17-4PH不锈钢表面TiO_2膜及其多层膜的结构与性能

利用非平衡磁控溅射技术在17-4PH不锈钢表面分别制备了TiO_2膜、TiO_2/Ti多层膜及TiO_2/Ti/TiN/Ti多层膜,采用XRD、表面轮廓仪、显微硬度仪、摩擦磨损试验机和水蒸气疲劳腐蚀试验设备研究了薄膜的物相、显微硬度、耐磨性和耐疲劳腐蚀性能。结果表明:具有表面薄膜17-4PH不锈钢的硬度、耐磨性和耐腐蚀性能均有较大提高;与TiO_2膜和TiO_2/Ti/TiN/Ti多层膜相比,TiO_2/Ti多层膜耐磨性能最好,较基体的提高了20倍以上,同时其耐疲劳腐蚀性能也最好。     

脉冲电沉积制备纳米晶钴-镍合金薄膜的摩擦学性能

采用直流电、单脉冲和双脉冲制备纳米晶钴-镍(Co-Ni)合金薄膜。用原子力显微镜(AFM)和表面轮廓仪分析薄膜表面形貌与表面粗糙度,用MV-2T显微硬度计测试薄膜的硬度,用球盘式摩擦磨损试验机的评价Co-Ni合金薄膜的摩擦磨损性能,用扫描电子显微镜分析Co-Ni合金薄膜的摩擦磨损机制。研究发现,电沉积技术显著影响纳米Co-Ni薄膜的表面形貌、硬度和摩擦磨损性能与机制。直流电制备的Co-Ni合金薄膜柱状晶较粗,硬度较小,但其表面粗糙度较小;双脉冲制备的纳米Co-Ni合金薄膜柱状晶较细,硬度最高,且表面粗糙度最小。双脉冲制备的纳米晶CoNi合金薄膜的磨损率比直流电制备的降低了近一个数量级,直流电制备的Co-Ni合金的磨损机制为严重黏着磨损和磨粒磨损,而双脉冲制备的Co-Ni合金薄膜表现为轻微的疲劳磨损和磨粒磨损。     

脉冲电沉积制备的纳米晶钴-镍合金薄膜的摩擦学性能

采用直流电、单脉冲和双脉冲制备纳米晶钴-镍(Co-Ni)合金薄膜。用原子力显微镜(AFM)和表面轮廓仪分析薄膜表面形貌与表面粗糙度,用MV-2T显微硬度计测试薄膜的硬度,用球盘式摩擦磨损试验机的评价Co-Ni合金薄膜的摩擦磨损性能,用扫描电子显微镜分析Co-Ni合金薄膜的摩擦磨损机制。研究发现,电沉积技术显著影响纳米Co-Ni薄膜的表面形貌、硬度和摩擦磨损性能与机制。直流电制备的Co-Ni合金薄膜柱状晶较粗,硬度较小,但其表面粗糙度较小;双脉冲制备的纳米Co-Ni合金薄膜柱状晶较细,硬度最高,且表面粗糙度最小。双脉冲制备的纳米晶CoNi合金薄膜的磨损率比直流电制备的降低了近一个数量级,直流电制备的Co-Ni合金的磨损机制为严重黏着磨损和磨粒磨损,而双脉冲制备的Co-Ni合金薄膜表现为轻微的疲劳磨损和磨粒磨损。     

双辉渗镀TiN陶瓷层摩擦磨损性能的研究

采用一种新的制备TiN双层辉光渗金属技术，在钢铁材料表面直接复合而形成超硬耐磨TiN渗镀扩散陶瓷层。用Tapping AFM型原子力显微镜和LEC图像分析仪分析表面形貌；用GDS750型辉光放电光谱分析仪测定渗镀复合层试样成分；用Rigaku／max2500型X射线衍射仪（XRD）测定复合渗镀层的相结构；用WTM-1E可控气氛微型摩擦磨损试验仪对复合渗镀层的摩擦磨损性能进行研究。结果表明：这种制备TiN新工艺方法合成的渗镀TiN陶瓷层，其表面均匀致密，Ti和N原子由表层向内呈梯度分布，与一般表面沉积的TiN层不同，属于冶金扩散层结合；渗镀层厚度可达8μm以上，TiN层择优取向为（200）晶面；渗镀层硬度较高，达到HV0.1 2200，在干滑动摩擦磨损试验条件下具有较低的摩擦因数和优异的耐磨性能。     

