Optimal Preform die Design through Controlling Deformation Uniformity in Metal Forging

A finite element based sensitivity analysis method for preform die shape design in metal forging is developed.The optimization goal is to obtain more uniform deformation within the final forging by controlling the deformation uniformity.The objective function expressed by the effective strain is constructed.The sensitivity equations of the objective function,elemental volume,elemental effective strain rate and the elemental strain rate with respect to the design variables are constituted.The preform die shapes of an H-shaped forging process in axisymmetric deformation are designed using this method.     

拖钩辊锻制坯工艺模拟

采取辊锻工艺对汽车拖钩锻件进行制坯,并利用有限元模拟软件对整个过程进行模拟,得到无飞边、无毛刺的坯料。 分析了坯料在型槽中的变形过程、应力分布及受力情况,为拖钩的工艺设计及参数选取提供依据。     

基于类等势场和响应面法的复杂锻件预成形优化设计

为实现复杂锻件的预成形设计,以连杆的热锻预成形设计为研究对象,建立基于类等势场和响应面分析的三维复杂锻件的预成形设计方法。在分析毛坯与终锻件间等势场分布规律与特点的基础上,采用逆向拟合法提取等势面及线面光顺处理,实现等势面的高效精确重构。针对长轴类锻件的预成形设计要求,提出沿零件的长、宽、高分别设置合理的缩放因子的非均匀缩放方法。实现了预成形件材料分布的合理调控,获得了优化的预锻件和辊锻毛坯,最终获得了充填完整、无任何成形缺陷且飞边小的连杆终锻件。数值模拟结果表明,所建立的方法能较好实现复杂锻件的预成形优化设计。     

锻造过程中变形均匀性控制及模具优化设计

以直接设计预成形模具形状为目标 ,提出并建立了一种控制变形均匀性的灵敏度分析理论和模具形状优化设计方法 .以任意单元的等效应变与所有单元的平均等效应变的差值的平方和作为目标函数 ,B样条曲线表示模具形状 ,B样条曲线控制点坐标作为优化设计变量 ,优化设计的目标就是通过设计预成形模具形状使目标函数最小 ,即使整个工件的变形尽可能均匀 .给出了目标函数的表达形式 ,详细推导了目标函数、单元等效应变率和单元各应变率分量对优化设计变量的灵敏度 .并对圆柱体平面镦粗工艺进行预成形优化设计 ,给出了相应的优化设计结果 .     

Sensitivity analysis and shape optimization for preform design in thermo‐mechanical coupled analysis

In complex forging processes, it is essential to find the optimal deformation path and the optimal preform shape that will lead to the desired final shape and service properties. A sensitivity analysis and optimization for preform billet shape in thermo‐mechanical coupled simulation is developed in this work. Non‐linear sensitivity analysis of temperatures, flow‐stresses, strains and strain‐rates are presented with respect to design variables. Both analytical and finite‐difference gradients are employed to validate the effectiveness of sensitivity analysis developed in this work. Numerous iterations of coupled thermo‐mechanical analysis are performed to determine an optimum preform shape based on a given criterion of minimizing the objective function on effective strain variance within the final forging. The design constraints are imposed on die underfill, material scrap, folding defects and temperatures. In addition, a method for material data processing is given in order to determine the flow stress and its derivatives. The shape optimization scheme is demonstrated with the preform designs of an axisymmetric disk and a plane strain problem. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于有限元灵敏度分析的预锻模具形状优化设计

在控制锻件几何形状的前提下 ,采用有限元灵敏度分析方法 ,对预锻模具形状进行优化设计 .针对下模速度为零时 ,速度灵敏度边界条件为零 ,其形状在优化迭代过程中得不到优化的情况 ,对速度灵敏度边界条件提出改进措施 ,使上下模具形状同时能够得到优化 .最后给出了优化设计实例 ,验证该方法的可靠性 .     

