冲击压缩载荷作用下杨木的力学性能研究

通过SHPB动态压缩实验,对杨木在高应变率条件下的力学特性进行了研究。基于一维应力波理论的分析表明,尽管杨木相比于金属压杆具有较低的波阻抗,其SHPB动态压缩实验中试样两端的应力均匀性条件仍可以得到满足,而不需要进行入射波整形。通过在透射杆上使用半导体应变片,可以获得具有较高信噪比的透射波信号。结合杨木的准静态实验结果发现,其应力-应变曲线具有多孔材料的典型特征。轴向试样具有Ⅱ型吸能结构特征,失效应力和平台应力都具有应变率敏感性,其平台应力的敏感性稍弱;弦向试样具有Ⅰ型吸能结构特征,没有明显的失效强度,其平台应力具有应变率敏感性,与通常的Ⅰ型吸能结构相比存在一定差异。通过对实验数据的拟合,发现应变率对杨木失效强度的影响符合对数率。     

SHPB试验岩石试件应力平衡时间预估分析

运用一维应力波理论,对分离式Hopkinson压杆(SHPB)试验中弹性应力波的传播过程进行了分析,得到了试件应力分布相关计算公式,讨论了试件应力平衡时间的影响因素和变化规律。以变截面杆SHPB试验装置对煤矿岩石试件加载为例,计算分析了3种岩石试件在光滑的试验入射波和与其升时相同的理论梯形入射波加载情况下试件应力均匀性和应力平衡时间。发现采用变截面入射杆进行加载,能够实现岩石试件在应力峰值之前达到应力平衡,满足应力均匀性假定要求的有效条件。结果表明,采用理论梯形入射波可以近似代替与其升时相同的试验入射波,预估岩石试件应力均匀性和应力平衡时间,对类似脆性材料的SHPB试验设计具有一定的参考价值。     

主动围压下岩石的冲击力学性能试验研究

利用具有主动围压加载装置的直径为100 mm分离式Hopkinson压杆（SHPB）试验装置和薄圆形紫铜片作为波形整形器,研究了斜长角闪岩在不同围压等级（0~6 MPa）、不同应变速率（50~170 s-1）下的动态力学性能,并对试验有效性进行了分析。试验结果表明：斜长角闪岩的动态强度增长因子与应变率的对数呈近似线性关系,强度与比能量吸收随应变率的增加而近似线性增加,体现了显著的应变率相关性;在同等级应变率范围内,随着围压的增加,岩石的增强效果与增韧效果逐渐增强;同时发现,在围压作用下,岩石的破坏由拉伸破坏向压剪破坏逐渐过渡和发展。SHPB试验中,近似恒应变率加载时间比例约为69.5 %,能够较好地满足应力均匀分布及近似恒应变率加载要求,表明SHPB试验的有效性和结果的可靠性     

混凝土材料的动态压缩破坏机理及本构关系

为研究混凝土材料的动态性能,利用直径φ100 mm的SHPB(Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar)装置对骨料尺寸为15 mm～20 mm的混凝土材料试样进行了应变率范围30s(-1)～180s(-1)的动态压缩试验,并借助高速摄影装置获得了试样的变形与破坏过程,结果表明:在动态压缩强度附近应力区,材料表面先出现一条沿试样轴向的可见宏观裂纹,而多条主裂纹的形成与扩展才导致材料的最终破坏;建立了改进的ZWT模型,模型预测结果与试验结果较吻合.     

PVDF传感器在爆炸近区超压测量中的应用研究

凝聚相炸药爆炸产生强冲击波、电磁脉冲和光热效应,爆炸近区测试环境非常复杂,常规压阻式硅压力传感器难于满足测试要求。为准确测量装药近区爆炸参数给工程防护结构的爆炸毁伤评估提供参考依据,基于PVDF压电薄膜制作压力传感器,采用分离式霍普金森压杆（SHPB）对自制传感器进行标定;进行TNT化爆试验对自制PVDF传感器测试效果进行考核,并提取试验结果与AutoDyn软件计算结果进行比较。对比表明,测量值与计算值偏差小于10%,爆炸近区超压的试验测量可采用防干扰处理后的PVDF压电传感器解决。     

