Effect of germination and pure culture fermentation on HCl-extractability of minerals of pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoideum)

Germination significantly increased inorganic P, non-phytate P and phosphorus extractable in 0.03 N HCl, the concentration of acid found in human stomach, with a corresponding decline in phytate P of pearl millet grains. HCl-extractability of calcium, iron, zinc, copper and manganese, an index of their bioavailability to humans, was also significantly improved by germination. Fermentation of pearl millet sprouts with mixtures of yeasts ( Saccharomyces diastaticus or Saccharomyces cerevisiae ) and lactobacilli ( Lactobacillus brevis or Lactobacillus fermentum ) generally improved extractability of the minerals of the sprouts, probably because of the decreased content of phytic acid in the germinated and fermented pearl millet sprouts.     

Effect of natural fermentation on phytate and polyphenolic content and in-vitro digestibility of starch and protein of pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoideum)

Natural fermentation at 20, 25 and 30°C for 72 h brought about a significant reduction in phytic acid content of pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoideum Rich) flour. The phytate content was almost eliminted in the flour fermented at 30°C. An increase in polyphenol content of fermented flour was noticed, the higher the temperature of fermentation the greater was the increase in polyphenol content of pearl millet. An improvement in starch as well as protein digestibility (in vitro) was noticed at all the temperatures of natural fermentation, the highest being at 30°C.     

高效液相色谱法测定粮谷中黄曲霉毒素B1的研究

建立了用三氯甲烷提取、硅胶小柱净化、三氟乙酸衍生,再以荧光检测器来测定粮谷中黄曲霉毒素B1的高效液相色谱方法.试验证明,该方法安全限量标准最低可达0.4 μg/kg,线性在2～50 μg/kg良好,平均回收率较高,具有准确度高、精密度好、安全限量低的特点.     

Liquid chromatographic method for fumonisin B1 in sorghum syrup and corn-based breakfast cereals.

The fungus Fusarium verticillioides has been found on corn and sorghum, so it is possible that one or more of these toxins may be found in corn products such as breakfast cereals and syrup prepared from sorghum. Published methods when applied to syrups spiked with fumonisins gave low recoveries, less than 50%. A method was therefore developed which would be applicable to the syrup and breakfast cereals as well. Test samples were extracted with methanol-0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH3) (1 + 1). The extract was diluted with water and applied to a 1 g C18 column. The column was washed with acetonitrile-water (2 + 8). Fumonisin B1 (FB1) was eluted with acetonitrile-trifluoroacetic acid (1000 + 1). The purified extract was evaporated and the toxin was derivatized with ophthaldialdehyde mercaptoethanol. The reaction mixture was resolved on a C18 liquid chromatographic column using acetonitrile-water-acetic acid (500 + 550 + 10.5) as the mobile phase at 37 degrees C, and FB1 measured with a fluorescence detector (excitation 335 nm, emission 440 nm). Recoveries of FB1 added to samples of sorghum syrup at levels ranging from 0.1 to 1.0 microgram/g were 94-132%. Recoveries of FB1 added to samples of breakfast cereal (corn flakes) at levels ranging from 0.2 to 1.6 micrograms/g were 96-100%. The method was applied to the analysis of 35 samples of sorghum syrup collected from 15 states in the US. One sample was found to contain FB1 at 0.12 microgram/g. A total of 32 samples of breakfast cereals collected by the Food and Drug Administration inspectors from grocery stores around the Kansas City area were analysed; no FB1 was found in the breakfast cereals (< 0.01 microgram/g). Results of this study indicated that FB1 possibly is not a problem in sorghum syrup and corn-based breakfast cereals in the US.     

Fusarium langsethiae sp. nov. on cereals in Europe

A new species of Fusarium, Fusarium langsethiae, is described, illustrated and discussed. This species is isolated from kernels of oats, wheat and barley in several European countries. Morphologically, the species resembles Fusarium poae. It is differentiated from F. poae by slower growth, less aerial mycelium and absence of odour; its napiform or globose conidia are borne in the aerial mycelium on the agar surface on often bent phialides which exhibit sometimes more than one opening, whereas those of F. poae are produced on straight monophialides mostly in the aerial mycelium. No sporodochial conidia are formed by F. langsethiae even under near-UV light (nUV). Based on morphological characters, the species is placed in the section Sporotrichiella.     