高功率密度发动机连杆热模锻工艺模拟与优化

目的研究某高功率密度发动机连杆的锻造工艺。方法首先采用传统设计方法设计了连杆模锻工艺,再通过有限元模拟分析优化工艺。结果根据有限元模型,分析了传统设计方法下的毛坯充型效果,直观地再现了终锻成形过程中的坯料外形演变和容易出现成形缺陷,在此基础上,优化了毛坯尺寸,满足了终锻充型要求。结论通过工艺试验进一步验证了模拟结果,获得的锻件没有出现缺肉、折叠等缺陷,微观组织较均匀,能够满足技术要求。     

A new three-dimensional finite element model for the simulation of powder forging processes: application to hot forming of P/M connecting rod

In powder metallurgy (P/M) the forming of industrial artifacts requires consolidation of loose powder into dense material leading to near-to-net shape components. In order to realize the economic advantages of the near-to-net shape formation, it is essential to understand the mechanical behaviour of powder deforming domain. The conventional P/M forming process consists of different stages such as closed cold die compaction, sintering and hot/cold forging. In the present study a finite element based computational model has been formulated to study the hot forging stage with particular reference to forging of P/M connecting rods. In order to achieve this purpose, a new finite element formulation has been developed to model the powder deformation under a given thermo-mechanical loading. Essentially, the computational model is formulated based on a visco-plastic Green type material model considering an independent idealization of strain rates into a total deformation part and a dilatational part, and the yield criterion takes into account the pressure sensitivity. The model is set in a perturbed Lagrangian functional, leading to a three field mixed formulation with velocity, Lagrangian multiplier/pressure and volumetric strain rates as three basic unknowns in the finite element domain. The developed finite element model can be used right from the compressible domain to the incompressible domain with the Lagrangian multiplier becoming then the pressure. A relative density-dependent visco-plastic type of friction law is used for characterizing the friction behaviour between the powder preform and the die. The required various material parameters are determined from experiments on aluminium powder preforms. In order to facilitate the non-isothermal deformation study, a powder-based transient thermal analysis has been developed. A computational scheme has been used to couple the mechanical and thermal calculations. Using the developed three-dimensional code, hot forging of automotive components can be simulated and which in the present study is exemplified by simulation of hot forging of a P/M connecting rod. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

闭塞冷锻行星齿轮齿形修正方法研究

针对闭塞冷锻行星齿轮齿形修正方法进行了研究.利用弹塑性有限元法模拟了行星齿轮闭塞冷锻过程,采集成形终了前两步工件表面各点处的接触应力作为模具弹性变形分析的边界条件,对模具进行弹性有限元分析.获得了模具弹性变形分布图,提取了齿形凹模齿长平分截面由齿根至齿顶的齿厚弹性变形量.以变位修正法为指导思想,提出了齿轮闭塞冷锻齿形凹模新的修正设计方法,并获得了试验验证.     

Microstructure optimization design methods of the forging process and applications

A microstructure optimization design method of the forging process is proposed. The optimization goal is the fine grain size and homogeneous grain distribution. The optimization object is the forging process parameters and the shape of the preform die. The grain size sub-objective function, the forgings shape sub-objective function and the whole objective function including the shape and the grain size are established, respectively. The detailed optimization steps are given. The microstructure optimization program is developed using the micro-genetic algorithm and the finite element method. Then, the upsetting process of the cylindrical billet is analyzed using a self-developed program. The forging parameters and the shape of preform die of the upsetting process are optimized respectively. The fine size and homogenous distribution of the grain can be achieved by controlling the shape of the preform die and improving the friction condition.     

