一期前后路联合治疗多节段脊髓型颈椎病

目的：分析一期前后路联合治疗多节段脊髓型颈椎病的效果。方法：对于56例多节段脊髓型颈椎病患者，先行后路椎板切除后行前路减压植骨融合内固定术，随访6个月～3年（平均16个月）。结果：术后未发生明显脊髓损伤加重表现，无切口感染，术前平均JOA评分为5～13分，平均9．7分，术后JOA评分增加至9～16分，平均为14．65分。改善率68．5％。优良率达67．9％。结论：一期前后路治疗脊髓型颈椎病减压彻底，效果良好。     

一期前后路联合治疗多节段脊髓型颈椎病

目的：分析一期前后路联合治疗多节段脊髓型颈椎病的效果。方法：对于56例多节段脊髓型颈椎病患者，先行后路椎板切除后行前路减压植骨融合内固定术，随访6个月-3年（平均16个月）。结果：术后未发生明显脊髓损伤加重表现，无切口感染，术前平均JOA评分为5～13分，平均9．7分，术后JOA评分增加至9-16分，平均为14．65分。改善率68．5％。优良率达67．9％。结论：一期前后路治疗脊髓型颈椎病减压彻底，效果良好。     

颈前路手术治疗脊髓型颈椎病临床疗效的影响因素分析

目的探讨脊髓型颈椎病前路手术疗效与影响手术疗效的相关因素。方法回顾本院2000年1月～2006年12月颈前路手术治疗并随访的脊髓型颈椎病患者91例，手术单节段55例，双节段31例，3节段5例。术前及随访时摄颈椎侧位X线片，测量颈椎曲度、前柱高度，JOA（17分）法评估患者神经功能状况及术后疗效，并分析相关因素。结果随访12～75个月，平均34．1个月，术后改善率为51．30％±16．10％，优良率为70．33％。术后改善率与年龄、病程、术前功能评分、颈椎曲度增加值、颈前柱前缘高度增加率有关。结论颈前路减压植骨融合内固定手术对脊髓型颈椎病治疗有效，一经确诊即需手术处理，改善颈椎曲度、增加颈前柱前缘高度可改善手术疗效。     

经皮激光椎间盘减压术治疗神经根型颈椎病的2年疗效观察

目的:观察经皮激光椎问盘减压术(percutaneous laser disc decompression,PLDD)治疗神经根型颈椎病的疗效.方法:2002年12月～2005年6月我院采用PLDD治疗神经根型颈椎病患者31例,其中获得2年连续随访者24例,男,女各12例,年龄37-74岁,平均52.7岁,其巾单节段手术者7例,双节段手术者12例,3节段手术者5例.采用JOA 20分法对术后1、3、6、12、24个月的疗效进行评价.结果:术后1、3、6、12、24个月的JOA评分优良率(改善率≥50%患者所占比例)分别为45.8%、50%、583%、70.8%、66.7%,各时间点的优良率比较无统计学差异(P＞0.05).结论:PLDD治疗神经根型颈椎病具有一定的疗效,且在术后2年内疗效稳定.     

经皮激光椎间盘减压术治疗腰椎间盘突出症的疗效观察

目的：观察经皮激光椎间盘减压术（percutaneous laser disc decompression，PLDD）治疗腰椎间盘突出症的疗效，探讨其与年龄的相关性。方法：2002年9月～2006年3月48例腰椎间盘突出症患者共91个椎间盘应用Nd：YAG激光行PLDD治疗，其中男28例，女20例，年龄19～72岁，平均45．4岁；45岁以上者25例，小于45岁者23例。于术前和术后1、3、6、12、24及36个月应用JOA29分法评分，术后评分改善率在50％以上为优良。结果：48例患者随访24个月．22例患者随访36个月。术后1、3、6、12、24个月48例患者和术后36个月22例患者的JOA评分改善优良率分别为56．25％、81.25％、81．25％、79．17％、87．50％和86.36％，其中〉45岁组分别为56．00％、80．00％、76．00％、80．00％、84．00％和77．78％％，〈45岁组分别为56．52％、82．61％、86．96％、78.26％、91.30％和92.31％，术后各时间点两组的优良率无显著性差异（P〉0．05）：每组术后3个月的优良率明显高于术后1个月（P〈0．05），而术后3、6、12、24及36个月的优良率无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。结论：PLDD治疗不同年龄组腰椎间盘突出症患者均取得了良好的疗效．术后前3个月改善较为明显，此后逐渐稳定并维持在较高水平。     

