套袋对梨果实发育过程中糖组分及其相关酶活性的影响

以翠冠和黄金梨为试材,测定套袋和未套袋(对照)梨果实发育时期果实中蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖和山梨醇含量以及蔗糖代谢相关酶酸性转化酶(AI)、中性转化酶(NI)、蔗糖合成酶(SS)和蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)的活性,并对果实中糖组分积累与酶活性的关系进行了分析.结果表明:(1)两梨品种套袋果实在发育过程中蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖、山梨醇和糖代谢相关酶活性变化趋势与对照基本一致,套袋果实糖含量均低于对照但差异不显著,而各相关酶活性在两类果实间差异表现各异.(2)在梨果实发育早期,果实中以分解酶类为主,糖分积累低;发育后期以合成酶类为主,糖分积累多.(3)两品种套袋和对照果实AI活性与葡萄糖含量均呈显著或极显著正相关,SS合成方向活性与蔗糖含量均为极显著正相关,且翠冠对照果SPS活性与蔗糖含量呈极显著正相关.可见,套袋通过提高果实发育早期转化酶(Inv)活性,降低果实后期蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)、蔗糖合成酶(SS)的活性来影响糖分积累,从而影响梨果品质.     

‘台农1号’芒果果实发育过程中的糖分积累与相关酶活性研究

以‘台农1号’芒果为材料,测定了果实生长发育过程中淀粉、蔗糖、葡萄糖和果糖含量以及淀粉酶、蔗糖代谢相关酶———酸性转化酶(AI)、中性转化酶(NI)、蔗糖合成酶(SS)和蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)的活性,并对果实中糖组分与酶活性的关系进行了分析.结果显示,(1)台农1号芒果果实属于单S型生长曲线,发育前期主要积累淀粉、葡萄糖和果糖,果实成熟软化时,淀粉酶活性降至最低,淀粉水解,蔗糖快速积累.(2)酸性转化酶活性在果实整个发育过程中维持最高,完熟时略有降低;蔗糖磷酸合成酶在果实发育前期略有降低,完熟时升至最高;蔗糖合成酶和中性转化酶活性在整个发育期一直很低且较稳定.(3)淀粉含量与淀粉酶活性呈显著正相关,与SPS活性呈极显著负相关,蔗糖、葡萄糖含量均与SPS、SS呈显著、极显著的正相关;果糖含量与SS呈极显著的正相关.研究表明,芒果成熟时淀粉分解、酸性转化酶活性的降低,且蔗糖合成酶和蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性的增加是引起果实蔗糖积累的主要因子.     

河套蜜瓜果实发育过程中糖积累与蔗糖代谢相关酶的关系

以河套蜜瓜为试材,采用外部形态观测与内部生理指标测定相结合的方法,对其果实发育过程中果实生长模式以及果实中蔗糖、果糖、葡萄糖和淀粉含量以及蔗糖代谢相关酶活性进行测定,以揭示河套蜜瓜果实生长发育过程中糖的代谢积累与相关酶的关系.结果显示:(1)河套蜜瓜果实生长速率呈单"S"曲线,果实发育早期以积累葡萄糖为主,进入成熟期后蔗糖积累量迅速增加,最终由蔗糖和己糖共同构成果实品质.(2)在河套蜜瓜果实成熟期前,蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)活性维持较低水平,进入成熟期后,SPS活性迅速升高;蔗糖合成酶(SS)活性在成熟期前为分解活性大于合成活性,成熟期后表现为合成活性大于分解活性;在整个果实发育期,酸性转化酶(AI)活性较低,中性转化酶(NI)活性始终高于AI.(3)在果实整个发育期,蔗糖含量与蔗糖代谢酶的净活力呈极显著正相关,蔗糖代谢相关酶共同作用决定果实中蔗糖含量.研究表明,在河套蜜瓜果实发育前期,以蔗糖分解代谢为主,且蔗糖合成酶和中性转化酶是催化蔗糖分解的关键酶;果实成熟期间,蔗糖代谢转为合成方向为主,蔗糖合成酶和蔗糖磷酸合成酶在蔗糖积累中起主导作用.     