稀土Y对H13钢表面TiN薄膜高温摩擦磨损性能的影响

利用离子镀技术,在H13钢基体上制备了TiN薄膜,并且添加稀土元素Y作为过渡层处理,进行TiN系列薄膜高温摩擦磨损性能的对比试验。结果表明,采取适当的镀膜工艺添加稀土元素Y后,TiN薄膜处理的试样的摩擦因数由0.163减小到0.129,磨损率也由0.88‰降低到0.09‰。试样表面的磨损形貌分析结果表明,TiN薄膜处理的试样表面有大片的粘着磨损破裂区和由磨粒磨损引起的较深犁沟;TiYN薄膜处理的试样则保持了较平顺的磨损表面,没有明显的粘着磨损破裂区和磨粒磨损形成的犁沟。稀土元素Y的加入,进一步改善了TiN薄膜的高温摩擦磨损性能,提高了H13热作模具的抗磨减摩效果。     

钛合金人工心脏瓣膜瓣环表面TiN/Ti多层膜的制备与性能

为了提高钛合金人工心脏瓣膜瓣环TiO_2表面改性层的性能,利用非平衡磁控溅射技术在人工心脏瓣膜瓣环表面制备了具有不同调制周期(44,70,100 nm)的TiN/Ti多层膜过渡层;采用XRD、SEM、显微硬度计及摩擦磨损试验机研究了薄膜的物相组成、横截面形貌、硬度和耐磨性。结果表明:TiN/Ti多层膜由Ti和TiN相组成,当调制周期为100 nm时,TiN/Ti薄膜呈现明显的多层结构,具有高硬度和良好耐磨性;人工心脏瓣膜瓣环表面各个位置TiN/Ti多层膜的相结构及性能相同,可望应用于人工心脏瓣膜瓣环的TiO_2表面改性层的过渡层。     

表面滚压处理对EA4T车轴钢疲劳性能的影响

表面强化可提高高速列车车轴疲劳性能，延长使用寿命。对广泛应用于高速列车的EA4T车轴钢表面进行滚压处理，使用激光共聚焦显微镜表征表面形貌和粗糙度；借助光学显微镜分析滚压处理前后试样的显微组织，并采用EBSD测试滚压试样表层晶粒尺寸；采用显微硬度计测试强化层显微硬度分布并与未处理试样进行对比，采用X射线衍射残余应力分析仪分析其残余应力分布；基于旋转弯曲疲劳试验和扫描电子显微镜下的断口观测分析试样的疲劳性能。研究结果显示：滚压强化后，试样表层发生塑性变形，表面质量得到改善，且形成厚度约为400μm的硬化层，表层产生纳米晶；显微硬度提高了29%,表面最大残余应力为-576MPa,试样显微硬度和残余应力变化趋势一致，均为从表面向心部减小；滚压试样疲劳强度增幅为28%。试验结果表明，滚压是车轴延长寿命的一种有效方式。     

超声强化对高强钢疲劳性能的影响

超声强化技术可用来改善材料表面完整性以提高其疲劳性能.本文针对超声滚压强化对低合金高强钢疲劳性能的影响进行研究,通过分析超声强化的强化机理及疲劳试样实验,采用金相显微镜、微观硬度仪及扫描电镜对30CrMnSiNi2A疲劳试样进行微观结构及显微硬度的测试,结果表明,经过超声强化后试样表面出现一层强化层,组织更为细密,显微维氏硬度与未表面强化的试样相比提高了9.8％.在1400 MPa应力作用下,30CrMnSiNi2A高强钢试样的疲劳寿命较传统抛光下的试样增加了38.4％.     

