叹气沟河优势摇蚊种群动态、周年生产量及营养基础

2006年4月-2007年3月对清江流域二级河流叹气沟河大型底栖动物群落中摇蚊优势种进行了为期1周年的调查。结果表明：主要优势摇蚊斑特突摇蚊（Thienemanimyia lentiginosa）、波特真开氏摇蚊（Eukiefferiella potthasti）和拟长跗摇蚊（Paratanytarsus panhenogeneticu）的生活史均为1年2代;拟长跗摇蚊、斑特突摇蚊的种群密度6月、9月和翌年3月出现峰值,波特真开氏摇蚊则在5月和翌年1月出现峰值;采用龄期频率法（instar-fre-quency method）测算的周年生产量（湿质量）和生产量（P）／生物量（B）分别为斑特突摇蚊17．44g·m^-2、3．4,波特真开氏摇蚊1．66g·m^-2、2．3,拟长跗摇蚊3．3g·m^-2、6．4;3种摇蚊的生产量在时间动态上重叠程度较大,主要发生在春季;通过对3种摇蚊的前肠内含物分析,测算了各类食物的比例及其对生产量的贡献率,结果表明,无形态碎屑为主要食物类型,占前肠内含物的73．27％-86．89％,而斑特突摇蚊生产量则主要来源于动物性食物的贡献率（51．64％）。     

胡家溪摇蚊优势种的生产量动态和物质通量

2006年4月-2007年3月间,对长江支流清江二级支流——胡家溪大型底栖动物群落结构和生产量进行为期一年的调查.结果表明,主要优势摇蚊Conchapelopia sp.的生活史为一年两代,波特真开氏摇蚊(Eukiefferiella potthasti)为一年一代;Conchapelopia sp.的年均密度和年均生物量分别为105 ind·m-2、0.1g·m-2,波特真开氏摇蚊为280ind·m-2、0.3g·m-2.采用龄期频率法测算的周年生产量(g·m-2湿重)和生产量/生物量(P/B),Conchapelopia sp.分别为1.2g·m-2、2.3,波特真开氏摇蚊为1.4g·m-2、2.5.2种摇蚊的生产量时间重叠比例相似系数为0.7,重叠主要出现在冬春季节.营养基础分析发现,无形态碎屑为2种摇蚊的主要食物,占其组成的84％以上,对生产量的贡献率分别为80.1％、68.6％.2个优势种的年均物质通量分别为7.2和7.1g·m-2.     

黑竹冲河蚋的周年生产量及其营养基础分析

大型底栖动物在河流生态系统中发挥着重要作用,2003年6月至2004年6月间对汉江流域2级河流--黑竹冲河大型底栖动物群落优势种类的生产力进行为期一周年的调查研究,并对其生产量的营养基础进行了初步分析,结果表明,主要优势种蚋(Simuliumsp.)的生活史为一年一代,成虫羽化主要发生在冬季;种群生物量和多度在12月到峰值,分别为115ind·m^-2,250.9mg·m^-2;采用龄期频率分布法(size-frequencymethod)测算的周年生产量为3.9216g·m^-2·a^-1,P/B为4.6.在其前肠内含物中,无形态碎屑、真菌和硅藻所占比例分别为60.40%、3.91%和35.96%,对生产量的贡献率分别为:32.2%、10.4%和57.4%.     

中国真开氏摇蚊属一新种及一新记录种记述（双翅目：摇蚊科）

记述真开氏摇蚊属Eukiefferiella Thienemann 1新种:盖真开氏摇蚊E. celata sp. nov.和1种中国新记录种: 翘叶真开氏遥蚊E. brehmi Gouin, 1943;提出兵库真开氏摇蚊E. togaeuquinta Sasa & Okazawa, 1992为翘叶真开氏摇蚊 E. brehmi Gouin,1943的新异名。     

