离子注入制备的滴状冷凝传热表面的研究

滴状冷凝是一种高效传热方式.实验证明(1),滴状冷凝的传热系数是膜状冷凝的20至30倍.自本世纪三十年代以来,传热研究者一直致力于滴状冷凝的研究(2)、(3)、(4),但至今仍未获得有应用价值的滴状冷凝表面.本文应用离子注入表面处理技术,在金属铜表面二千埃的表层内注入化学活泼性元素,制备出低表面能的合金材料,并在这些表面上实现了常压水蒸汽的滴状冷凝.     

水蒸气在低能表面相变形态的热力学分析

1前言滴状冷凝具有很高的传热速率，其冷凝传热系数是膜状冷凝的几至几十倍。而现行的冷凝器一般采用界面能较高的金属材料制成，所以膜状冷凝是现行冷凝器中的普遍现象。为在金属壁面上实现滴状冷凝，必须在最大限度上降低其界面能。对此，前人进行长期大量的工作，提出了很多方法，但是均未达到工业应用的要求［‘－’］。本文对应用低能复合股作为表面处理技术，改善在该膜表面水蒸气相变形态，以实现冷凝器中的滴状冷凝、改善热泵一空调装置中的蒸发器的传热性能和通风阻力，以及制冷装置中的抑制蒸发器结霜而进行热力学分析。所谓低能…     

蒸汽滴状冷凝演变和液滴生长方式的研究

蒸汽的滴状冷凝进程中，液滴生长包括冷凝生长与合并生长。液滴生长作为影响滴状冷凝演变的关键行为，其研究有助于深入理解滴状冷凝演变机制和换热机理。本文基于滴状冷凝全过程的数值模拟，针对不同凝结核密度下的滴状冷凝演变和液滴生长方式开展研究。模拟中采用Cassie模型对液滴的冷凝生长进行描述，耦合邻近搜索算法和守恒定律对液滴的合并生长过程进行模拟。经实验结果和理论模型验证，本文模拟方法具有较高的可靠性。结果表明：最大液滴尺寸主要来源于合并生长，其增速是衡量滴状冷凝演变速度的表征；随着凝结核密度的升高，演变速度呈线性提高，换热能力先增后减；高合并频率的表面能有效提高合并生长对最大液滴尺寸的贡献比例。     

冷凝和沸腾传热现象中的突变特性

本文简要地介绍了突变理论及其应用,提出了冷凝和沸腾传热现象中的突变特性,并根据突变理论中的尖拐型突变的观点,分析和讨论了冷凝和沸腾传热现象中型态转变的机理,即沸腾临界和滴状与膜状冷凝的转变.     

含有不凝气体的蒸汽滴状冷凝传热实验研究

本文对饱和水蒸气和空气的混合物在垂直表面上滴状冷凝传热特性进行了实验研究。考察了不同的压力条件下不凝气对冷凝传热的影响。与膜状冷凝实验结果对比表明,滴状冷凝对含有不凝气的蒸汽冷凝传热有强化作用;在较高的冷凝压力下不凝气体对传热的影响相对较小。     

混合工质中低温热力循环特性研究

本文从热力学第二定律角度出发,对氨水混合工质中低温动力循环进行了分析。通过与简单蒸汽循环的比较,揭示了混合工质热力循环的特性及本质,指出工质蒸发换热过程的匹配及冷凝过程是混合工质循环高效的关键。为了改善冷凝过程,可采用分馏冷凝系统取代传统的冷凝方式。同时,本文还探讨了一些基本规律,明确了余热回收过程中中低温段换热匹配的重要性     

关于“滴状冷凝中液滴内外压强差及临界半径”的评注

从力学和热力学角度简要证明了滴状冷凝时壁面球冠形液滴内外压强差不同于冷凝器内部球 形液滴的内外压强差，并指出有关文献对壁面自由能增量的理解存在概念上的混乱。 关键词： 滴状冷凝 压差 自由能     

水蒸气在垂直钛板表面的冷凝传热特性

对水蒸气在垂直钛板表面的冷凝传热特性进行了可视化实验研究。实验结果表明,蒸汽在钛表面为液滴和沟流状液膜共存的混合冷凝形式。随着表面过冷度的增大,滴状区所占的面积比η逐渐减小,且液滴的脱落直径逐渐增大,导致表面的冷凝传热系数随之下降。η值大于50%时,冷凝传热系数随滴状区所占面积比的减小而陡降,滴状区面积小于膜状区后,η值对冷凝表面传热性能的影响较小。     