TiN复合渗镀层摩擦磨损性能的研究

介绍了一种同时利用等离子尖端放电、空心阴极效应和反应气相沉积技术,在碳钢表面形成具有扩散层和沉积层的TiN复合渗镀层新工艺技术。对TiN复合渗镀层、TiN复合渗镀层+TiN薄膜(PVD法)以及在碳钢基体表面直接沉积TiN薄膜(PVD法)这三种工艺试样的表面形貌、硬度、摩擦磨损进行了对比研究。结果表明TiN复合渗镀层+TiN薄膜,其表面形貌是较为均匀、致密、细小的胞状物组织,平均硬度达到2500HV左右,磨损曲线最平稳、平均摩擦系数最小,耐磨性比较好。复合渗镀层厚度可达十几微米以上,并且成分、硬度、结构均呈梯度分布,与基体是冶金结合,结合力非常好,所以其磨痕最浅。     

TiN、CrN的环境摩擦磨损对比研究

采用直流叠加脉冲偏压电弧离子镀技术在45钢表面沉积了TiN、CrN薄膜。用显微硬度计测试了薄膜的硬度,用划痕仪测量了薄膜的膜基结合力,用球-盘式摩擦磨损试验机评价了不同介质条件下（干摩擦、水润滑、油润滑）TiN、CrN薄膜的摩擦学特性,用表面轮廓仪测试了薄膜磨痕处的磨损轮廓,用扫描电镜（SEM）观察了薄膜磨痕形貌。结果表明,相对于干摩擦条件下,在水润滑和油润滑条件下TiN和CrN薄膜的摩擦因数和磨痕深度都有所降低。在相同的介质条件下,CrN薄膜的摩擦因数和磨痕深度始终小于TiN薄膜。     

Sliding-Wear Behavior of TiN- and CrN-Coated 2024 Aluminum Alloy Against an Al2O3 Ball

Dry sliding friction and wear behavior of TiN and CrN deposited on 2024 aluminum alloy by arc ion plating was investigated using the ball-on-disk wear test. The effects of normal load and ceramic coating on the friction coefficient and wear-resistance of 2024 aluminum alloy were studied. The worn surfaces were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that wear volume increases while the friction coefficient decreases with an increase in normal load. The wear resistance of CrN is higher than that of TiN. The wear mechanism of TiN-coated 2024 Al is related to the oxidation of TiN coating and plastic deformation of 2024 Al. Conversely, the wear mechanism of CrN-coated 2024 Al is related to the fatigue fracture of the coating, which was affected by residual stress and plastic deformation of 2024 Al.     

Wear behavior and cutting performance of nanostructured hard coatings on cemented carbide cutting tools in hard milling

The influence of nanolayer AlTiN/TiN and multilayer nanocomposite TiAlSiN/TiSiN/TiAlN hard coatings on the wear behavior and cutting performance of carbide cutting tools was investigated in face milling of hardened AISI O2 cold work tool steel (∼58 HRC) at dry conditions. Characterization of the coatings was performed using nanoindentation, scratch test, reciprocating multi-pass wear test. The chips forming during cutting process were also analyzed. Results showed that abrasive and oxidation wear are dominant tool failures. The nanolayer AlTiN/TiN coating gives the best adhesion to the substrate, the best wear resistance in machining and thus provides the longest lifetime with carbide inserts.     

