汶川Ms8.0级大地震中成都地区液化特征研究

汶川大地震中成都地区液化及其震害现象较为显著.通过现场调查和工程地质资料分析,成都地区的液化特点为:液化带主要集中都江堰市液化在烈度Ⅵ、Ⅶ、Ⅷ、X和X度区均有出现,但Ⅶ度区最为集中液化喷水高度多在1-3m之间,最高一处超过10m液化场地喷出物涵盖了多种土类,约67％为粉细砂,且有卵砾石,约占11％液化带普遍伴随地裂缝,...     

汶川大地震中德阳地区液化特点分析

汶川大地震中八个主要地区均有液化现象出现,其中德阳地区液化现象及其震害最为显著.通过现场调查和工程地质资料分析,德阳地区的液化特点为:液化带主要集中在绵竹市、什邡市和德阳市,绵竹市最为严重;液化在烈度Ⅶ、Ⅷ、Ⅸ度区均有出现,但Ⅷ度区最为集中;液化喷水高度多在几公分到2m之间,最高一处超过10 m;液化场地喷出物基本涵盖...     

唐山地震时北京及邻区砂土液化深度的探讨

砂土液化深度历来是工程界颇为关心的问题.以往研究砂土液化深度多靠间接或宏观的方法, 因而取得的结果彼此间差别很大, 本文提出一种建立在喷砂同地下砂层直接对比基础上的矿物学方法.唐山地震之后, 作者等收集北京通县的西集、王庄(以上为 Ⅷ 度烈度区), 河北香河县的骡子王、渠口、县城大气所(以上为 Ⅶ 度区)等五个钻孔剖面上的砂样及地表喷砂、并进行矿物与颗粒成分的研究.结果表明, 西集喷砂同地下12.26米砂层类似;王庄喷砂同地下11.02米砂层类似;骡子王喷砂同地下12.3米砂层类似;大气所喷砂同地下9.2米砂层类似;渠口喷砂同地下11.28米砂层类似.据此可以认为, 唐山地震时北京通县与河北香河等地的 Ⅶ 和 Ⅷ 度烈度区的最大液化深度不超过12.30米, 变化在9.2——12.30米之间, Ⅶ 度区有可能更浅些.      

对1976年河北唐山MS7.8地震地表破裂带展布及位移特征的新认识

1976年河北唐山MS7.8地震发生之后,诸多资料报道了唐山市南侧展布的长8～11km的地震地表破裂带.该地表破裂带由10余条NE方向、具右旋走滑特征的地表破裂呈左阶形式组成,总体走向N30°E,最大右旋位移2.3m,多数地段的垂直位移为0.5 ～0.7m.近年有学者提出,在更大范围内出现的地表破坏现象.分辨这些地表破...     

汶川大地震液化的特点及带来的新问题

总结汶川8.0级大地震液化及其震害科学考察结果,分析此次地震液化带来的新问题.结果表明,汶川大地震中液化及其震害现象显著,是建国以来液化涉及区域最广、液化宏观现象最为丰富的一次;本次地震液化宏观现象特点为喷水高、持时短、喷砂量小但喷砂类型十分丰富;砂砾土液化、Ⅵ度区内场地液化、深层土液化、无液化减震以及液化普遍伴随地裂缝是此次地震液化5个突出特征;砂砾土液化判别技术、液化引起地表裂缝机理和预测方法、Ⅵ度区内场地液化与深层土的液化机理和预测方法、液化加减震发生条件、场地液化现场判定与识别技术等是新的课题.为解决上述问题,应优先发展岩土地震工程观测技术及建设岩土地震工程实验场.     

区域土壤地震液化预测简化方法

利用可大范围获取的空间参数给出区域土壤液化的评估方法,可预估震前各地区土壤液化可能性,可快速评估震后震区土壤液化情况,对预防减轻地震灾害以及地震快速响应救援都具有重要意义的.本文以我国1976唐山大地震液化调查资料为背景,提出了区域土壤液化预测的四参数简化评估方法,并用2011年新西兰基督城地震进行了检验.选取场地平均剪切波速V s30、复合地形指数CTI、场地到河流的距离DR以及地面峰值加速度PGA,分别代表土壤密实程度、饱水状态、地质年代和遭遇的地震作用大小,并基于我国唐山地震液化区域调查资料生成的样本,运用经典二元Logistic回归方法,建立了区域土壤液化预测模型和评估公式,回归检验结果良好,整体回判成功率为77%,非液化和液化区域成功率分别为73%和78%.将公式应用于评估2011年新西兰基督城地震液化情况,区域液化和非液化成功率分别为82%和88%,总体成功率为84%.以上结果表明本文模型可靠,方法正确,可用于区域土壤液化震前预估以及土壤液化震后快速评估.     

