湖北江陵凹陷古新统沙市组四段硫酸盐硫同位素组成及其地质意义

江汉盆地江陵凹陷古新统沙市组四段硬石膏和钙芒硝中硫同位素组成为25.2‰~32.6‰,远远高于同时期海水硫同位素(20‰)。结合研究区古新统沙四段蒸发岩⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr研究,借助Mg、Ca、Sr、Ba等元素及其Mg/Ca、Sr/Ba,认为江陵凹陷沙四段时期湖盆为封闭的陆相盐湖。根据典型暖相盐类矿物(原生钙芒硝)的广泛发育和指示气候干旱程度的Fe₂O₃/FeO特征,可以推断研究区在沙市组四段沉积晚期的古气候属于暖旱型气候。在温暖干旱的气候环境下,硫酸盐沉积物供给率较低,因此当时的沉积环境对硫酸盐是封闭的。通过Fe、Mn、Al、 Mg、Ca、Ni、V 、Co、Cu等主微量元素以及Fe/Mn、(Fe+Al)/(Ca+Mg)、w(V+Ni+Mn)、V/(V + Ni)、Ni /Co、Cu/Zn的研究表明,研究区沙市组四段环境为湖盆浪基面之下的缺氧还原环境,为常年性较深水分层湖泊。上述缺氧沉积环境下存在大量的厌氧细菌,表生（≤50 ℃）条件下,厌氧细菌使硫酸盐SO^2-₄还原成H₂S,后者与金属离子结合形成硫化物或直接从体系中逸出,再加上当时的内陆环境对硫酸盐是相对封闭的,这种硫循环过程是造成研究区硬石膏和钙芒硝硫同位素值较高的原因,也是研究区最重要的硫同位素分馏过程。     

西藏甲玛铜多金属矿硫同位素地球化学研究

西藏墨竹工卡县甲玛铜多金属矿床位于冈底斯成矿带东段,Cu、Mo、Pb+Zn、Au、Ag均达大型规模,并伴生Co、Bi、W、Ni等多金属矿化。黄铜矿、斑铜矿、辉钼矿、方铅矿、闪锌矿、黝铜矿、辉铜矿等硫化物为主要的矿石矿物,硫酸盐矿物以硬石膏为主,含矿岩浆岩以花岗斑岩、二长花岗斑岩和花岗闪长斑岩为主。通过对甲玛矿区主要硫化物和硬石膏的硫同位素分析,并结合前人研究,甲玛矿区硫化物的硫同位素δ34S值变化于13.6‰～+12.5‰,平均值1.33‰(样品数86)、硬石膏δ34S值+0.5‰～+1.8‰,平均值+1.13‰(样品数3)、岩浆岩δ34S值0.7‰～0.2‰,平均值0.5‰(样品数3),与岩浆硫δ34S值0±3‰一致。闪锌矿-方铅矿-黄铜矿矿物对的硫同位素地质温度计,显示成矿温度为408～433℃,说明其形成时硫同位素处于平衡状态。冈底斯成矿带上的驱龙等斑岩型矿床中硫化物和岩浆岩硫同位素,均具有δ34S值变化范围小,平均值接近0值,与岩浆硫特征一致的特点,反映了甲玛铜多金属矿床具有矽卡岩-斑岩型矿床硫同位素地球化学特征,硫以岩浆来源为主。     

陕西柞水银洞子银铅矿床硫同位素地质研究

在银洞子银铅矿床中,硫同位素组成变化很大,围岩地层中硫化物的δ~(34)S/‰值为-3.2—+6.5,13号矿体的硫同位素以富集重硫为特征,硫化物和硫酸盐的δ~(34)S/‰值为+4—+28.48,而小铅矿体群的硫同位素以相对富集轻硫为特征,硫化物的δ~(34)S/‰为-3.5—+4.67,其顶板岩石为接近零的负值.研究表明,矿体和围岩中的硫主要来自封闭盆地中海水硫酸盐的还原,沉积环境经历了对H_2S的封闭—开放—封闭的过程,矿体是在海底热卤水中沉积形成的,硫化物的δ~(34)值受沉积环境和热卤水的物理化学条件所制约.     