脆性材料水泥砂浆多轴应力下的动态响应分析

在实际的结构应用中,混凝土类材料一般处于复杂工作应力状态,且可能承受动态荷载的作用。据此,本文采用Instron3421液压伺服试验机和具有主动围压加压装置的SHPB研究了混凝土材料-砂浆宽应变率范围多轴应力下的动态力学行为;基于Johnson-Cook强度模型框架,确定了等效强度模型的率相关参数及其他材料常数;提出了适用于描述主动围压下砂浆受冲击荷载的损伤演化规律,并确定了损伤演化常数,实验数据与理论值吻合较好     

陶瓷纤维混凝土冲击力学响应及统计损伤本构模型试验研究

采用Φ100mm分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB)试验装置对陶瓷纤维混凝土的动态力学性能进行研究,并验证了试验结果的有效性;基于IPBS模型(修正平行杆模型),建立考虑应变率效应的混凝土单轴受压统计损伤本构模型,模拟陶瓷纤维混凝土的动态损伤破坏过程。结果表明:陶瓷纤维对普通硅酸盐混凝土的增强增韧效果明显,尤其是在高应变率范围内;SHPB试验过程中应力均匀性和恒应变率加载条件得到了较好地满足;动态损伤本构模型提供曲线与试验曲线吻合较好,能够较为准确地描述陶瓷纤维混凝土破坏前的应力应变关系。     

被动围压条件下岩石材料冲击压缩试验研究

为研究煤矿岩石材料被动围压条件下动态力学性能和变形破坏规律,利用Ø50mm变截面分离式Hopkinson压杆(SHPB)试验装置,对45#钢质套筒环向约束状态下煤矿岩石试件进行了不同加载速率冲击压缩试验。试验结果表明：被动围压条件下SHPB试验中,岩石试件的材料延性和抗破坏能力均得到增强,试件轴向应力是采用同种加载条件无围压SHPB试验时的1.2倍,破坏应变比无围压SHPB试验提高2～3倍,且径向应力随轴向应变增大总体呈上升趋势,试件破坏为压剪破坏模式,与无围压SHPB试验有所不同。     

EPS混凝土的冲击力学行为及本构模型

采用大直径分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB)试验装置研究了多种EPS体积掺量的EPS混凝土在不同应变率下的力学行为。分析了平均应变率以及EPS体积掺量对EPS混凝土的冲击力学性能的影响。采用朱-王-唐(ZWT)模型,在试验研究的基础上,建立了EPS混凝土非线性粘弹性本构模型。结果表明：在高应变率条件下,EPS混凝土的动态抗压强度与极限应变随平均应变率的提高近似线性增长,呈现出显著的应变率相关性。随着EPS体积掺量的增加,混凝土的动态抗压强度和弹性模量降低,变形能力得到改善。本构模型提供的理论曲线与试验曲线比较接近,ZWT模型可以较为准确地描述EPS混凝土的高应变率力学行为。     

基坑开挖爆破作用邻近压力燃气管道动力响应特性研究

确保复杂城市环境基坑爆破开挖工程中邻近压力燃气管道的安全性是关键性问题。依托武汉地铁8号线二期竖井基坑爆破开挖工程,利用现场监测数据建立ANSYS/LS-DYNA三维有限元数值计算模型,分析计算了不同运行压力条件下埋地燃气管道的动力响应特性。研究结果表明:实际工况下管道截面峰值合振速为0.453 cm/s,单元峰值von-Mises应力4.95 MPa,压力燃气管道处于安全运行状态;管道截面峰值合振速大于其正上方地表振速,且两者存在线性关系,由此建立管道爆破振动速度的预测模型;管道截面峰值合振速、峰值von-Mises应力均位于迎爆侧,且随管道内压的增加而增加,内压为零时为最佳运行状态,由此建立了管道峰值von-Mises应力与内压、爆破参数的数学计算模型,为实际爆破工程的安全作业提供指导。     

Correlation between the accuracy of a SHPB test and the stress uniformity based on numerical experiments

Split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) has become a frequently used technique to measure the uniaxial compressive stress–strain relation of various engineering materials at high strain rate. Using the strain records on incident and transmitter bars, the average stress, strain and strain rate histories within the specimen can be calculated by SHPB formulae based on one-dimensional wave propagation theory. The accuracy of a SHPB test is based on the assumption of stress and strain uniformity within the specimen, which, however, is not always satisfied in an actual SHPB test due to the existence of some unavoidable negative factors, e.g., friction and specimen size effects. Two coefficients are introduced in the present paper to measure the stress uniformity in axial and radial directions of the specimen in a numerical SHPB test. It is shown that the accuracy of a SHPB test can be correlated to these two stress uniformity coefficients. An assessment and correction procedure for SHPB test results is illustrated through a numerical example.     