胜利河连续系统中蜉蝣优势种的生产量动态和营养基础

大型底栖动物在河流生态系统中发挥着重要作用, 2009 年3月至2010 年3月间对长江中游支流巴河流域的胜利河大型底栖动物群落优势种类的生产力进行为期1 周年的调查研究, 结果表明, 主要蜉蝣优势种扁蜉、等蜉和红斑蜉的生活史为3代/年、3代/年和 2代/年。现存量呈现出1-3级河流增加,而4级又较3级有所下降的趋势。采用龄期频率法( instar-frequency method) 测算的平均周年生产量分别为扁蜉, 200.13 g/(m².a) , P/B 为23.69; 等蜉, 82.06 g/(m².a), P/B 为18.12;红斑蜉, 12.30 g/(m².a), P/B 为8.78。三种蜉蝣的生产量动态在时间上与现存量动态较一致,但彼此各不相同。扁蜉的日均产量于2009年3月在二级河流中达到最大(363.56 mg/m².d),等蜉于2010年3月在三级河流中到达最大(282.76 mg/m².d),而红斑蜉于2009年3月在一级河流中到达最大(33.36 mg/m².d)。生产量的营养基础分析结果表明,扁蜉前肠内含物中无形态碎屑、动物组织、植物纤维、丝状藻类、硅藻所占平均比例为74.37%,4.19%,17.11%,4.29%,0.04%,对生产量的贡献率分别为77.15%,11.27%,6.57%,4.95% ,0.04%;等蜉前肠内含物中无形态碎屑、动物组织、植物纤维、真菌、丝状藻类和硅藻所占平均比例为65.64%,6.17%,23.04%,0.54%,4.53%,对生产量的贡献率分别为: 68.16%,16.61%,8.86%,1.03%,5.23%,0.09%,0.10%;红斑蜉前肠内含物中,无形态碎屑、动物组织、植物纤维、真菌、丝状藻类和硅藻所占平均比例为41.14%,5.96%,38.04%,1.34%,11.21%,2.31%,对生产量的贡献率分别为46.67%,17.52%,15.98%,2.81%,14.13%,2.91%。这与我们在黑竹冲和叹气沟的研究结果存在一定差异,可能与这些溪流自身环境和地区分布有关。     

黑竹冲河两种蜉蝣种群动态、生活史、生产量及营养基础研究

蜉蝣在河流生态系统中发挥着重要作用.2003年6月至2004年6月间对汉江流域二级河流--黑竹冲河蜉蝣优势种类的生产力及其营养基础进行了为期一周年的调查研究.结果表明,优势种小裳蜉(Leptophlebia sp.)和蜉蝣(Ephemera sp.)的生活史均为一年两代,两世代之间界限比较明显;小裳蜉的羽化主要发生在秋季和冬季,而蜉蝣的羽化主要发生在夏季和冬季.小裳蜉和蜉蝣种群的生物量和多度均出现两次峰值.采用体长频率法测算的周年生产量分别为:小裳蜉,38.0362g/m2·a,P/B为11.4;蜉蝣,76.0318g/m2·a,P/B为11.8.两种蜉蝣的主要食物为无形态碎屑和硅藻,其中:无形态碎屑分别占小裳蜉和蜉蝣食物组成的81.7% 和 94.6%,对其生产量的贡献率为 59.2% 和84.9%;硅藻占小裳蜉和蜉蝣食物组成的16.8%和1.5%,对其生产量的贡献率为36.4%和4.1%.     

胡家溪中华新米虾种群动态、周年生产量及营养基础分析

2006年4月至2007年3月间对清江流域二级河流-胡家溪大型底栖动物群落的优势种中华新米虾Neocaridina denticulata sinensis(Kemp)进行为期1周年的调查研究。结果表明,中华新米虾的生活史为1年2代,中华新米虾的种群密度峰值分别出现在7月(31ind/m2)、10月(35ind/m2)、12月(20ind/m2)和次年的2月(20ind/m2),生物量峰值则出现在4月(1.76g/m2)、7月(4.74g/m2)和次年2月(2.38g/m2)。采用体长频率法(Size-frequency method)测算的周年生产量和P/B分别为67.40g/m2(湿重)和4.7。通过对中华新米虾前肠内含物组成的分析测定了各类食物类型的比例及对生产量的贡献率,结果表明,无形态碎屑和动物组织为其主要食物类型,分别占前肠内含物的79.9%和12.5%,对生产力的贡献率分别为62.50%和34.18%。       

浙江西闪岛三突多足摇蚊亚属一新种（双翅目：摇蚊科）

记述采自浙江省西闪岛的三突多足摇蚊亚属1新种：杯状三突多足摇蚊Polypedilum (Tripodura) cypellum sp. nov.。该新种与哈氏三突多足摇蚊P. (T.) harteni Andersen & Mendes, 2010相似,区别于本亚属其它已知种的主要特征是具高脚杯状的上附器。文中提供了雄成虫的翅、前足胫节端部、生殖节、上附器等特征图。     

仙居国家公园溪流摇蚊幼虫群落结构及其对水质的指示作用

为了解浙江仙居国家公园内溪流中摇蚊幼虫的群落结构及其对水质的指示作用,于2016年8月对仙居国家公园内13条溪流59个点位进行了调查,运用Hilsenhoff生物指数对溪流水质进行评价.结果表明: 59个点位中有37个点处于清洁状态,19个点处于轻污染状态,3个点处于中污染状态.此次调查共获得摇蚊幼虫86种,隶属于4亚科51属.其中,摇蚊亚科种类数最多,有19属37种;直突摇蚊亚科次之,有21属35种;长足摇蚊亚科有9属12种;寡角摇蚊亚科最少,为2属2种.摇蚊亚科密度比重最大,为40.3%;长足摇蚊亚科与直突摇蚊亚科所占比重差异不大,分别为30%与29.4%;寡角摇蚊亚科比重最小,仅为0.3%.壳粗腹摇蚊为仙居国家公园溪流摇蚊幼虫绝对优势种;黄色多足摇蚊、流环足摇蚊、平滑环足摇蚊、纽流长跗摇蚊和小型棒脉摇蚊为优势种.仙居国家公园溪流中摇蚊幼虫指示种分析结果显示,平滑环足摇蚊、双色矮突摇蚊、台湾长跗摇蚊和渐变长跗摇蚊可作为污染水体指示种,流环足摇蚊可作为清洁水体指示种.     