塔里木盆地奥陶系碳酸盐岩中黄铁矿的成因

塔里木盆地下古生界(特别是奥陶系)碳酸盐岩地层中常见大量自生黄铁矿存在于碳酸盐岩、裂缝和溶蚀孔洞以及岩溶角砾和岩溶孔洞充填砂泥碎屑物质中。根据产状和硫同位素值,黄铁矿可分为两组,一组的δ34S值范围为-25.7‰～-4.7‰,平均为-17.6‰,为细菌硫酸盐还原作用(BSR)成因,发生在碳酸盐岩被抬升至地表接受岩溶改造的时期;另一组的δ34S值范围为+11.2‰～+31.3‰,平均为21.8‰,是受岩浆作用的影响,在热化学硫酸盐还原作用(TSR)下形成的。通过分析认为塔里木盆地下古生界地层天然气中较高含量的H2S主要是TSR作用的产物。     

膏盐在金顶铅锌矿成矿中的作用：硫和锶同位素证据

云南金顶铅锌、天青石、石膏和硫铁矿超大型复合矿床位于兰坪盆地的北缘,矿床中富含沥青和重油等有机质和膏盐类矿物。大部分硬石膏和石膏的δ34SV-CDT集中分布在+12‰~+16‰之间,与三叠纪末期海洋硫酸盐的δ34SV-CDT值+15‰相近;天青石的δ34SV-CDT较为离散,+6‰~+26‰,但在整体上围绕着硬石膏分布。除少部分早期成岩-矿化阶段形成的硫化物具有极低的生物成因特征的δ34SV-CDT以外,大部分金属硫化物的δ34SV-CDT呈现出“两段式”的分布特征,一组δ34SV-CDT集中在-12‰~-20‰区间,与石膏的δ34SV-CDT值相差约30‰;另一组δ34SV-CDT集中在-8‰~-2‰区间,与石膏的δ34SV-CDT值相差约20‰。在200℃的主成矿温度下,硫酸盐与硫化氢之间的硫同位素分馏刚好为30‰,在300℃为20‰,这与金顶矿床中石膏-硫化物之间硫同位素分布规律一致,表明矿床中的大部分硫源自有机质还原三叠纪膏盐所产生的硫化氢。当富含Pb2+、Zn2+、Sr2+等阳离子的成矿溶液与富含有机质、CO2、H2S和硫酸盐的热水溶液在推覆穹窿构造中汇合时,Pb2+、Zn2+与H2S结合生成方铅矿和闪锌矿,Sr2+与SO42-结合生成天青石。另外,矿区天青石、石膏、灰岩角砾和金属硫化物的锶同位素数据表明膏盐类矿床中的锶 (87Sr/86Sr=0.707765~0.710553)可能并非仅来自于三叠纪海相地层(87Sr/86Sr=0.70695~0.70845),而是成矿热液对各个流经地层和蒸发岩的萃取;受成矿热液中高锶同位素组成的混染,灰岩角砾岩的锶同位素组成相对于三叠纪的灰岩有明显增高。膏盐-有机质(油气)-金属硫化物矿床三位一体可能是普遍规律。     

湘西唐家寨铅锌矿床锶、硫同位素及其对成矿物质来源的指示意义

唐家寨铅锌矿床位于湘西龙山—洛塔铅锌矿区的中部。对闪锌矿开展了锶同位素测试分析,通过成矿年龄(372Ma)的校正,得到初始(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)i的范围为0.70904~0.71143,平均值为0.70998(n=10),大于矿床形成时的海水Sr同位素,远小于富含有机质的下寒武统石牌组页岩层的Sr同位素,推测成矿流体中的Sr,可能是由具有较低Sr同位素组成的成矿期的海水混染了具有高Sr同位素的下寒武统石牌组页岩层而致。9件闪锌矿和方铅矿样品的δ~(34)SV-CDT值介于14.78‰~17.21‰,平均值为15.84‰,比同期(早奥陶世)海相硫酸盐硫同位素组成的平均值(29.5‰)低13.66‰,符合该矿床成矿温度(100~200℃)条件下硫同位素的分馏效应(10‰~20‰),表明硫化物中还原硫可能主要来源于赋矿地层中海相硫酸盐的热化学还原作用(TSR)。     