宁夏枸杞果实糖积累和蔗糖代谢相关酶活性的关系

通过对枸杞果实发育过程中果实生长模式、蔗糖、果糖、葡萄糖和淀粉含量及糖代谢相关酶活性的测定,研究了宁夏枸杞果实生长发育过程中糖的代谢积累与相关酶活性的关系.结果表明:(1)宁夏枸杞果实发育呈双S"曲线,果实主要以积累己糖为主.(2)蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)活性在果实发育初期处于下降的趋势,在花后19d开始上升,果实转色后又逐渐下降;蔗糖合成酶(SS)活性总体表现为SS分解方向的活性大于SS合成方向的活性,说明枸杞果实发育过程中,SS的活性主要以分解方向的为主;酸性转化酶(AI)和中性转化酶(NI)的活性随果实发育呈上升趋势,但在果实成熟后期有所下降,且AI和NI活性高于合成酶类的活性,较高的转化酶类活性促进了果实内部己糖的积累.(3)在枸杞果实生长发育中,葡萄糖和果糖含量与AI和NI均呈极显著正相关,而与其它酶不具有相关性.说明AI和NI在宁夏枸杞果实的糖代谢中起着主要的调控作用.     

温州蜜柑果实发育进程中光合产物运输分配及糖积累特性

测定了温州蜜柑果实发育进程中糖的积累动态,并用14C示踪方法研究了果实发育不同阶段源叶的光合产物在果实中的运输分配特性.结果表明(1)果实组织中的糖含量随果实发育持续上升,果皮以积累己糖为主而其它组织则以积累蔗糖为主或略多.(2)在果实完熟之前,汁囊分配到的光合产物均占果实的50%以上,为果实中的光合产物分配中心;而到完熟阶段分配到汁囊的14C光合产物与其它组织接近,不再有明显的分配中心.(3)汁囊中的14C放射性比活度随着果实发育呈下降趋势,尤其在后期下降极为明显.(4)维管束/囊瓣表皮和囊瓣表皮/汁囊的14C放射性比活度的比率都随果实发育进程而增大,但后者的比率要大大高于前者,表明韧皮部后运输是光合产物进入汁囊的限速阶段.(5)输入到汁囊的14C光合产物主要以蔗糖形式存在,说明光合产物是以蔗糖为主体输入汁囊参与糖积累和代谢的.     

橄榄果实发育成熟过程中糖积累与相关酶活性的关系

以可溶性总糖含量差异明显的2个橄榄品种为试验材料,测定果实发育成熟过程中蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖、可溶性总糖含量及蔗糖代谢相关酶活性的动态变化,并对果实糖积累与酶活性进行相关性分析,以明确不同橄榄品种果实糖积累差异的生理基础,为进一步在代谢与分子水平探讨橄榄果实糖积累机制提供依据。结果表明:(1)蔗糖快速积累期是橄榄品种间果实蔗糖积累差异的关键时期,并影响成熟时果实可溶性总糖含量的高低,其中‘马坑22’蔗糖快速积累期较长,增长幅度较大,成熟时可溶性糖含量高;成熟时‘马坑22’、‘檀头23’果实内己糖与蔗糖比分别为0.668、0.904。(2)在蔗糖快速积累期内,‘马坑22’酸性转化酶(AI)活性低于‘檀头23’,为其蔗糖积累创造条件,而中性转化酶活性高于后者则有利于其增加果实库强;两品种蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)活性变化差异不大,说明SPS不是蔗糖积累的关键酶;‘马坑22’蔗糖合成酶(SuSy)合成方向活性在花后144~186d增幅显著高于‘檀头23’,说明SuSy为果实蔗糖积累的关键酶。(3)‘马坑22’蔗糖快速积累主要依靠SuSy合成方向活性变化促进蔗糖合成,‘檀头23’蔗糖快速积累主要依靠SuSy分解方向活性变化促进蔗糖直接进入果实。     

网纹甜瓜发育果实糖分积累与蔗糖代谢参与酶的关系

随着网纹甜瓜果实的发育,果实中葡萄糖和果糖的含量增加,蔗糖的快速积累发生在果实发育的中后期,高蔗糖积累型果实中蔗糖积累速率明显快于低蔗糖积累型.蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性在果实发育的前期短暂下降, 而后稳步上升,在果实发育的中后期高蔗糖积累型果实中该酶的活性显著高于低蔗糖积累型果实;随着果实发育,蔗糖合成酶的分解活性降低而合成活性升高.酸性和中性转化酶在未成熟果实中活性较高,而在成熟果实中很低; 高蔗糖积累型果实中酸性转化酶活性显著低于同期低蔗糖积累型果实.合成蔗糖的酶活性小于分解蔗糖的酶活性时蔗糖几乎没有积累.根据这些结果推测,转化酶活性的下降、蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性的增加以及蔗糖合成酶分解活性的下降和合成活性的增加,是引起果实蔗糖积累的主要内在因子.     