植物乳杆菌LIP-1对高脂血症大鼠血脂的调节作用

目的:探讨植物乳杆菌LIP-1的降血脂作用及其机理。方法:将24只雄性Wistar大鼠按体重分为正常对照组、高脂模型组及实验组,其中后两组给予高脂饲料喂养,并每日给上述3组分别灌胃0.9%生理盐水、脱脂乳和活菌制剂,28d后测定相关指标。结果:实验组血清总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、甘油三酯和丙二醛含量明显低于高脂模型组(P<0.05),而血清高密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量和血清的谷胱甘肽过氧化物活力明显高于高脂模型组(P<0.05);肝脏组织匀浆中的谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活力明显高于高脂模型组(P<0.05),丙二醛含量明显低于高脂模型组(P<0.05),肝脏中的胆固醇含量明显低于高脂模型组(P<0.05),粪便中的胆固醇及短链脂肪酸含量明显高于高脂模型组(P<0.05)。结论:植物乳杆菌LIP-1对高脂血症大鼠有明显的降血脂作用,其作用机理涉及抗氧化作用在内的多种途径。     

On ochratoxin A and fungal flora in Polish cereals from conventional and ecological farms - Part 1: occurrence of ochratoxin A and fungi in cereals in 1997.

Over 200 samples of Polish cereal grain from the 1997 harvest obtained from conventional and ecological farms were tested for the presence of ochratoxin A as well as for contamination by microscopic fungi. Ochratoxin A contamination of rye from ecological farms was over six times more frequent than that from conventional cultivation. The ochratoxin A content in wheat and barley samples from ecological farms was also higher. No wheat sample from conventional farms contained the mycotoxin. In the group of ecological farms, there were differences in the percentage of cereal samples containing ochratoxin A. The ochratoxin A levels ranged from 0.2 to 57 microg kg(-1). The mean concentration of ochratoxin A in investigated cereal grain was 5.7 microg kg(-1). From samples containing detectable amounts of ochratoxin A, fungi producing ochratoxin A under laboratory conditions were isolated. They were classified as belonging to the species Penicillium cyclopium, P. viridicatum, P. chrysogenum and also Aspergillus alliaceus, A. versicolor, A. glaucus and A. flavus. Penicillium strains - producers of ochratoxin A - were isolated from 93% of the samples; in 7% of samples, only Aspergillus strains producing this mycotoxin were noted. Rye samples mainly from one farm with an ecological type of cultivation and from one conventional farm were contaminated with both Aspergillus and Penicillium mycotoxigenic strains.     

荧光免疫定量法即时检测谷物中黄曲霉毒素B1

目的 基于时间分辨荧光免疫层析技术,研制快速定量检测试纸条,用于粮谷物中黄曲霉毒素B1的检测。方法 以荧光微球为标记物,采用DNP独立质控体系和竞争法检测原理,构建了粮谷物中黄曲霉毒素B1荧光免疫定量即时检测（point-of-care testing ,POCT）方法。评价其准确度、重复性、特异性、与仪器确证方法符合度。结果 该方法最适条件为：pH7.8硼酸盐（BB）活化,pH7.5磷酸盐（PB）偶联,微球抗体质量比为5:4,抗原抗体质量比为50:1。检测限在0.299 ng/g -0.997 ng/g之间,定量限在0.544 ng/g -2.663 ng/g。代表性样本准确度为92.2%-111%,重复性为3.2%-7.5%。除与黄曲霉毒素B2有交叉反应（6.1%）,与其他类似物无（<0.1%）。该法检测结果与仪器确证法一致性好,在-12.5%—15.9%之间。结论 提供了一种准确、快速、定量、灵敏、便捷、适合现场检测粮谷物中黄曲霉毒素B1的时间分辨荧光免疫检测试纸条。     

Proanthocyanidins in cereals and pseudocereals

Proanthocyanidins (PAs) are a class of oligomeric flavonoids found in a variety of plant foods. Intake of PAs in human diet has been associated with a reduced occurrence of various chronic disorders. Cereal and pseudocereal grains are staple food items. Grain genotypes containing PAs can be developed as functional foods to efficiently improve human health. This review summarises the occurrence of PAs in diverse grains, including rice, wheat, barley, sorghum, millets, buckwheat, and some forage grasses. Great diversity in PA structure and composition has been recorded. The biological activities of the grain PAs, such as antioxidant, antiinflammatory, anticancer, and antidiabetic capacities, are also reviewed. The bioavailability and metabolism of grain PAs in human digestive tract are discussed. Future research directions are suggested on how to improve our understandings of the chemistry of PAs in cereals and pseudocereals and of the biological properties for human health applications.     

微波罗汉斋

早餐麦片是一种新引入保加利亚市场的产品，现在却成为保加利亚烘焙食品市场快速发展的部门，根据欧睿国际发布的新报告显示，题目为《保加利亚烘焙食口》。这个即食早餐麦片，对于他们来说，还是一种比较新奇的事物，再加上麦片有益健康的形象，引起了消费者的广大兴趣，因此促进了销售量的大幅度提高。     

Determination of deoxynivalenol in wheat-based breakfast cereals marketed in Portugal.