四川广元-陕西镇巴地区上奥陶统五峰组地球化学特征及沉积环境意义

上奥陶统五峰组黑色页岩有机质含量高,生烃潜力巨大,为南方海相油气勘探的重点层位。对于上奥陶统五峰组的沉积环境,历来争议较大,主要为浅水成因论和深海成因论。本文从前人的研究成果出发,运用元素地球化学方法,对研究区五峰组的古氧相、古气候、古水深等沉积环境进行分析。分析结果显示,研究区V/(V+Ni)平均值为0.64;U/Th为1.87;V/Cr为2.98;Ni/Co为15.07,V/(V+Ni)、V/Cr、U/Th等值均指示研究区五峰组沉积环境为强还原环境。Mn O/Ti O2比值在0.02~1.89之间,其平均值为0.23,指示离陆地较近的边缘浅海环境;样品总体上表现为高Ba低Sr的趋势,Sr/Ba比值普遍较低,平均值为0.02,远远小于1,指示五峰组沉积环境应该为淡水沉积。稀土元素总体表现为轻稀土富集,δCe值位于0.77~1.57之间,平均值为1.11,为Ce正异常或不明显的Ce负异常,Ce/La平均值为2.22,δEu平均值为0.59,表明研究区五峰组形成于贫氧-厌氧的浅海沉积环境。     

蒸发岩中硫同位素的地球化学特征及其沉积学意义——以思茅盆地MZK- 3井为例

思茅盆地目前是中国唯一的含古代固体钾盐矿床的沉积盆地,其钾盐形成时代、物源特征、海侵方向等多年来一直存在争议。本文依据海相硬石膏的形成条件、存在形式、同位素分馏机理,重点分析了盆地内MZK-3井蒸发岩硫同位素的地球化学特征。结果表明:①岩盐中的硬石膏在蒸发盆地析岩盐阶段即可形成,单独成层的硬石膏是由原始沉积的石膏经历了沉积埋藏升温进而脱水而成;②岩盐中硬石膏的硫同位素值具有"双峰"特征,分别为14‰～16‰和8‰～10‰或6‰～8‰,这体现了硫酸盐的双重来源——原始海水中的硫酸盐和陆源淡水输入的硫酸盐或火山活动提供的硫源;③硬石膏层的硫同位素在区域上具有对比性,结合~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr值的特征,认为其代表了海相的沉积环境;④硬石膏层的硫同位素值平面上由南向北降低,可能反映了在此方向陆源淡水或火山活动对蒸发岩盆地的影响逐渐增强,进而说明这可能也是海侵的方向。可见对硬石膏硫同位素的研究,不仅在沉积学上能揭示物源、沉积环境、海侵方向等信息,更能对研究区钾盐矿床勘查提供有益的参考。     

陕北盐盆中奥陶统马五段蒸发岩硫同位素特征及其古环境意义

奥陶纪时期陕北盐盆位于华北海与祁连海的连接处,该地区在中奥陶世沉积了巨厚的蒸发岩-碳酸盐岩相,其马家沟组五段岩性以中薄层泥晶-细粉晶白云岩-硬石膏岩、中厚层粗粉晶白云岩与灰岩、中厚层石盐-硬石膏、硬石膏-石盐-泥岩的组合特征。本文对马五段蒸发岩-碳酸盐岩层硬石膏硫同位素特征开展了系统的研究工作,研究表明陕北盐盆奥陶系马五段硬石膏硫同位素值普遍较高,马五段大部分硬石膏硫同位素值其分布范围为25.03‰~29.25‰,落于奥陶纪全球海水δ~(34)S值范围内。硫同位素值的大小与岩性密切相关,硬石膏δ~(34)S值具体表现为灰岩/白云岩段均值为27.28‰(25.77‰~29.25‰)泥岩段均值为26.22‰(25.49‰~28.08‰)石盐段均值为25.41‰(25.03‰~26.04‰)。多种因素影响蒸发岩盆地硬石膏同位素值差异,研究区海侵阶段具有δ~(34)S高值,主要受海相沉积作用、古气候及缺氧状态下MSR作用等因素影响;海退阶段封闭环境具有相对较低δ~(34)S值,卤水形成封闭循环及淡水溶解地层原有硫酸盐矿物形成的混合卤水的加入等因素影响。     

