CDKN2A/2B基因多态性与妊娠糖尿病相关

目的研究CDKN2A/2B基因rs10811661的单核苷酸多态性(SNP),探讨其与妊娠糖尿病(GDM)的相关性。方法选取鲁西南地区正常糖耐量孕妇(NGT)100例、GDM患者120例、2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者100例作为研究对象,提取基因组DNA,采用PCR-RFLP方法检测CDKN2A/2B基因rs10811661多态性。结果 CDKN2A/2B基因rs10811661的TT、TC、CC 3种基因型分布在NGT组与GDM组间有显著差别(P<0.01),GDM组危险等位基因T分布频率显著高于NGT组(P<0.05)。3种基因型及等位基因分布在NGT组与T2DM组之间亦有显著差别(P<0.05)。结论在鲁西南地区女性人群中,CDKN2A/2B基因rs10811661 T/C多态性可能与妊娠糖尿病有明显相关性。     

武汉地区IGT患者瘦素受体基因变异与高血压关系的研究

目的:研究瘦素受体(LR)基因Gln223Arg变异与武汉地区糖耐量减低(IGT)合并高血压的关系。方法:运用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RELP)方法,测定无亲缘关系,且有完整临床资料的572例(包括252例糖耐量正常者及320例IGT患者)武汉地区汉族人群的LR基因Gln223 Arg变异频率。同时测血糖、血脂、身高、体重,按公式计算体重指数(BMI)。结果:(1)IGT合并高血压病组Gln 223 ArgAA、AG和GG基因型及A、G等位基因频率与正常对照组比较有非常显著性差异(均P<0.01);(2)男性IGT合并高血压病组与女性IGT合并高血压病组Gln 223 Arg变异基因型及等位基因比较具有显著统计学差异(均P<0.01);(3)IGT合并高血压病组Gln 223 Arg变异与收缩压和舒张压显著正相关(r分别为0.91和0.90,均P<0.05),A等位基因与肥胖型IGT合并高血压男性患者收缩压和舒张压呈正相关,携带A等位基因的肥胖型男性IGT其高血压发生的比数比(OR)为3.88(95%CI为2.77～5.44)。结论:LR基因Gln 223 Arg变异与肥胖男性IGT合并高血压相关,且与收缩压和舒张压均相关。     

CDKAL1基因rs4712523多态性与内蒙古地区汉族人群2型糖尿病相关

目的 研究内蒙古地区汉族人群CDKAL1基因rs4712523单核苷酸多态性(SNP)的等位基因和基因型频率分布与2型糖尿病(T2DM)的相关性.方法 采用等位基因特异性聚合酶链式反应(AS-PCR),对382例内蒙古地区汉族人(其中T2DM组192例,对照组190例)rs4712523进行基因分型.结果 T2DM组中rs4712523的G等位基因频率和GG基因型频率分别为47.4％和6.3％,均显著高于对照组的35.3％和3.2％(P＜0.05).G等位基因携带者患T2DM的风险是A等位基因的1.654倍(OR=1.654,95％ CI=1.237-2.212).结论 CDKAL1基因rs4712523多态性位点的G等位基因可能是内蒙古地区汉族人T2 DM的易感基因之一.     