气体剪切下液滴临界滑动无量纲准则

液滴从固体壁面上脱离的临界条件对农作物生长、滴状冷凝换热、燃料电池水管理等具有重要影响。液滴在气体吹拂下临界滑动是液滴重力与气体施加的拖拽力共同克服表面张力的结果。通过建立受力平衡方程,并无量纲化,本文得到适用于气体剪切下不同壁面倾斜角度及不同气-液-固物系下液滴滑动临界的通用准则。该准则可用于计算燃料电池中固定大小液滴滑动的临界风速,与Fan等实验数据对比,其误差在20%以内。另外,该准则用于计算滴状冷凝中固定风速下液滴临界滑动半径,可以完善蒸汽吹拂下的滴状冷凝模型。     

蒸气凝结相关问题探讨

讨论了几个与蒸气凝结相关的问题,指出壁面上球冠形液滴的内外压差和临界半径同样遵循经典的Laplace公式和Kalvin公式;蒸气在冷壁上的冷凝形态主要由后退接触角决定;空气中的水蒸气在换热器表面呈膜状冷凝时换热器的性能优于呈滴状冷凝时换热器的性能。     

Droplet impact on regular micro-grooved surfaces

We have investigated experimentally the process of a droplet impact on a regular micro-grooved surface. The target surfaces are patterned such that micro-scale spokes radiate from the center, concentric circles, and parallel lines on the polishing copper plate, using Quasi-LIGA molding technology. The dynamic behavior of water droplets impacting on these structured surfaces is examined using a high-speed camera, including the drop impact processes, the maximum spreading diameters, and the lengths and numbers of fingers at different values of Weber number. Experimental results validate that the spreading processes are arrested on all target surfaces at low velocity. Also, the experimental results at higher impact velocity demonstrate that the spreading process is conducted on the surface parallel to the micro-grooves, but is arrested in the direction perpendicular to the micro-grooves. Besides, the lengths of fingers increase observably, even when they are ejected out as tiny droplets along the groove direction, at the same time the drop recoil velocity is reduced by micro-grooves which are parallel to the spreading direction, but not by micro-grooves which are vertical to the spreading direction.     

差压法测量两相流相含率的研究

本文通过差压式测量方法,对气液两相流中含气率及油水两相流中含水率的测量进行了深入的试验研究。通过水平及垂直上升段的结构组合,测量气液两相流中的含气率值,在对流型测量与分析的基础上,建立了不同流型下垂直上升段与水平段摩擦压降间的修正关系式,减小了测量误差;通过采用一缓流的垂直下降段,测量油水两相流中的含水率值,获得了好的结果。     

自润湿流体液滴的热毛细迁移特性

采用数值模拟方法研究了自润湿流体液滴的热毛细迁移特性.基于润滑理论和滑移边界条件建立了二维液滴运动的演化模型,分析了液气界面张力极小值对应温度在壁面上的位置(临界点)与液滴位置间的相对关系对液滴运动特性的影响.结果表明,对于壁面润湿性不随温度变化的情形,随液滴初始位置相对临界点的向左移动,液滴的迁移方向发生改变,但液滴受热毛细力驱动总是向界面张力高的方向移动.对于壁面润湿性随温度变化的情形,无论液滴初始放置于临界点何处,受高温侧壁面润湿性恶化的影响,液滴均向低温区迁移;随液滴初始位置相对临界点的向左移动,液滴受方向向左的热毛细力增大,提高了其向低温区的迁移速率.控制自润湿流体液滴运动可通过调控临界点与液滴位置间的关系来实现,欲抑制液滴向低温区的迁移,则应将液滴放置于临界点右侧.     

LASING FROM A DYE-DOPED PENDANT DROP AND ITS PRECESSION

We have observed lasing from the rim of dye-doped ethylene glycol pendant drops. Spatial-resolved spectral measurements show that the lasing wavelength varies along a vertical rim of the drop. Time-resolved measurements indicate that lasing precession occurs within the drop. Various lasing patterns due to lasing precession are explained. The measured precession periods for different pumping points are in good agreement with the calculated values based on morphology-dependent resonance theory.     