复杂构件锻造预成形坯料设计综述

锻件预成形坯料设计是保证成形工艺顺利进行、获得无缺陷锻件、降低锻造载荷的关键环节。对于大型复杂构件,其预成形坯料形状影响到制坯工艺的周期、成本、预成形组织性能。分别从基于反向模拟技术的预成形坯料设计、基于优化设计方法的预成形坯料设计、基于正向过程分析的预成形坯料设计等方面,评述了复杂构件锻造预成形坯料设计的国内外研究现状,指出了大型筋板类构件的预成形坯料形状要求以及设计方法。     

COUPLED THERMO-V1SCOPLAST1C FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF PLANE-STRAIN COMPRESSION OF POROUS MATERIALS

The finite element formulation for deformation of porous materials including compressibility of the material and the effect of temperature was developed and applied to the problem of plane-strain compression of sintered iron-powder bars. The formulation employed a phenomenological approach for the deformation analysis. A simple linear relationship between the thermal conductivities of the powdered metal and the base metal was derived and used as a first approximation for temperature calculations. The computed results are compared with experimental values in terms of macroscopic densification and forging pressures. Also, the predicted relative density distribution was compared with the experimental hardness distribution. The results show that the finite element analysis simulates the compression process well and predicts the sites of fracture during deformation.     

Sensitivity Analysis Based Multiple Objective Preform Die Shape Optimal Design in Metal Forging

The multiple objective preform design optimization was put forward. The final forging＇s shape and deformation uniformity were considered in the multiple objective. The objective is to optimize the shape and the deformation uniformity of the final forging at the same time so that a more high integrate quality of the final forging can be obtained. The total objective was assembled by the shape and uniformity objective using the weight adding method. The preform die shape is presented by cubic B-spline curves. The control points of B-spline curves are used as the design variables. The forms of the total objective function, shape and uniformity sub-objective function are given. The sensitivities of the total objective function and the sub-objective functions with respect to the design variables are developed. Using this method, the preform die shape of an H-shaped forging process is optimally designed. The optimization results are very satisfactory.     

索结构分析的滑移索单元法

为了分析索结构中索段在鞍座上的滑动问题,创建了一种新的单元。单元算法的推导基于有限元分析的基本原理,并利用了处于平衡状态时单元内力之间的关系。被称为“滑移索单元”的新单元可以模拟索段被滑轮或鞍座支承。它可以通过自动调整两侧索段的长度使单元处于平衡状态,从而简化了计算。新单元可以直接用于常规的有限元分析中,研究处于工作状态或在施工中的索结构。介绍滑移索单元的推导过程,用设计算例验证了它的正确性,并举例说明了它在实际工程中的应用。     

毛坯开槽方式中零件加工变形的演变机理与控制方法

广泛用作飞机薄壁整体结构件毛坯的铝合金厚板,在制造过程中出现的塑性变形不均匀性将导致残余应力的产生。高速铣削过程中残余应力的释放将引起飞机薄壁整体结构件的加工变形,这严重影响加工质量。因此,建立了毛坯释放变形后零件铣削的有限元仿真方法,挠度解析法的计算结果和实验测量的数据均验证了有限元仿真值无论是在趋势上还是变形量上均高度吻合。利用有限元方法揭示了开槽方式对毛坯释放变形的影响规律,分析了零件加工变形与毛坯释放变形之间的关系。结果表明:毛坯释放多大变形量,零件就能减小多大的变形量。在建立毛坯释放变形预测模型的基础上,提出了开槽方式的遗传算法优化方法,随机测试集表明神经网络的预测精度高达95%左右,而三框件在最佳开槽方式下能减小34.5%的变形。     

汽车轻量化连接用自流钻螺钉挤压成形工艺研究

目的 针对自流钻螺钉现有工艺生产效率低、易产生晶粒粗大等问题,提出了一种新的多工步冷挤压成形工艺——利用模腔控制螺钉尾部形状,并验证了该工艺的可行性。方法 利用有限元软件DEFORM- 3D对提出的3种不同冷挤压方案成形过程中的金属流动规律、材料填充情况、成形力进行了数值模拟,讨论了方案一和方案二中锻造缺陷产生的原因,最后根据方案三的模拟结果设计了相应模具并进行了试验验证。结果 根据方案三成形出的自流钻螺钉充填饱满,第一道工序是将圆棒坯料一端直接挤压成螺钉特定的尾部形状,该工序所需成形力为42.4 kN。第二道工序是将螺钉头部镦粗,该工序所需成形力为58.2 kN。第三道工序是终锻成形,该工序所需成形力为287.4 kN。结论 通过有限元模拟,确定了自流钻螺钉三工步冷挤压成形工艺,提出了能够避免折叠产生的预制坯形状和模具结构,实现了自流钻螺钉尾部的可控成形。通过试验验证,形成了稳定的成形工艺窗口和可靠性较高的模具结构,实现了该产品的批量生产。     