成都地区汉族人群PPARGC1A基因Thr394Thr位点G/A多态性与2型糖尿病及胰岛素抵抗的相关性研究

目的 了解中国成都地区汉族人群过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ辅助激活因子-1α基因(peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma,coactivator 1 alpha,PPARGC1A;又名PGC-1α)Thr394Thr位核苷酸G/A的基因型分布,探讨该多态性与2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)、胰岛素抵抗及其他代谢异常的关系.方法 应用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性技术检测151例无亲缘关系的T2DM患者和156名糖耐量正常对照者PPARGC1A基因Thr394Thr位核苷酸G/A多态性.所有研究对象均测定血糖、胰岛素、血脂,测量身高、体重、腰围、血压.结果 与正常对照组相比,T2DM组的体重指数、腰围、血压、甘油三酯水平均显著增高(P＜0.05),而高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(high density lipoprotein-cholesterol,HDL-C)水平显著降低(P＜0.05).A等位基因的频率在T2DM及正常对照组分别为22.5%、18.6%,AG基因型频率在两组分别为43.7%、37.2%,差异无统计学意义.在T2DM组中,AA+AG基因型的空腹胰岛素、稳态模型评估法胰岛素抵抗指数(homeostasis model aseessment-insulin resistance,HOMA-IR)及腰围明显高于GG基因型,HDL-C显著低于GG基因型(P＜0.05).无论T2DM和正常对照,A等位基因携带者HOMA-IR明显高于GG者.结论 PPARGC1A基因Thr394Thr位核苷酸G/A多态性与胰岛素抵抗存在明显相关,并可能与T2DM患者中心性肥胖及低HDL-C水平相关,其与T2DM发病的关系有待进一步研究.     

瘦素受体基因Gln223Arg多态性与2型糖尿病合并高尿酸血症患者的关系以及二甲双胍治疗效果的评价

目的 评价瘦素受体基因Gln223Arg多态性与2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes,T2DM)合并高尿酸血症(hyperuricemia,HUA)患者的关系以及二甲双胍治疗效果.方法 取2018年3月至2019年12月我院收治的160例初诊T2DM患者,根据T2DM患者是否合并HUA分为T2DM组(n=80)和合并组(n=80).通过PCR限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RELP)法测定瘦素(LEP)受体基因Gln223Arg多态性分布频率,并使用多因素非条件Logistic回归对T2DM合并HUA患者的危险因素进行分析,同时对T2DM合并HUA患者进行二甲双胍治疗,分析二甲双胍疗效与各基因型的关系.结果 两组性别、年龄、总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL-C)比较,组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);合并组吸烟史、冠心病史、糖尿病病程、体质量指数(BMI)、三酰甘油(TG)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL-C)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)、尿酸(UA)、LEP均高于T2DM组(P<0.05);T2DM组和合并组瘦素受体Gln223Arg各基因型的期望值和观察值比较,P均>0.05,符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡定律;与T2DM组对比,合并组Gln223Arg基因位点AA型、AG型显著降低(P<0.05),而GG型显著升高(P<0.05);行多因素Logistic回归分析,结果显示,T2DM合并HUA患者基因型GG、吸烟史、冠心病史、糖尿病病程、BMI、TG、LDL-C、HbA1c、HOMA-IR、尿酸、LEP是危险因素;GG型、AG型FPG、2hPBG、HbA1降低幅度均低于AA型(P<0.05),而GG型FPG、2hPBG、HbA1降低幅度均低于AG型(P<0.05).结论 T2DM患者携带GG基因型可能是HUA的易感因素,且瘦素受体基因Gln223Arg多态性位点AA型患者对二甲双胍敏感,降糖疗效较好.     

TLR-2 Arg753Gln基因多态性与早产的病例对照研究

目的探讨TLR-2(Toll-like receptor-2)的基因多态性与早产的关系。方法采用聚合酶链反应-序列特异性引物(PCR-SSP)检测分析75例早产儿(早产组)和75例足月儿(对照组)TLR-2 Arg753Gln(RS5743708)基因AA型、AG型和GG型3种基因型及其等位基因的分布频率。结果 TLR-2 Arg753Gln基因GG型、GA型和AA型的基因型和等位基因分布频率在早产组和对照组间比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 TLR-2 Arg753Gln基因多态性与早产有相关性。     