新疆巴楚地震液化宏观现象的对比分析

2003年2月24日新疆巴楚-伽师地区发生6.8级地震,出现了唐山、海城地震后近30年我国最具规模的砂土液化现象。本文通过现场调查和资料分析,并与以往大地震液化比较,提出了此次地震液化宏观现象的认识,包括液化分布特征、喷水冒砂形态、液化震害和工程地质条件等几个方面。结果表明,此次地震液化宏观现象与我国以往几次大地震有很多不同,具有很大的研究价值。     

2007年宁洱6.4级地震震害综述

给出了宁洱6.4级地震4个烈度区的分布情况,详细介绍了本次地震造成的各类建筑物震害、各烈度区的建筑结构特点和震害特征、生命线工程和水利设施的震害以及地表裂缝、滑坡和沙土液化及喷沙冒水等地震地质灾害,并对形成震害的原因进行了初步分析。     

Liquefaction assessments using seismic piezocone penetration (SCPTU) test investigations in Tangshan region in China

Shear wave velocity (V_s) measurements from seismic piezocone penetration (SCPTU) soundings have been increasingly used for site characterization and liquefaction potential assessments. Several sites in Tangshan region, China liquefied during the Tangshan earthquake, M_w=7.8 in 1976 and these sites were characterized recently using the SCPTU device. Other sites in the same region where liquefaction was not observed are also included in the present field investigations. Three liquefaction assessment models-based on measured shear wave velocity, shear modulus and tip resistance parameters of SCPTU are evaluated in this paper for their accurate predictions of liquefaction or non-liquefaction at the test sites. Analyses showed that the shear wave velocity—liquefaction resistance model with normalized overburden vertical stress have yielded a success rate of 78% in predicting liquefied site cases and another similar approach with mean stress based normalization has a success rate of 67%. The correlation of q_c/G_o-CRR_7.5 based on geological age has correctly assessed the liquefaction potential at most sites considered in this research. Overall, all three models based on shear wave velocity, shear modulus and cone tip resistance are proven valuable in the assessments of liquefaction at the present test sites in the Tangshan region.     

1976年唐山MS7.8地震乐亭—滦南地区NW向地裂缝带赵滩点位调查

1976年唐山M_S7.8地震的早期野外调查结果显示, 在乐亭—滦南地区存在一条NW走向的地裂缝带, 自滦南县申营村往南断续延伸至乐亭县王滩镇王各庄村, 长度大于30 km, 以右旋走滑为主． 该地裂缝是1976年唐山M_S7.8地震形成的, 但其地理位置接近1976年唐山地震序列中滦县M_S7.1地震形成的NW向地表破裂带延伸方向上． 为进一步研究唐山地震的发震构造, 本文拟基于前人资料, 对乐亭—滦南地区NW向地裂缝带赵滩点位展开调查, 并实施探槽开挖和钻孔探测． 探槽揭示出小型砂脉和宽1.0—1.2 m的大型砂脉分别为1976年唐山M_S7.8地震和该地震之前另一次强震事件的产物; 钻孔探测结果表明主砂脉两侧地层不存在明显的垂直落差, 这与1976年唐山M_S7.8地震时该点位出现的地裂缝现象是右旋剪切以及赵滩探槽揭示的两侧垂直位移不明显的现象相吻合．      

饱和土液化的判别方法

本文对我国TJ11—74规范的液化判别方法进行了讨论,指出它在很多情况下,判别结果偏于保守。根据唐山地震饱和土液化现场勘察资料,对上述液化判别方法进行了修正,给出了基准N值与地震烈度及震级的关系,确定了地下水位及饱和土埋深的影响系数,探讨了土中粘粒的影响。修正后的液化判别式,在一般情况下,都可以给出符合实际的结果。     