云南会泽铅锌矿田硫同位素研究

为探讨会泽铅锌矿田成矿流体总硫同位素组成、成矿温度、硫源及还原硫的形成机制,在分析前人的硫同位素数据基础上对麒麟厂矿床上部原生矿体硫化物(黄铁矿、闪锌矿和方铅矿)及麒麟厂和矿山厂矿床外围新发现的硫酸盐矿物(重晶石)进行了硫同位素研究。结果显示,原生矿体中的硫化物的δ34S变化为8.0‰~17.68‰,成矿流体中硫同位素已达分馏平衡;矿床外围的硫酸盐δ34S变化为17.95‰~24.30‰。利用共生矿物对Pinckney法,估算获得成矿流体的δ34SΣS为14.44‰,与海相硫酸盐的δ34S相近;通过同位素地质温度计,估算获得成矿温度为134~388℃;包裹体测温发现,重晶石为热液成因,暗示成矿流体中的硫可能来自矿区及矿区外围各个地层的海相硫酸盐或是矿区发现的热液重晶石。硫酸盐的还原机制应为热化学还原作用(TSR)。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Shock-induced amorphous textures in plagioclase,Manicouagan, Quebec,Canada

The textural relationships and structural states of optically isotropic labradorite from the Manicouagan, Quebec, impact structure have been examined by light (optical) and transmission electron (TEM) microscopy. Two distinct diaplectic glasses have been recognized based on their contrasting morphology, timing and the inferred modes of formation. The earliest isotropic bands and grain-scale isotropism (maskelynite) optically exhibit a gradational,in situ transformation from crystalline plagioclase with preservation of relict textures (twins, grain boundaries). The same transformation from crystalline to amorphous structure is observed in TEM to occur heterogeneously at scales on the order of the unit cell. The progressive transformation of optical properties reflects an increase in the volume fraction and eventual coalescence of these amorphous units. This maskelynite-type diaplectic glass is interpreted to form in the solid-state directly from crystalline material during the compressional phase of the shock wave. The other isotropic material occurs in spatially discrete tensiongashes and planar deformation features (PDFs) that overprint the maskelynite-type glass. This second type of diaplectic glass (PDF-type) is developed homogeneously within a given glass band and exhibits sharp crystal-glass boundaries, in contrast to the gradational boundaries of the maskelynite-type glass. PDF-type glass is interpreted to form by melting in tensional release zones during passage of the rarefaction wave. These observations emphasize the ability of naturally shocked rocks to preserve subtle evidence of variations in the shock process from highly transient events.     

A catastrophic rockslide-debris flow in Wulong, Chongqing, China in 2009: background, characterization, and causes

On June 5, 2009, a catastrophic rockslide-debris flow occurred at the crest of the Jiweishan Mountain in Wulong, Chongqing, China. Approximately five million cubic meters of limestone blocks slid along a weak interlayer of bituminous and carbonaceous shale. The source mass descended from the upper part of the slope rapidly, crossing a 200-m wide and 50-m deep creek in front of it. Blocked by the opposite steep creek wall, the sliding mass changed its direction and traveled a further 2.2 km along the creek in debris-flow mode, finally forming a large accumulation zone with an average depth of 30 m. This is one of the most catastrophic rockslide events in recent years in China. It buried 12 houses and the entrance of an iron mining tunnel where some 27 miners were working inside. Ten people died, 64 missing, and eight wounded. Immediately after this disaster happened, the government organized an expert team to assist the rescue work. As one of the geological experts, the author did a lot of field investigations and collected first-hand information. Multi-methods including the remote sensing, 3D laser scanning, geophysical exploration, and numerical modeling were used for analyzing the characteristics and the triggering mechanism of the Wulong rockslide. The preliminary investigation results reveal that this rockslide with poor geological conditions was mainly induced by the gravitation and the karst effect and also affected by the previous mining activities. The research in this paper is meaningful and useful for further research on such kind of rockslides that are geologically similar to the Wulong rockslide.     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