TRAIL基因多态性与2型糖尿病、脂代谢紊乱的相关性

目的探讨肿瘤坏死因子凋亡相关诱导配体(TRAIL)基因1525G/A和1595C/T位点单核苷酸多态性(SNP)与汉族人2型糖尿病(T2DM)以及脂代谢紊乱的关系。方法采用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)结合DNA测序的方法检测TRAIL基因1525G/A位点和1595C/T位点多态性,其中对照组225例、2型糖尿病组201例和脂代谢紊乱组209例,分析各组间基因型及等位基因频率的差异,并分析空腹血糖(FPG)、餐后2 h血糖(2h PBG)、TG、TC、HDL-C、LDL-C等生化指标与各基因型之间的相关性。结果 TRAIL基因1525/1595位点多态性在T2DM组与对照组中基因型分布无明显差异(P0.05)。在脂代谢紊乱组与对照组中基因型分布差异显著(P=0.014),脂代谢紊乱组中GG/CC和GA/CT基因型相对于AA/TT基因型发病风险增加,OR=1.842(95%CI=1.017~3.335)。在脂代谢紊乱组中,以AA/TT基因型为对照,GG/CC和GA/CT基因型中TC、HDL-C、LDL-C的血清学水平明显增高(P0.05)。结论 TRAIL基因多态性与T2DM无关,而与脂代谢紊乱有一定相关性,GG/CC和GA/CT基因型是脂代谢紊乱发生的危险因素。     

SUMO4基因多态性与冠心病及2型糖尿病合并冠心病的关系

目的 探讨北京地区汉族人群小泛素样修饰蛋白4 (small ubiquitin-like modifier 4,SUMO4)基因多态性与冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病(coronary artery disease,CAD)及2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)合并CAD的关系.方法 采用病例对照设计,入选369例单纯CAD患者(CAD组)、189例2型糖尿病合并CAD患者(T2DM+ CAD组)及500名健康个体(对照组).应用聚合酶链反应-高分辨熔解曲线技术结合测序验证法,检测SUMO4基因rs237025、rs237024及rs600739 3个单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphisms,SNPs)位点的基因型与等位基因在3组间的分布,并通过分层分析比较SNPs不同基因型携带者的临床相关危险因素的差异.结果 3个SNPs的等位基因和基因型在3组间的分布差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);通过分层分析,在T2DM+CAD组发现rs237025各基因型携带者的甘油三酯水平、rs600739各基因型携带者的体重指数水平的差异有统计学意义(P值分别为0.020和0.049),但组间多重比较仅发现rs237025的GG基因型携带者较GA及AA基因型携带者具有更高的甘油三酯水平(P＜0.01).结论 SUMO4基因多态性可能与北京地区汉族人群伴或不伴T2DM的CAD易感性无关.     

肝脂酶基因启动子-250G/A多态性与2型糖尿病合并冠心病易感性的相关研究

目的 探讨汉族人群肝脂酶(hepatic lipase,HL)基因启动子-250G/A多态性与2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)合并冠心病(coronary heart disease,CHD)的相关性.方法 采用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性方法(polymerase chain reaction-restricted fragment length polymorphism,PCR-RFLP)检测364例T2DM+CHD组、357例T2DM组患者和356名健康对照者HL基因启动子-250G/A多态性,并分析其对脂类的影响.结果 T2DM组与对照组HL基因启动子-250G/A多态性基因型和等位基因频率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);T2DM+CHD组GA+AA基因型频率低于对照组(0.431 vs 0.618,P=0.031);等位基因频率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).调整混杂因素后,Spearman相关及线性回归分析,糖尿病患者(T2DM组和T2DM+CHD组),A等位基因与高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、载脂蛋白A1呈正相关;Logistic回归分析显示,A等位基因是冠心病发生的一个危险因素.结论 HL基因启动子-250G/A多态性与2型糖尿病合并冠心病的发生有关,并影响脂类代谢.     

CTLA4基因与Ⅰ型糖尿病易感性的关联研究

目的探讨细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关抗原4(CTLA4)基因单核苷酸多态性位点rs231775(G/A)与Ⅰ型糖尿病(TIDM)易感性的关系。方法采用病例对照研究,收集TIDM患者及正常儿童外周血,提取基因组DNA,应用PCR扩增产物直接测序法对多态性位点rs231775进行分析。结果 T1DM组GG基因型频率高于对照组频率(48.1%对31.9%,OR值2.615,95%CI 1.061~6.447,P0.05),且T1DM组G等位基因频率也高于对照组频率(69.8%对58.6%,OR值1.63,95%CI1.11~2.41,P0.05)。结论 CTLA4+49A/G基因多态性与天津地区TIDM相关,GG基因型与G等位基因显著增加TIDM的发病风险。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.