唐山大地震的重复间隔

在1976年唐山地震形成的地面裂缝带上三个地段(市十中、市畜产公司牛马库和礼尚庄东)开挖了三个探槽,揭示出保存在晚更新世沉积物中的两次古地震遗迹。在唐山外围的地震地质调查中,也相应地发现了一次古地震形迹。文中通过对地裂缝和液化规模的类比分析,推测其烈度与1976年7.8级地震相近。古地震发生年代,经年~(14)C年代测定和沉积速率估算,分别发生于距今7665±105年和14865年。大震重复间隔近似值为7500年     

A new model on the cause of Tangshan earthquakes in 1976

Introduction The Tangshan earthquake sequence in 1976 is one of most important events in North China. Although nearly thirty years passed and there are some researches on its cause, it is far from the end. Here we introduce two explanations for the cause of Tangshan earthquakes and point out their defects. One is that there is a diamond block in NEE direction in Tangshan region, which is shaped by cutting action of NingheChangli fault, FengtaiYejituo fault, Luanxian fault and Jiyunhe fau…     

用大地测量资料反演的1976年唐山地震的位错模式

运用反演理论探讨了由“零频”资料反演大地震震源模式的基本原理和方法,并用大地测量资料反演了1976年唐山7.8级地震的位错模式。得到的结果表明唐山地震的发震构造是一个总体走向为北东49°的右旋-正断层,断层面倾向南东,倾角76°。这个地震的断层长84公里,宽34公里,走向滑动错距459厘米,倾向滑动错距50厘米,地震矩4.3×10²⁷达因-厘米,应力降29巴,应变降4.3×10^-5,释放的能量3.7×10²³尔格。由形变资料反演的平均错距和地震矩远大于由地震波资料定出的平均错距（270厘米）和地震矩(1.8×10²⁷达因-厘米),它表明在地震区的地壳内震前可能已经发生了无震滑动--断层蠕动。无震滑动的规模比主震还要大一些,它的矩估计约为2.5×10²⁷达因-厘米。唐山地震前虽然没有前震,但是却有规模这么大的“震前蠕动”,这可能是唐山地震与其他许多有前震的地震（如海城地震）的根本区别,它的许多与别的地震不同的前兆可能与此有关。     

不同强度地震作用下的心墙堆石坝三维动力液化分析

东圳水库大坝位于福建省莆田市城厢区,该水利枢纽处于华南沿海地震带北段,由于水库建设时我国尚未有抗震设防烈度标准,因此亟需对其抗震稳定性进行复核。以东圳水库大坝为原型,结合已有的地震资料,选用Byrne液化模型,采用FLAC3D软件,研究了在50年超越概率10%、5%和2%地震作用下坝体填料的液化特征及最终位移情况。结果显示,在地震作用下,坝体上游砂砾石填料会发生局部液化,且液化区随着地震强度的增大而增加,但尚未出现大面积连续液化区;坝体填料发生液化后,产生了有限度的塑性变形,其变形量也随着地震强度的增大而有所增加;除坝顶较小区域外,坝体总位移量相对较小,对大坝整体稳定性不会产生显著影响。研究结论可以为大坝的抗震加固和治理措施的选择提供依据和参考。     

2020年7月12日唐山5.1级地震分析

对2020年7月12日唐山5.1级地震的发震特点、地震的性质、发震构造以及破裂机制进行初步分析,推测唐山断裂可能为其控震断裂。地震前唐山地区和震中所处的华北构造区的地震活动性异常以缺震和显著平静为主,表明该区域地壳应力积累到了一定程度。分析认为：此次唐山5.1级地震属于1976年7月28日唐山7.8级大震震区内的地震起伏活动;此次地震的序列本身并不丰富,震区烈度偏低、有感范围大。     

Realistic Modeling of Seismic Wave Ground Motion in Beijing City

— Algorithms for the calculation of synthetic seismograms in laterally heterogeneous anelastic media have been applied to model the ground motion in Beijing City. The synthetic signals are compared with the few available seismic recordings (1998, Zhangbei earthquake) and with the distribution of observed macroseismic intensity (1976, Tangshan earthquake). The synthetic three-component seismograms have been computed for the Xiji area and Beijing City. The numerical results show that the thick Tertiary and Quaternary sediments are responsible for the severe amplification of the seismic ground motion. Such a result is well correlated with the abnormally high macroseismic intensity zone in the Xiji area associated with the 1976 Tangshan earthquake as well as with the ground motion recorded in Beijing city in the wake of the 1998 Zhangbei earthquake.     