Performance Evaluation of a Hard Composite Solid Lubricant Coating When Dry Machining of High-carbon Steel

A novel hard composite solid lubricant coating combining TiN and MoS_x has been developed using pulsed DC closed-field unbalanced magnetron sputtering (CFUBMS). The tribological and mechanical properties together with their interdependencies with the coating microstructures have been assessed and reported elsewhere. This article evaluates the machining performance and correlates the underlying tribological aspects of different TiN-MoS_x coating architectures (deposited at titanium (Ti) cathode currents of 1, 3.5, and 5 A) when dry turning AISI 1080 high-carbon steel. A comparative performance study clearly established the supremacy of the composite coating (deposited at 3.5 A Ti cathode current with ～12 wt% of MoS_x) with a hard TiN underlayer over monolayer TiN, MoS_x, and other related coating architectures in terms of cutting force, tool wear, and workpiece surface roughness. The superlubricity behavior of the said composite coated tool resulted in a reduction of cutting force (by up to ～45% compared to the uncoated tool) and exhibited a tool life of 8 min, which was eight times and more than two times longer than that of the uncoated and conventional hard TiN coated counterparts, respectively. The workpiece surface roughness, R_a, also decreased by 13 to 21% when machined with the TiN-MoS_x coated tool in comparison to the uncoated cemented carbide.     

Deposition of duplex Al2O3/TiN coatings on aluminum alloys for tribological applications using a combined microplasma oxidation (MPO) and arc ion plating (AIP)

Microplasma oxidation (MPO) has recently been studied as a cost-effective plasma electrolytic process to provide thick and hard ceramic coatings with excellent surface load-bearing capacity on aluminum alloys. However, for sliding wear applications, such ceramic coatings often exhibit relatively high friction coefficients against many counterface materials. Although coatings deposited by physical vapour deposition (PVD) techniques such as TiN coatings are well known for providing surfaces with a high hardness, in practice they often exhibit poor performance under mechanical loading, since the coatings are usually too thin to protect the substrate from the contact conditions. In this paper, these challenges were overcome by a duplex process of microplasma oxidation and arc ion plating (AIP), in which an alumina layer Al₂O₃ was deposited on an Al alloy substrate (using MPO as a pre-treatment process) for load support, and a TiN hard coatings were deposited (using AIP) on top of the Al₂O₃ layer for low friction coefficient. Microhardness measurements, pin-on-disc sliding wear tests, and antiwear tests using a Timken tester were performed to evaluate the mechanical and tribological properties. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to observe coating morphology, and to examine wear scars from pin-on-disc test. The research demonstrates that a hard and uniform TiN coating, with good adhesion and a low coefficient of friction, can successfully be deposited on top of an alumina intermediate layer to provide excellent load support. The investigations indicate that a duplex combination of MPO coating and TiN PVD coating represents a promising technique for surface modification of Al alloys for heavy surface load bearing application.     

Surface fatigue behaviour mapping of PVD coatings for mechanical purposes

Most mechanical components used for transmission of movement are subjected to repeated impacts or cyclic stress. If these elements are well designed and the materials well chosen, their durability is linked to surface fatigue mechanisms. In order to improve the fatigue behaviour of these parts, hard coatings, such as physical vapour deposition (PVD) or plasma‐assisted chemical vapour deposition (PACVD) coatings, can be appropriate. Unfortunately, such hard coatings cannot be used for elements whose replacement is more difficult than, say, cutting tools. An understanding of failure mechanisms should make it possible to optimise the fatigue behaviour of hard coatings. In order to study the surface fatigue behaviour of thin, hard PVD coatings, a special apparatus has been developed to carry out repeated impacts over a broad range of speeds. The possibility of mapping the fatigue behaviour of different coatings is illustrated through the examples of TiN and TiN/CrN multilayer coatings of different thicknesses deposited on several substrates.     

菜籽油润滑条件下TiN涂层摩擦学特性*

为探究TiN涂层在油润滑条件下的摩擦磨损性能,通过磁控溅射技术在AISI304不锈钢上制备TiN涂层,借助扫描电镜、纳米划痕仪、XRD和摩擦磨损试验机探究不同氮通比下TiN涂层的微观结构、力学性能及其在植物菜籽油润滑下的摩擦学性能。实验结果表明：在氮通比为0.45下制备的TiN涂层具有最致密的晶状结构,且力学性能最优;在菜籽油润滑下,随着氮通比的增大TiN涂层摩擦因数和磨损率呈现先降低后增加的趋势,在氮通比为0.45时两者均最小。XPS分析表明,TiN涂层表面存在的氧化层,增加了菜籽油在涂层表面的润湿性,从而更好地形成润滑膜而起到润滑特性。与橄榄油、聚α烯烃(PAO6)基础油、5W40润滑油3种润滑介质相比,TiN菜籽油润滑下涂层表现出更优的润滑性能。     