竖直圆管内液氮流动沸腾流动压降的分析

文中对竖直圆管内液氮流动沸腾压降进行实验研究,分析热流密度、质量流量对液氮两相流动摩擦压降的影响以及热流密度对测试段总压降的影响。在本实验工况范围内,两相流摩擦压降随着热流密度和质量流速的增加而变大,且测试段总压降随着热流密度的增加而降低。分别利用均相模型、L-M模型和Chisholm B系数模型对实验结果进行预测,并比较了预测值与实验值,结果表明本实验工况下均相模型预测效果最好。     

梯度表面能材料表面上液滴形状的数值模拟

本文建立了固体表面上静止液滴的势能方程,根据能量最小化原理,当系统总势能取得最小值时,液滴将处于平衡状态.采用有限元方法,将初始自由液面离散化,通过曲面上节点的虚拟位移,改变自由液面的拓扑结构,使系统总势能取得最小值,从而得到静止液滴的形状.并应用该方法对均质表面和梯度表面能材料表面上的液滴界面进行了数值模拟,得到了均质材料表面和梯度表面能材料表面上静止液滴的界面形状及分布.     

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF HEAT TRANSFER FROM A DISCRETE SOURCE TO A CIRCULAR LIQUID JET WITH ANNULAR COLLECTION OF THE SPENT FLUID

This study reports an experimental investigation of evaporative heat transfer and pressure drop of R-134a flowing downward inside vertical corrugated tubes with different corrugation pitches. The double tube test section is 0.5 m long with refrigerant flowing in the inner tube and hot water flowing in the annulus. The inner tubes are comprised of one smooth tube and three corrugated tubes with different corrugation pitches of 6.35, 8.46, and 12.7 mm. The test runs are performed at evaporating temperatures of 10°C, 15°C, and 20°C; heat fluxes of 20, 25, and 30 kW/m²; and mass fluxes of 200, 300, and 400 kg/m²s. The experimental data obtained from the smooth tube are plotted with flow pattern map for vertical flow. Comparisons between smooth and corrugated tubes on the heat transfer and pressure drop are also discussed. It is observed that the heat transfer coefficient and frictional pressure drop obtained from the corrugated tubes are higher than those from the smooth tube. Furthermore, the heat transfer coefficient and frictional pressure drop increase as the corrugation pitch decreases. The maximum heat transfer enhancement factor and penalty factor are up to 1.22 and 4.0, respectively.     

垂直并联管内高压汽水两相流压力降型脉动的研究

本文在宽广的参数范围内,对垂直并联管内高压汽水两相流压力降型脉动特性进行了试验研究,得出了系统参数对脉动起始点、周期和振幅的影响。根据两相流的均相模型,对压力降型脉动的周期和振幅进行了数值计算。此方法考虑了系统非线性的影响,与试验结果符合较好。     

垂直下降管内油气水三相流摩擦压力降的实验研究

本文对垂直下降钢管中的油气水三相流摩擦压力降进行了实验研究,得出了三相流摩擦压力降与折算液速、折算气速和含液率之间的关系曲线,并对各影响因素进行了讨论。     

Entropy Generation for Negative Frictional Pressure Drop in Vertical Slug and Churn Flows

It is widely accepted that the frictional pressure drop is impossible to be negative for pipe flow. However, the negative frictional pressure drops were observed for some cases of two-phase slug and churn flows in pipes, challenging the general sense of thermodynamic irreversibility. In order to solve this puzzling problem, theoretical investigations were performed for the entropy generation in slug and churn flows. It is found that the frictional pressure drop along with a buoyancy-like term contributes to the entropy generation due to mechanical energy loss for steady, incompressible slug and churn flows in vertical and inclined pipes. Experiments were conducted in a vertical pipe with diameter as 0.04 m for slug and churn flows. Most of the experimental data obtained for frictional pressure drop are negative at high gas–liquid ratios from 100 to 10,000. Entropy generation rates were calculated from experimental data. The results show that the buoyancy-like term is positive and responsible for a major part of entropy generation rate while the frictional pressure drop is responsible for a little part of entropy generation rate, because of which the overall entropy generation due to mechanical energy loss is still positive even if the frictional pressure drop is negative in vertical slug and churn flows. It is clear that the negative frictional pressure drops observed in slug and churn flows are not against the thermodynamics irreversibility.