Numerical study of the specimen size effect in the split Hopkinson pressure bar tests

A numerical and experimental assessment of the compression test in the split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) has been made. The DYNA2D finite element code was employed in the numerical part. The aim of the work was to establish the influence of an important reduction in the specimen diameter on the results. To this end, several numerical experiments were carried out with different diameters. Experimental measurements using the SHPB technique were also performed. The material studied was the 7017 T73 aluminium alloy. In the simulations, stress histories were registered at different places in the incident and output bars, as well as in the test specimen. Numerical simulations show important three-dimensional effects in the SHPB, increasing for smaller diameters. Experiments show the same tendencies evinced by the numerical simulation. Care must be taken to minimize them to achieve the desirable uniaxial stress condition on the specimen.     

Effects of radial inertia and end friction in specimen geometry in split Hopkinson pressure bar tests: A computational study

The split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) technique has been used widely for the impact testing of materials in the strain-rate range from 10² to 10⁴ s⁻¹. However, some specific problems still remain mainly concerning the effects of radial inertia and end friction in a cylindrical specimen on the accurate determination of dynamic stress–strain curves of materials. In this study, the basic principle of the SHPB technique is revisited based on energy conservation and some modifications are made considering radial momentum conservation. It is pointed out that the radial inertia and end friction effects are coupled to each other in the SHPB specimen. Computational simulations using the commercial finite element (FE) code ABAQUS/Explicit ver. 6.8 are conducted to check the validity of the modifications for ductile pure aluminum specimens. Both rate-independent and rate-dependent models are adopted for the test material. Simulations are performed by varying two different control parameters: a friction coefficient between the specimen and the pressure bars and a slenderness ratio of the specimen (or thickness to diameter ratio).     

Further investigation on the dynamic compressive strength enhancement of concrete-like materials based on split Hopkinson pressure bar tests. Part II: Numerical simulations

Split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) tests have been used widely to measure the dynamic compressive strength of concrete-like materials at high strain-rates between 10¹ and 10³ s⁻¹. It has been shown in companion paper (Zhang M, Wu HJ, Li QM, Huang FL. Further investigation on the dynamic compressive strength enhancement of concrete-like materials based on split Hopkinson pressure bar tests Part I: Experiments. Int J Impact Eng 2009;36(12):1327–1334) that the axial strain acceleration is normally unavoidable in an SHPB test on brittle materials. Axial strain acceleration introduces radial confinement in the SHPB specimens and consequently enhances the compressive strength of concrete-like specimens. This paper employs numerical simulation to further demonstrate that the unexpected radial confinement in an SHPB test is responsible for the increase of the dynamic compressive strength of concrete-like materials at strain-rates from 10¹ to 10³ s⁻¹. It confirms the observations in Zhang et al. (Zhang M, Wu HJ, Li QM, Huang FL. Further investigation on the dynamic compressive strength enhancement of concrete-like materials based on split Hopkinson pressure bar tests Part I: Experiments. Int J Impact Eng 2009;36(12):1327–1334) that the dynamic increase factor (DIF) measured in SHPB tests can be reduced either by using tubular SHPB specimens or by reducing the diameter of the SHPB specimen. A kinetic friction model is proposed based on kinetic friction tests and is implemented in the numerical model. It shows that it is necessary to use a kinetic friction model, rather than a constant friction model, for more accurate numerical simulation of SHPB tests.     

