基于ARCVIEW和MAPINFO的生态经济类型图制作探讨

本文针对生态经济类型图的特殊性,介绍了将ARCVIEW和MAPINFO相结合,制作以面域为主的专题地图的基本方法和主要流程。     

污泥资源化处置技术研究进展

随着污泥量的增长,污泥的处置变得日益重要,处置得不好就会对环境造成再一次污染.污泥土地利用、焚烧、制作建筑材料等是把污泥作为资源进行再利用,既能妥善的处置污泥,又能获得一定的经济和社会效益,因此这些处置方法越来越受到人们的重视.主要介绍了污泥土地利用、焚烧、制作建筑材料等资源化处置方法的国内外研究进展,以期掌握污泥处置的最新动向,促进我国污泥资源化的发展.     

廊坊市生态环境与土地利用协调研究

通过对廊坊市环境容量现状和土地利用与生态环境关系的分析,提出了廊坊市生态适宜的土地利用目标和调控指标,从而构建环境友好型土地利用模式。     

秦皇岛市土地利用结构与土壤侵蚀空间格局分析

利用3S技术和景观生态学原理，以小流域为单元对秦皇岛市土地利用结构和土壤侵蚀等级类型进行空间分析，得出了不同土地利用结构所占面积和不同土壤侵蚀类型所占面积及分布小流域，并详细分析了秦皇岛市土壤侵蚀的主要影响因子和不同土地利用结构侵蚀现状。     

贵港市土地利用动态变化分析及用地预测

以城市为中心的区域土地是土地资源中资产效益最高的一部分，是人类利用土地影响最为深刻的土地类型。在分析土地利用现状变更调查数据的基础上，应用各类土地利用动态变化模型对贵港市的土地利用动态变化进行分析，并运用灰色系统预测模型对该区域各地类的土地利用时空演变进行了预测，最后提出相应的优化土地利用结构的建议。     

石羊河流域土地利用类型变化与转换效果分析

石羊河流域水土资源的供需状况成为决定该地区发展的生命线。随着地区社会经济的发展,土地利用的格局、深度和强度在不断变化,土地利用的类型也趋于多样化。利用石羊河流域1980年、1990年、2010年三期土地现状数据分析该流域各县市的土地利用类型的变化,比较1980—1990年、1990—2010年两个时段土地利用转换,引入上升性理论与方法分析两个时段土地利用类型转移的整体效果。从分析结果来看,随着土地利用类型的转移,整体上提高了石羊河流域土地资源利用的效益与效率,提升了流域土地利用的发展潜力空间。     

黑龙江垦区土地资源可持续利用研究

以黑龙江垦区土地资源利用为例，运用统计分析方法，结合土地利用变化幅度和土地利用动态度等分析指标，对黑龙江垦区土地利用现状与动态变化进行分析。在此基础上，提出了黑龙江垦区土地利用中存在的主要问题：耕地面积总量增加，但人均耕地面积下降；土地资源利用效益有待提高；土地质量逐年下降，生态环境趋于恶化；部分农场场址道路建设用地过大，土地浪费现象严重；土地后备资源日益匮乏，开发整理复垦难度大等5个方面，并提出了相关的对策建议。     

重庆市都市发达经济圈土地利用结构效益分析

随着城镇化及工业化的推进,区域土地利用结构问题近年来一直为社会各方所关注。运用多种数学方法,定量分析重庆市发达经济圈土地利用结构现状及其效益,就本区域经济发展所面临的土地利用问题提出相应的对策措施。     

城乡交错带土地利用研究——以芜湖市为例

城乡交错带是城市扩展和农村发展的前沿,也是统筹城乡关系的重点地区。选择芜湖市城乡交错带为研究区域,利用2004年土地利用数据分析了芜湖市城乡交错带地域土地利用的现状和存在的主要问题及其原因,探讨了2006年辖区调整后该地域土地利用的对策与措施。     

中国东西部生态功能区城市土地利用模式对比研究

研究目的是解决《全国主体功能区规划》颁布后生态功能区城市土地利用模式优化问题。研究方法选取中国东部和西部同纬度的福建南平市与贵州毕节市为实证区域,采用对比分析法、熵权法、综合评价模型等定量分析方法对比两城市土地利用历史、现状和潜力的基础上,结合两城市中心城区的土地空间布局的相似性和差异,分析了两城市土地利用的异同点,提出两城市土地利用模式优化策略。结果表明:1在土地利用历史进程方面,南平市和毕节市都经历了不同的经济发展阶段和土地利用结构动态变化阶段;2在土地利用现状评价方面,南平市土地利用程度整体高于毕节市,但两城市土地利用与社会经济发展的耦合关系不同,南平市社会经济产出相对较高,而毕节市土地资源禀赋相对较好;3在土地利用潜力方面,两城市尤其是南平市土地强度均高出全国城市平均水平,说明潜力有限。此外,两城市结构潜力也存在较大差异。结果认为,南平市属于高密度集中型土地利用模式,而毕节市属于集中型土地利用模式。两城市土地利用的功能、空间布局以及土地利用模式有一定的相似性,但由于两城市所处的空间区位及自然社会经济条件不同,因此在区域发展中所定位的土地开发性质也不同。     