Distribution and characteristics of gravelly soil liquefaction in the Wenchuan M_s 8.0 earthquake

In this paper,a distribution map of gravelly soil liquefaction that was caused by the Wenchuan M_s 8.0 earthquake in China is proposed based on a detailed field investigation and an analysis of geological soil profiles. The geological background of the earthquake disaster region is summarized by compiling geological cross sections and borehole logs. Meanwhile,four typical liquefied sites were selected to conduct sample drillings,dynamic penetration tests (DPT),and shear wave velocity tests,to understand the features of liquefied gravelly soil. One hundred and eighteen (118) liquefied sites were investigated shortly after the earthquake. The field investigation showed:(1) sandboils and waterspouts occurred extensively,involving thousands of miles of farmland,120 villages,eight schools and five factories,which caused damage to some rural houses,schools,manufacturing facilities and wells,etc.; (2) the Chengdu plain is covered by a gravelly soil layer with a thickness of 0 m to 541 m according to the geological cross sections; (3) there were 80 gravelly soil liquefied sites in the Chengdu plain,shaped as five belt areas that varied from 20 km to 40 km in length,and about ten gravelly soil liquefied sites distributed within Mianyang area; and (4) the grain sizes of the sampled soil were relative larger than the ejected soil on the ground,thus the type of liquefied soil cannot be determined by the ejected soil. The gravelly soil liquefied sites are helpful in enriching the global database of gravelly soil liquefaction and developing a corresponding evaluation method in further research efforts.     

Distribution and characteristics of gravelly soil liquefaction in the Wenchuan <Emphasis Type="Italic">M</Emphasis><Subscript>s</Subscript> 8.0 earthquake

In this paper,a distribution map of gravelly soil liquefaction that was caused by the Wenchuan M_s 8.0 earthquake in China is proposed based on a detailed field investigation and an analysis of geological soil profiles. The geological background of the earthquake disaster region is summarized by compiling geological cross sections and borehole logs. Meanwhile,four typical liquefied sites were selected to conduct sample drillings,dynamic penetration tests (DPT),and shear wave velocity tests,to understand the features of liquefied gravelly soil. One hundred and eighteen (118) liquefied sites were investigated shortly after the earthquake. The field investigation showed:(1) sandboils and waterspouts occurred extensively,involving thousands of miles of farmland,120 villages,eight schools and five factories,which caused damage to some rural houses,schools,manufacturing facilities and wells,etc.; (2) the Chengdu plain is covered by a gravelly soil layer with a thickness of 0 m to 541 m according to the geological cross sections; (3) there were 80 gravelly soil liquefied sites in the Chengdu plain,shaped as five belt areas that varied from 20 km to 40 km in length,and about ten gravelly soil liquefied sites distributed within Mianyang area; and (4) the grain sizes of the sampled soil were relative larger than the ejected soil on the ground,thus the type of liquefied soil cannot be determined by the ejected soil. The gravelly soil liquefied sites are helpful in enriching the global database of gravelly soil liquefaction and developing a corresponding evaluation method in further research efforts.     

基于2011年新西兰地震的CPT液化特征研究

2011年2月22日,新西兰第二大城市克赖斯特彻市附近发生M_s6.3级地震,震中位于克赖斯特彻市西南10km处,震源深度为5km。地震造成了大量的人员伤亡和经济损失,重建费用估计高达40亿新西兰元,得到共识是砂土液化为震害主因。此次地震,液化震害极为严重,喷砂冒水范围广泛分布于城市内外,引起大量次生灾害,地震也为砂土液化特征研究,特别是检验和发展液化判别方法提供了大量宝贵的液化数据。本文收集整理震后132个勘察点的勘察资料,包括静力触探试验（以下简称"CPT"）数据、地表峰值加速度和地下水位等。通过对数据的研究,得到了地震液化场地加速度分布、地下水位分布和砂层埋深分布等特征。检验了我国现有的静力触探试验液化判别方法,结果表明:液化场地主要分布在PGA为0.5~0.65g附近,液化层5m以内居多,我国CPT液化判别方法对于10m以下判别存在明显的错误,同时此次地震还发现多个液化层位于20m以下,对于这个深度,国内CPT液化判别方法还未涉猎。