山茱萸果实发育过程中单宁物质的分布与积累特征

选取不同发育时期的山茱萸果实作为研究对象,采用果实形态观察法、显微及超微技术、组织化学定位法以及紫外分光光度计法对山茱萸果实发育过程中单宁物质分布及积累特征进行观察分析,并以单因素ANOVA检验不同发育时期单宁含量的差异,以揭示单宁物质在山茱萸果实发育中的变化规律,为山茱萸果实涩味调控机制研究提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)山茱萸果实发育过程中果皮颜色和果实体积变化明显,可将其发育过程划分为幼果期、中果期、成熟期3个时期;单宁物质主要分布在山茱萸果实中果皮的单宁细胞中。(2)在山茱萸果实发育过程中单宁细胞数目呈先增后减的变化趋势,幼果期单宁细胞从无到有,随着果实发育单宁细胞数目不断增多,至中果期单宁细胞数目开始减少。(3)单宁含量的变化规律与单宁细胞数目的变化一致,单宁含量在花后120 d时达到最多,随后逐渐减少。(4)单宁物质首先在细胞质的小液泡中积累,中央大液泡形成后则为单宁物质积累的主要场所,其积累形态主要有颗粒状、不规则状和板块状3种;单宁细胞中线粒体数目较多,中果期后期及成熟期在中央大液泡液泡膜附近有电子致密物质积累。研究认为,山茱萸果实中中果皮薄壁细胞为单宁物质积累的专属细胞,即单宁细胞,单宁物质的合成运输与液泡、囊泡以及线粒体的作用密切相关;成熟期山茱萸果实总单宁含量降低,涩味降低,表明单宁物质积累的动态变化与植物对环境的适应性和果实涩味息息相关,可结合代谢组和转录组的方法对山茱萸果实中单宁物质的合成机制进行进一步研究。     

套袋梨贮藏过程中糖代谢及相关酶活性变化特征

以‘翠冠’梨为材料,研究了套双层遮光纸袋梨果实贮藏过程中蔗糖、果糖、葡萄糖、山梨醇及糖代谢中酶活性的变化规律。结果表明,贮藏套袋梨果实中果糖、葡萄糖、山梨醇和蔗糖含量都低于未套袋对照;套袋梨果实中山梨醇脱氢酶活性在贮藏的前5d都低于对照,贮藏10d后活性均高于对照,且与山梨醇含量呈现极显著正相关;贮藏套袋梨果实中蔗糖磷酸合酶(SPS)及蔗糖合酶(SS)分解和合成方向活性都是前期低于对照,贮藏后期都高于对照,且蔗糖含量与蔗糖磷酸合酶和蔗糖合酶(分解方向)活性都呈显著正相关;贮藏的套袋梨果实和对照中的山梨醇含量与果糖含量均呈极显著负相关,蔗糖含量与葡萄糖含量呈极显著负相关,即在贮藏过程中山梨醇可能转化为果糖,而蔗糖则转化成葡萄糖。     

不同果色枸杞果实糖积累特征及其与蔗糖代谢酶活性的关系

以‘宁杞1号’（红色）、‘宁夏黄果’（黄色）和‘黑果’（黑色）3份不同果色枸杞为试材,测定枸杞果实发育过程中糖含量与蔗糖代谢酶活性的变化,并分析糖含量与蔗糖代谢酶活性的相关性,以探讨不同果色枸杞糖积累差异的生理基础,为进一步阐明枸杞品质形成及调控机理提供理论依据。结果显示：（1）气相色谱（GC）法检测结果为 ‘宁杞1号’果实含8种糖,‘宁夏黄果’含7种糖,‘黑果’仅检测到4种糖;且成熟期枸杞果实均以果糖、葡萄糖和蔗糖为主。（2）在枸杞果实发育过程中,各材料果实的果糖和葡萄糖含量呈现逐渐升高趋势,果实发育的后期升高幅度高于初期;而各材料蔗糖和赤藓糖含量却呈现出不同的变化趋势,不同发育时期材料间差异各异。（3）不同果色枸杞蔗糖代谢酶活性在枸杞果实发育过程中差异较大,其中酸性转化酶（AI）在果实发育的初期活性较低,材料间差别小,但在果实发育的后期活性高,材料间差异较大;从枸杞果实发育色变期到成熟期,供试材料AI和蔗糖合成酶（SS）活性高于中性转化酶（NI）和磷酸蔗糖合成酶（SPS）;在整个果实发育过程中‘黑果’保持着较低果糖含量和蔗糖代谢酶活性。（4）3种果色枸杞果糖含量均与AI活性达到显著相关关系,红色与黑色枸杞己糖（果糖和葡萄糖）含量与NI达到显著相关关系。研究表明,不同果色枸杞果实中的糖种类与含量、蔗糖代谢酶活性差异较大,AI活性升高有利于枸杞果糖的积累,转化酶在枸杞果实己糖积累过程中发挥着重要的作用。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.