差异无统计学意义。TG及TaqIB基因多态性均可影响HDL-C水平。     

胆固醇酯转运蛋白TaqIB基因多态性与颈动脉粥样硬化斑块稳定性的关系

目的探讨胆固醇酯转运蛋白(CETP)TaqIB基因多态性与脑梗死患者颈动脉粥样硬化斑块稳定性之间的关系。方法对135例颈动脉易损斑块的脑梗死患者和158例颈动脉稳定斑块的脑梗死患者进行研究。采用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)方法测定所有研究对象血标本的CETP TaqIB基因多态性,对易损斑块组和稳定斑块组CETP TaqIB基因多态性进行比较分析。结果易损斑块组B1B1、B1B2、B2B2基因型比例分别是56.30%、33.33%和10.37%,稳定斑块组分别为53.80%、36.07%和10.13%,两者比较差异无统计学意义。B1、B2等位基因在易损斑块组的频率分别为72.96%及27.04%,在稳定斑块组为71.84%及28.16%,两者差异也无统计学意义。结论胆固醇酯转运蛋白TaqIB基因多态性与脑梗死患者的颈动脉粥样硬化斑块稳定性没有明确的关系。     

胆固醇酯转运蛋白TaqIB基因多态性与冠心病的关系

目的分析胆固醇酯转运蛋白TaqIB基因多态性与冠心病的相关性. 方法选择确诊的冠心病病人,自全血中抽提基因组DNA后,用聚合酶链反应-限制片长多态性方法检测胆固醇酯转运蛋白TaqIB基因型.以χ^2检验和Logistic多因素回归分析作统计学差异检验.结果冠心病组和对照组的胆固醇酯转运蛋白TaqIB基因型和等位基因频率分布均差异无显著性.进一步进行性别及心肌梗死型和非心肌梗死型冠心病分层分析亦差异无显著性.结论胆固醇酯转运蛋白TaqIB基因多态性与冠心病无相关性.     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.