合肥市近19年来土地利用格局的时空变化分析

利用Landsat TM、ETM 、CBERS—2资源卫星数据,采用基于知识型光谱特性的增强与人机交互解译相结合的方法,提取了合肥市1987年、2000年和2006年土地利用类型的专题信息。利用GIS空间分析技术和数理统计方法,分析了合肥市近19年来的土地利用变化特征。结果表明:①在整个阶段—耕地减少了23.38%,建设用地增加了61.26%;城镇用地新增速度最快,且新增速率远大于转移速率,属高速扩张型;②区内最"敏感"的类型是交通用地,其新增速率在两个阶段分别达到1.64和1.62,远高于其它的类型;④从城市扩展的方向上看,合肥城市的发展主要以西南部、南部和东部为主,西南部最为明显;城市已经形成以老城区为核心,向东、北、西南三翼伸展,形成"南进—东拓—西缓—北抑"的空间发展布局。     

基于GIS技术的大连旅顺口区地形起伏度测算研究

依据地形起伏度研究的理论和方法,充分运用地理信息系统软件的分析功能和制图技术,以1∶50000DEM数据为基础,利用0.01km2的动态格网以街道为评价单元进行空间信息的处理和分析,计算大连旅顺口区的地形起伏度,制成地形起伏度专题地图,划分相应起伏区,分析得出旅顺口区局部地区地形起伏度较大,起伏度指数以中低值为主,并测算出各街道实际用地情况,为本区域经济发展和城市建设提供参考,也为区域制定科学的发展规划提供依据.     

Groundwater Vulnerability Assessment Combining the Drastic and Dyna-Clue Model in the Argentine Pampas

Vulnerability assessment is considered an effective tool in establishing monitoring networks required for controlling potential pollution. The aim of this work is to propose a new integrated methodology to assess actual and forecasted groundwater vulnerability by including land-use change impact on groundwater quality. Land-use changes were simulated by applying a spatial dynamics model in a scenario of agricultural expansion. Groundwater vulnerability methodology DRASTIC-P, was modifyed by adding a land-use parameter in order to assess groundwater vulnerability within a future scenario. This new groundwater vulnerability methodology shows the areas where agricultural activities increase the potential level of groundwater vulnerability to pollution. The Dulce Creek Basin was the study case proposed for the application of this methodology. The study revealed that the area with Very High vulnerability would increase 20% by the year 2020 in the Dulce Creek Basin. This result can be explained by analyzing the land-use map simulated by the Dyna-CLUE model for the year 2020, which shows that the areas with increments in crop and pasture coincide with the area defined by the Very High aquifer vulnerability category in the year 2020. Through scenario analysis, land-use change models can help to identify medium or long term critical locations in the face of environmental change.     

Combining land-use planning and tenure security: a tenure responsive land-use planning approach for developing countries

There is tenure insecurity around land ownerships and land rights in most developing countries. There are also many land-use planning projects being implemented in these countries. Often, land-use planning exists in these countries but is not formally linked with tenure security. This study argues that combining them by conducting land-use planning in a way that promotes tenure security presents a new approach. A central premise for the rationale of this intervention is that processes of land-use planning may inadvertently increase tenure security. By way of methodology, it evaluates land-use planning case studies from Africa, Asia and South America. It uses the three case study examples to build a case for making tenure security one of the major planned outcomes of a land-use planning process and provides a detailed framework for operationalising the concept. Its main contribution to the literature is that it introduces the concept of tenure responsive land-use planning.     

基于Matlab曲线拟合的山东省各地市人口密度预测及Cartogram地图表现

通过Matlab软件的曲线拟合功能,以1993-2012年《山东省统计年鉴》中的人口统计数据为基础数据,对山东省17地市分别选择最佳拟合模型进行人口规模预测,依据行政区划面积计算人口密度,对结果以Cartogram的技术方法进行地图表现,得出直观的结果.该研究采用了新颖的专题地图表示方法,丰富了人口预测方法,对了解未来社会的供求关系和人口发展趋势、拟定正确合理的人口规划方案具有重大的理论和实践意义.     