Fretting damage of TiN coated zircaloy-4 tube

Fretting has been reported and investigated for over 50 years. However, it is still one of the modern plagues for several industrial machineries. Especially, fretting of fuel rod cladding material, zircaloy-4 tube, in pressurized water reactor (PWR) must be reduced and avoided. Thin hard coatings are employed to improve the tribological properties such as friction and wear of conventional engineering materials. Among these coatings, physical vapor deposition (PVD) TiN coating is probably one of the most frequently and successfully used PVD coatings for the mitigation of fretting wear. Therefore, in this study a fretting wear experiment was performed using TiN coated zircaloy-4 tube as the fuel rod cladding material and uncoated zircaloy-4 tube as one of the grids. The fretting tester was designed and manufactured for this experiment. The number of cycles, slip amplitude and normal load were selected as main factors of fretting. The type of contact was cylinder-to-cylinder contact. The worn surface was observed by optical microscope, 3-D surface measuring instrument and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results of this research showed that the wear volume of TiN coated zircaloy-4 tube decreased about 1.2–3 times more than uncoated tube and wear mechanisms were brittle fracture, fatigue fracture, adhesion, abrasion and oxidation.     

Monitoring of Wear Characteristics of TiN and TiAlN Coatings at Long Sliding Distances

TiN and TiAlN thin hard coatings have been widely applied on machine components and cutting tools to increase their wear resistance. These coatings have different wear behaviors, and determination of their wear characteristics in high-temperature and high-speed applications has great importance in the selection of suitable coating material to application. In this article, the wear behavior of single-layer TiN and TiAlN coatings was investigated at higher sliding speed and higher sliding distances than those in the literature. The coatings were deposited on AISI D2 cold-worked tool steel substrates using a magnetron sputtering system. The wear tests were performed at a sliding speed of 45 cm/s using a ball-on-disc method, and the wear area was investigated at seven different sliding distances (36–1,416 m). An Al₂O₃ ball was used as the counterpart material. The wear evolution was monitored using a confocal optical microscope and surface profilometer after each sliding test. The coefficient of friction and coefficient of wear were recorded with increasing sliding distance. It was found that the wear rate of the TiAlN coating decreases with sliding distance and it is much lower than that of TiN coating at longer sliding distance. This is due to the Al₂O₃ film formation at high temperature in the contact zone. Both coatings give similar coefficient of friction data during sliding with a slight increase in that of the TiAlN coating at high sliding distances due to the increasing alumina formation. When considering all results, the TiAlN coating is more suitable for hard machining applications.     

Measuring procedures of cutting edge preparation when hard turning with coated ceramics tool inserts

In this paper, the authors introduce the methodology of combined studies on cutting edge preparation and tool performance testing. Five main fields of research on cutting edge preparation are identified in this study of cutting edge preparation while cutting edge microgeometry consists of data associated with tool edge and rake face. Uncoated and TiN coated mixed oxide ceramics inserts have been tested concerning their microgeometry and wear resistance and there is presented a sequence of measuring to identify cutting edge preparation and properties of coating. Authors propose the sequence which considers cutting edge preparation as a factor controlling performance of cutting edge in hard turning operations. Four steps in the sequence of performance testing include measurements with effects of wear criterion and machining time. Measured results show that combined effects of both preparation and coating reduce considerably friction forces in scratch tests and there is very negligible change of microhardness of uncoated and coated ceramics. Relationships between cutting edge microgeometry and acceptable machined surface roughness which results from the sequence in tool performance testing have been identified. Finally, tool performance indices are based on units which characterize machined surface roughness, tool edge wear and forces when hard turning.