单开门椎管扩大成形术治疗脊髓型颈椎病疗效分析

目的 评价后路单开门椎管扩大成形术治疗脊髓型颈椎病的疗效及影响因素。方法 对47例脊髓型颈椎病行单开门椎管成型术，平均随访时间39．2个月，手术前后应用JOA评分法，对脊髓功能的改善情况进行对比分析。结果 病程小于6个月者2、3年改善率分别为68.06％、69.21％；病程超过6个月者2、3年改善率分别为61.80％、62.43％。术后2年的改善率与术前JOA评分呈负相关性(r=-0．30)。结论 单开门椎管扩大成形术后疗效肯定，术后缓解率同病程长短以及术前脊髓功能受损程度有关，脊髓功能恢复在2年时基本稳定。     

老年人脊髓型颈椎病的手术治疗

目的 探讨老年人脊髓型颈椎病手术及围手术期特点。方法 回顾性分析了32例老年人脊髓型颈椎病临床资料，术前JOA评分为3～14分，平均5．8分。32例均行颈前路减压，植骨融合术，其中20例行自锁钢板内固定。结果 32例中随访27例，时间4～60个月，平均29．4个月，JOA评分5～17分，平均10．5分，改善率为9．2～82．40％，平均71．82％。Odom’s临床疗效评定标准：优6例，良13例，好转5例，差3例，优良率70．37％。结论 重视老年人术前危险情况的针对性处理，选择好手术时机，术后密切观察病情变化。对老年人CSM术前全面客观的评价，有助于减少手术并发症，使手术更加安全可靠。     

一期前后路联合手术治疗多节段脊髓型颈椎病

目的观察一期前后路联合手术治疗多节段脊髓型颈椎病的疗效。方法自2006年1月至2011年8月收治的25例多节段脊髓型颈椎病患者,其中男16例,女9例;年龄57—68岁,平均年龄62岁。所有患者行一期前后路联合手术治疗。根据术前、术后JOA评分及神经功能改善率,观察该术式的临床疗效。结果25例患者经过1年以上的随访,JOA由术前（7．0±0．26）分到术后1年（15．4±0．24）分,改善率为84％。结论一期前后路联合手术治疗脊髓型颈椎病疗效满意,是较理想的手术方法。     

70岁以上脊髓型颈椎病患者的临床及手术治疗特点

目的：探讨70岁以上高龄脊髓型颈椎病患者的临床和手术治疗特点。方法：对33例70～87岁颈椎减压手术患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析，术前、术后采用JOA评分标准评定。结果：术前JOA评分3～12分，平均7.2分。术后平均随访21．5个月，JOA评分8～16分，平均11．7分，改善率13％～84％，平均45.2％。优2例，良13例，可18例，无变化2例。结论：70岁以上脊髓型颈椎病患者病程长，颈椎间盘突出位置高，术前神经功能差，手术减压效果低于其他年龄组，但可改善患者的日常生活自理能力。     

单开门并神经根管扩大术治疗脊髓型颈椎病

目的：探讨应用单开门并神经根管扩大术治疗多节段脊髓型颈椎病的手术方法与效果。方法：采用后路单开门椎管扩大成形与神经根管扩大术治疗多节段脊髓型颈椎病27例。结果：全组经3-75个月，平均26个月的随访。疗效按（JOA）17分评分标准评定：优（术后改善率＞75％）16例，良（50％-74％）6例，中（25％-49％）4例，差（≤24％）1例，平均优良率81.4％。结论：后路单开门椎管扩大成形与神经根管扩大术，在脊髓得到充分减压的同时也解除了神经根的压迫，可以提高椎管扩大成形术的手术疗效。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.