Constructing land-use maps of the Netherlands in 2030

The National Environmental Assessment Agency of the RIVM in the Netherlands is obliged to report on future trends in the environment and nature every 4 years. The last report, Nature Outlook 2, evaluated the effects of four alternative socio-economic and demographic scenarios on nature and the landscape. Spatially detailed land-use maps are needed to assess effects on nature and landscape. The objective of the study presented here was how to create spatially detailed land-use maps of the Netherlands in 2030 using the Environment Explorer, a Cellular Automata-based land-use model to construct land-use maps from four scenarios. One of these is discussed in great detail to show how the maps were constructed from the various scenario elements, story lines and additional data and assumptions on national, regional and local land-use developments. It was the first time in the history of our outlooks that consistent, spatially detailed land-use maps of the Netherlands for 2030 were constructed from national economic and demographic scenarios. Each map represents a direct reflection of model input and assumptions. The maps do not show the most probable developments in the Netherlands but describe the possible change in land use if Dutch society were to develop according to one of the four scenarios. The large (societal) uncertainties are reflected in the total set of future land-use maps. The application of a land-use model such as the Environment Explorer ensures that all relevant aspects of a scenario, i.e. economic and demographic developments, zoning policies and urban growth, are integrated systematically into one consistent framework.     

Forecasting the Effects of Land-Use Change on Forest Rodents in Indiana

Forest cover in the upper Wabash River basin in Indiana was fragmented due to agricultural conversion beginning more than 175 years ago. Currently, urban expansion is an important driver of land-use change in the basin. A land transformation model was applied to the basin to forecast land use from 2000 to 2020. We assessed the effect of this projected land-use change scenario on five forest rodent species at three scales: using occupancy models at the patch level, proportional occupancy models at the landscape level, and ecologically scaled landscape indices to assess the change in connectivity at the watershed level. At the patch and landscape scales, occupancy models had low predictability but suggest that gray squirrels are most susceptible to land-use change. At the watershed scale, declines in connectivity did not correspond with the decline of forest. This study highlights the importance of map resolution and consideration of matrix elements in constructing forecast models. Unforeseen drivers of land use, such as changing economic incentives, may also have important ramifications.     

土地利用总体规划修编重点与难点问题探讨

土地利用总体规划是国民经济和社会发展规划的重要组成部分,是统筹城乡建设、加强土地管理的基础,是实现世界上最严格的耕地保护制度的基本手段。在新一轮土地利用总体规划修编之际,对上轮规划存在的主要问题从宏观层面上进行了分析与探讨,有助于新一轮规划的科学编制和有效实施。简要介绍了规划修编的背景,并对本轮规划修编的网上调查结果进行了分析。通过回顾和分析上一轮土地利用总体规划实施过程中存在的主要问题,提出本轮规划修编应以统筹城乡发展、加强部门协调、促进节约集约、合理增加弹性、提高公众参与等为理念,并就本轮规划的重点与难点方面提出了建设性的意见和建议。     

Direct and indirect land-use change as prospective climate change indicators for peri-urban development transitions

With urban areas responsible for a significant share of total anthropogenic emissions, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions due to land-use change (LUC) induced by peri-urban (PU) development have the potential to be considerable. Despite this, there is little research into the transition from PU cropland to housing in terms of contribution to global warming. This paper presents a cross-sectoral integrative method for prospective climate change evaluation of PU LUC. Specifically, direct LUC (dLUC) GHG emissions from converting PU cropland to greenfield housing were examined. Additionally, GHG emissions due to displaced crop production inducing indirect LUC (iLUC) elsewhere were assessed. GHG impacts of dLUC and iLUC were each determined to be approximately 8 per cent of total GHG emissions due to a greenfield housing development displacing PU cropland. This magnitude of dLUC and iLUC emissions suggests that both have importance in future land-use decision making with respect to PU environments.     

Effect of Land-Use Patterns on Total Nitrogen Concentration in the Upstream Regions of the Haihe River Basin, China

Nutrient loading into rivers is generally increased by human-induced land-use changes and can lead to increased surface water pollution. Understanding the extent to which land-use patterns influence nutrient loading is critical to the development of best-management practices aimed at water-quality improvement. In this study, we investigated total nitrogen (total N) concentration as a function of land-use patterns and compared the relative significance of the identified land-use variables for 26 upstream watersheds of the Haihe River basin. Seven land-use intensity and nine landscape complexity variables were selected to form the land-use pattern metrics on the landscape scale. After analyzing the significance of the land-use pattern metrics, we obtained five dominant principal components: human-induced land-use intensity, landscape patch-area complexity, area-weighted landscape patch-shape complexity, forest and grassland area, and landscape patch-shape complexity. A linear regression model with a stepwise selection protocol was used to identify an optimal set of land-use pattern predictors. The resulting contributions to the total N concentration were 50% (human-induced land-use intensity), 23.13% (landscape patch-shape complexity), 14.38% (forest and grassland area), and 12.50% (landscape patch-area complexity), respectively. The regression model using land-use measurements can explain 87% of total N variability in the upstream regions of Haihe River. The results indicated that human-related land-use factors, such as residential areas, population, and road density, had the most significant effect on N concentration. The agricultural area (30.1% of the study region) was not found to be significantly correlated with total N concentration due to little irrigative farmland and rainfall. Results of the study could help us understand the implications of potential land-use changes that often occur as a result of the rapid development in China.