Dynamic testing of fibre polymer matrix composite plates under in-plane compression

Experimental investigations of the failure strength of fibre reinforced polymer matrix composite plates under compressive impact loading is presented in this paper. A split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) is used to measure these properties. The specimen being a plate, its cross-sectional area is small compared with the area of the bars and the failure strength is weak. One has to then use low impedance bars made of a viscoelastic material. Subsequent experimental problems, such as dispersion corrections in viscoelastic bars, are analysed. One also has to use a special anti-buckling device to prevent the overall buckling of the specimen. It is shown that the presented SHPB system provides a precise measurement of forces and displacements at both ends of the specimen. A special attention is then given to the analysis of the test, especially in situations where a non-homogeneous state of stress in the specimen in observed.     

Evaluation of stress–strain curve estimates in dynamic experiments

Accurate measurements of the forces and velocities at the boundaries of a dynamically loaded specimen may be obtained using split Hopkinson pressure bars (SHPB) or other experimental devices. However, the determination of a representative stress–strain curve based on these measurements can be challenging. Due to transient effects, the stress and strain fields are not uniform within the specimen. Several formulas have been proposed in the past to estimate the stress–strain curve from dynamic experiments. Here, we make use of the theoretical solution for the waves in an elastic specimen to evaluate the accuracy of these estimates. It is found that it is important to avoid an artificial time shift in the processing of the experimental data. Moreover, it is concluded that the combination of the output force based stress estimate and the average strain provides the best of the commonly used stress–strain curve estimates in standard SHPB experiments.     

Experimental study on dynamic damage evolution of concrete under multi-axial stresses

The effect of stress state on the dynamic compressive strength and the dynamic damage evolution process of concretes are investigated by use of a Spilt Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) and the ultrasonic technique. The columned concrete specimen is encircled by a steel sleeve. The multi-axial loading includes the axial and the radial loadings. The axial loading is supplied by the incidence bar, and the radial ones are produced by the steel sleeve. Analysis of the dynamic damage evolution of the samples is based on the measurement of the changes of ultrasonic wave velocities before and after the impact tests. The waveforms in the test bars, the stress strain curves, the confining pressure of the specimen, the dynamic compressive strength and other information about the samples are obtained during the SHPB experiments. The results of the tests show that the loading rate and stress states of the specimen apparently influence the damage evolution process in concretes. The dynamic damage evolutions are accelerated with the increase of the strain rate and are delayed significantly under the confined pressure.     

试论镁铝合金高应变率单轴压缩拟合本构关系的代入校核

从实验与数值模拟的结合上,确定与考察了镁铝合金在一维应力高应变率压缩状态下的本构关系。把由一维准静态及动态压缩试验结果所拟合的经验性本构关系代入镁铝合金的SHPB试验的全过程数值模拟,可再现实验测得的反射波波形及透射波波形。数值模拟也表明,采用SHPB试验经典分析所估算的应力、应变、应变率与试件典型微元在试验过程中所经受的应力应变、应变率也基本一致,然而,应变率并非常值。     

端面不平行对岩石SHPB测试结果的影响分析

为探讨岩石试件加工端面不平行对岩石材料动力学特性测试结果的影响,采用有限元分析软件LS-DYNA对13种端面不平行度的岩石试件开展SHPB数值模拟,并分析了端面不平行对加载过程应力均匀性的影响。结果表明:随端面不平行度γ的增加,岩石试件动态应力-应变曲线逐渐向右和向下移动,且峰前加载段逐渐延长。当γ1.60%时,动态应力-应变曲线在加载初期出现一个微小的加载-卸载过程,且在升时为120μs的半正弦入射波加载阶段岩石试件达不到应力均匀状态。基于数值模拟结果,建立了端面不平行度与量纲一化的动态单轴抗压强度、平均应变率和峰值应变的定量表达式。     

高加载率SHPB试验分析原理的再研究

从实验、理论与数值模拟的结合上,对于高加载率的SHPB试验原理提出一种新理念。一方面采用一维有限差分方法对SHPB试验原理进行全过程数值模拟,考察SHPB试验经典分析方程对于高加载率情况的适用性;另一方面把SHPB试验经典分析确定的试件材料本构关系嵌入SHPB试验全过程数值模拟,考察数值模拟再现高加载率SHPB试验测得的反射波形及透射波形的可能性。通过对高加载率SHPB试验的数值实例,指明了如同Wu等揭示的实验规律:试件两端的应力平衡依赖于试件厚度及加载率。