Deoxynivalenol (DON), also known as vomitoxin, is one of a group of closely related secondary fungal metabolites--the trichothecenes--and is produced predominantly by several species of the genus Fusarium, especially Fusarium graminearum. The present study was carried out to evaluate the natural occurrence of DON in different kinds of wheat-based breakfast cereals widely consumed by the population. A total of 88 commercially available samples of wheat-based breakfast cereals were randomly collected from different supermarkets in Lisbon, Portugal. The samples were analyzed using immunoaffinity column, and DON was quantified by liquid chromatography. Detection limit was 100 microg/kg. Average recovery of DON was 80%. Of 88 analyzed samples, 72.8% contained levels of DON between 103 and 6,040 microg/kg, with mean level of 754 microg/kg, and 24 samples (27.2%) were not contaminated (< 100 microg/kg). These results indicate an incidence of this mycotoxin in these products, and the authors suggest a monitoring for the prevention of molds and mycotoxins. This is the first report in Portugal on natural contamination with DON in wheat-based breakfast cereals.     

Survey of breakfast and infant cereals for aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2.

Three hundred and forty-nine breakfast and infant cereal samples were collected at retail level across Canada from 2002 to 2005. They included rice-, soy-, barley-based and mixed-grain infant cereals, corn-, wheat-, rice-based and mixed-grain breakfast cereals, and were analysed for aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2 using a modified AOAC International official method. An immunoaffinity column was used for the cleanup and purification of extracts. Determination of aflatoxins was by LC using post-column derivatization with pyridinium hydrobromide perbromide and fluorescence detection. Results indicated that 50% of both breakfast and infant cereals had detectable levels (limit of detection = 0.002 ng g-1) of aflatoxin B1, which is the most toxic of the four toxins. The levels found varied from 0.002 to 1.00 ng g-1 for aflatoxin B1, from 0.002 to 0.14 ng g-1 for aflatoxin B2, from 0.008 to 0.27 ng g-1 for aflatoxin G1, and from 0.008 to 0.048 ng g-1 for aflatoxin G2. Only 4% of the breakfast cereals and 1% of the infant cereals had aflatoxin B1 levels exceeding 0.1 ng g-1, which is the European Union maximum limit for aflatoxin B1 in baby foods and processed cereal-based foods for infants and young children.     

Natural occurrence of scirpentriol in cereals infected by Fusarium species.

Wheat, barley and oat grain samples naturally contaminated with Fusarium spp. were analysed for the presence of scirpentriol (STO). This toxin was detected in 1, 37 and 8% of 248 wheat, 32 barley and 99 oat grain samples, respectively, and the maximum concentration was 83 microg x kg(-1). Samples of wheat and oat grain with visible scab symptoms were also analysed, and STO (mean level 255 microg x kg(-1)) was detected only in oat samples infected with F. sporotrichioides and F. poae as the dominant species. We analysed 15 barley samples that were subdivided based on seed size into fractions of <2.5 and > 2.5 mm in diameter. The smaller kernels contained an average 94% of the STO in the samples (in kernel fraction > 2.5 mm 28 microg x kg(-1), <2.5 mm 297 microg x kg(-1)). In oats, STO levels were highest in the chaff, lower in the stalk's apical internode and lowest in the grain.     

Reactions of Oxidized Lipids with Protein. Part XII. Interactions of Polar Groups of Lipids with Nonlipidic Substances

Contrary to fresh lipids, oxidized lipids form chloroform-insoluble, but methanol-soluble compounds with cellulose. The amount of chloroform-insoluble lipids is significantly higher in mixtures containing cellulose impregnated with albumin. Polar groups of oxidized lipids formed nonextractable compounds with protein more readily than polar groups of a mono-glyceride. Compounds insoluble either in chloroform and in chloroform-methanol or methanol were formed in contact of oxidized lipids with protein, contrary to mixtures of lipids with sole cellulose. The formation of these nonextractable compounds is due both to the interaction of protein with hydroperoxides and with non-peroxidic oxidation products.     

Co-occurrence of aflatoxin B1, fumonisin B1, ochratoxin A and zearalenone in cereals and peanuts from C?te d'Ivoire.

This survey examined 30 samples of rice (n = 10), maize (n = 10) and peanuts (n = 10) from C?te d'Ivoire for aflatoxin B1, fumonisin B1 and zearalenone using immunoassays, and ochratoxin A using a validated HPLC method with fluorescence detection. In C?te d'Ivoire, as in other countries, several mycotoxins are present in the same commodities. These mycotoxins are from different structural families: aflatoxin B1, fumonisin B1, zearalenone and ochratoxin A, normally produced by fungal species from Aspergillus, Penicillium and Fusarium genera. Some samples contained four mycotoxins (86%). Four peanuts samples did not show ochratoxin A (14%), whereas they contained aflatoxin B1 concentrations above the EU regulatory limits. Concentrations of ochratoxin A, zearalenone and fumonisin B1 were low and may not cause problems per se; however, fears remain that the tolerable daily intake may be exceeded due to eating habits and synergistic effects could be important with the combination of several mycotoxins. Investigations in this direction are underway, together with isolation and characterization of the fungal species involved.