湖北宜昌王家湾五峰组顶部Chondrites的发现及其环境意义

本文报道了湖北宜昌王家湾剖面五峰组笔石页岩段观音桥层发现的遗迹化石Chondrites的分布及其生态特点。结合生物相和同期上扬子海盆相对海平面的变化,分析了盆地水体底域在缺氧一富氧转折时期的古氧相变化特征：指出五峰组笔石页岩段上部地层沉积底域为典型的缺氧环境,在其与上覆观音桥段之间的沉积转换面附近发生了从无氧到有氧的转变,观音桥段中Hirnantia动物群繁盛于富氧的海底环境。     

Flood anticipation,reality, and uncertainty,the 2019 flood in Khuzestan,Iran

Natural Hazards - Despite the application of various methods to calculate uncertainty in flood vulnerability assessments, the challenge of uncertainty remains. The main purpose of this study was to...     

丘北普者黑岩溶地貌景观特征

通过介绍普者黑地区的岩溶地貌特征,借鉴石林和桂林的研究模式,对普者黑的岩溶地貌形成机理进行了深入研究,并针对普者黑独特的亚热带高原岩溶地貌的特征,阐述了其研究的科学价值。     

Analysis of F, Al, Mn, Zn, Fe, Cu, Ca and Mg concentrations in brick teas from main producing areas in China

Brick-tea-type fluorosis is a peculiar endemic disease in China, which had been discovered in minority areas of western China since 1980, and distributed mainly in Tibet, Inner Mongolia, Gansu, Xinjiang, Qinghai and parts of Sichuan Province. The prevalence rate of fluorosis in Tibetan and Mongolian nationality people was higher. Epidemiological investigation showed that fluorosis morbidity and degrees were different in different brick-tea drinking areas, and it was probably caused by drinking various kinds of brick tea from different regions. Therefore, we collected 33 samples of brick tea from six provinces where minority nationalities were accustomed to drinking a large quantity of brick tea. F concentrations were determined by the combustion hydrolysis-ion selective electrode method. The results showed that among the brick teas, the F concentrations ranged from the minimum 74.1 mg/kg in Yunnan Province to the maximum 991.2 mg/kg in Sichuan Province. Besides, there was a great difference among the various kinds of brick tea, and F concentrations decreased in the order of Kang brick tea, Green brick tea, Black brick tea, Mi brick tea, Fu brick tea, Chitsu ping tea, Puerh tea, and Tuo tea. The average F concentration in brick teas was 431.92 mg/kg.     

Disruption in Biogeosciences:Conceptual,Methodological,Digital,and Technological

正Over four years ago,a group of investigators came together to determine if Big Data approaches (specifically data mining,machine learning and analytics in general) might provide insight into some of the grand challenges in Earth's history:evolution of minerals,rise of oxygen,life,influence of super continental cycles,quantifying the magnitude of extinction events,and more.As a result,the team of mineralogists,petrologists,geochemists,     

日本北海道音调津的球状石墨

本文利用光学显微镜、X射线衍射仪、透射电镜等手段对日本北海道音调津球状石墨的成因、结构等进行研究,认为日本北海道音调津球状石墨中除了石墨外,还存在镍黄铁矿﹑黄铜矿﹑磁黄铁矿等金属硫化物矿物。通过透射电子显微镜观察发现音调津石墨中大部分是椭圆状石墨颗粒,高分辨晶格条纹主要是非晶态结构,但是同时也发现了结晶良好的石墨。高结晶度石墨的存在可能是在硫化物Fe-Ni-Cu的触媒作用下形成的。天然球状石墨的微结构和性状研究对天然石墨的形成和开发应用有重要意义,对新型碳材料的制备技术有重要科学意义。