热锻过程中动态再结晶的数值模拟

在热锻过程中,由动态再结晶引起的微观组织演化是决定锻件最终性能的重要因素之一。基于更新的拉格朗日格式刚塑性有限元和考虑动态再结晶的粘塑性模型,建立了能够模拟变形过程、温度变化过程和动态再结晶过程的有限元方法,研制了轴对称有限元软件,并用该软件模拟26Cr2Ni4MoV小圆柱试样镦粗过程中由动态再结晶引起的微观组织演化。在软件中应用网格重新划分技术降低由于网格畸变引起的计算误差。模拟结果和实验结果符合良好。     

动态镦粗过程的动力显式有限元分析

为了研究金属的三维动态锤锻成形过程,基于连续介质力学及有限变形理论,建立了一种有限元模型.采用动力分析方法,在运动方程中加入惯性力项考虑锤锻中显著的惯性效应;根据设备的工作原理按照能量守恒定律计算变形期间的锤头速度;同时,将变形视为一个绝热过程计算变形期间试样内部的温度升高.基于建立的模型开发了动力显式有限元分析程序,模拟了铅块试样在落锤打击下的动态镦粗过程,给出了试样内部的位移、等效应变、等效应力和温度分布规律.将变形后试样几何形状、成形载荷-时间曲线和锤头速度-时间曲线的计算结果与实验结果相对比,表明了开发程序计算结果的准确性.     

Shape optimization of preform tools in forging of aerofoil using a metamodel-assisted multi-island genetic algorithm

Preform design plays an important role in improving the material flow, mechanical properties and reducing defects for forgings with complex shapes. In this paper, a study on shape optimization of preform tools in forging of an airfoil is carried out based on a multi-island genetic algorithm combined with a metamodel technique. An optimal Latin hypercube sampling technique is employed for sampling with the expected coverage of parameter space. Finite element (FE) simulations of multistep forging processes are implemented to obtain the objective function values for evaluating the forging qualities. For facilitating the optimization process, a radial basis function surrogate model is established to predict the responses of the hot forging process to the variation of the preform tool shape. In consideration of the compromise between different optimal objectives, a set of Pareto-optimal solutions are identified by the suggested genetic algorithm to provide more selections. Finally, according to the proposed fitness function, the best solution of multi-objective optimization on the Pareto front is confirmed and the corresponding preform tool shape proves optimal performances with substantially improved forging qualities via FE validation.     

A continuum sensitivity method for finite thermo‐inelastic deformations with applications to the design of hot forming processes

A computational framework is presented to evaluate the shape as well as non‐shape (parameter) sensitivity of finite thermo‐inelastic deformations using the continuum sensitivity method (CSM). Weak sensitivity equations are developed for the large thermo‐mechanical deformation of hyperelastic thermo‐viscoplastic materials that are consistent with the kinematic, constitutive, contact and thermal analyses used in the solution of the direct deformation problem. The sensitivities are defined in a rigorous sense and the sensitivity analysis is performed in an infinite‐dimensional continuum framework. The effects of perturbation in the preform, die surface, or other process parameters are carefully considered in the CSM development for the computation of the die temperature sensitivity fields. The direct deformation and sensitivity deformation problems are solved using the finite element method. The results of the continuum sensitivity analysis are validated extensively by a comparison with those obtained by finite difference approximations (i.e. using the solution of a deformation problem with perturbed design variables). The effectiveness of the method is demonstrated with a number of applications in the design optimization of metal forming processes. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.