红裸须摇蚊幼虫生物标志物系统对苯酚的响应

以红裸须摇蚊4龄幼虫为对象,测定了苯酚对摇蚊幼虫急性毒性、体质量、化蛹率及体内保护酶和解毒酶活性的影响.结果表明:苯酚对摇蚊4龄幼虫6、24、48、72和96 h半致死浓度LC50分别为222.52、134.86、67.74、47.39和35.76 mg.L-1;亚致死剂量苯酚(0.4、4和40 mg.L-1)处理降低摇蚊4龄幼虫干湿质量和化蛹率;摇蚊4龄幼虫暴露于苯酚液72 h,过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽S转-移酶(GST)和羧酸酯酶(CarE)均对苯酚暴露做出响应,且随着浓度增加和暴露时间的延长呈现一定的剂量-时间效应,而摇蚊体内酸性磷酸酯酶(ACP)和碱性磷酸酯酶(ALP)对苯酚暴露响应较迟钝,仅高浓度(40 mg.L-1)长时间(48 h和72 h)的胁迫才会产生显著抑制作用.表明摇蚊体质量、化蛹率和CAT、SOD、GST、CarE可作为监测苯酚水体污染的生物标志物.     

The helminth community of the wood mouse, Apodemus sylvaticus, in the Sierra Espuna, Murcia, Spain

The helminth community of the wood mouse, Apodemus sylvaticus, in the Sierra Espuna was characterized after a complete analysis of its helminth community component and infracommunity structure relative to host age, sex and year of capture. The helminth community comprised 13 species: one trematode, four cestodes and eight nematodes. The cestode Pseudocatenotaenia matovi and the nematode Syphacia frederici were the most prevalent and abundant helminth species, respectively. Sixty four percent of mice analysed presented helminths with a direct cycle and 42% presented helminths with an indirect cycle. The helminth community presents a low diversity with infracommunities usually made up of only one or two helminth species. Host age and year of capture seem to play a major role in determining species richness and helminth diversity, but not in determining the abundance of helminths. Host sex does not seem to affect the infection rate nor the diversity. Further studies on more samples of wood mice and other small mammal species in this regional park are needed to explore any possible interactions between helminth communities in the host populations.     

紫金山含明党参早春草本层的群落学分析

在１￣７月对紫金山紫薇－山胡椒群落（Ｆｏｒｍ．Ｌａｇｅｒｓｔｒｏｅｍｉｓ ｉｎｄｉｃａ－Ｌｉｎｄｅｒａ ｇｌａｕｃａ）的早春草本层进行了定位连续的群落学调查统计。结果表明,生于落叶林下的含明党参（Ｃｈａｎｇｉｕｍ ｓｍｙｒｎｉｏｉｄｅｓ ｓｍｙｒｎｉｏｉｄｓ Ｗｏｌｆｆ．）早春草本层植物通常２月萌芽,在早春落叶乔木尚未展叶林内透光好的条件下旺盛生长,在６月初落叶乔木展叶郁闭度增高后完成生活史。早春     

REVIEW

Mlingwa, C.O.F. 2000. Breeding and moult phenology of an avian community in the Pugu Hills, Tanzania. Ostrich 71 (1 &; 2): 87–90.

The breeding and moult phenology of an avian community in the Pugu Hills in coastal Tanzania was investigated in a ringing study carried out during January to March 1993, June 1994 to May 1995, and October 1995. A total of 74 bird species was examined. Breeding activity was concentrated from October to April with peak activity between November and February/March. Little or no breeding activity was recorded in May-September period. Moult, on the other hand, was much more spread throughout the annual cycle. Only at the end of the dry period in September and the start of the breeding season in October/November was moulting activity very low. These results are discussed in relation to seasonality of the environment in the study area. It is also suggested that although both processes are physiologically very costly, breeding is much more critical than moult hence must be timed to occur during the best period of the annual cycle.     

西双版纳不同热带森林群落土壤表层的细根年动态

用钻土蕊法和内生长土蕊法研究了西双版纳 4个不同的热带森林群落一年内细根现存量和两个群落长入细根量的动态变化 ,结果表明 :在原始群落中活细根现存量 6～ 1 2月间相对较大 ,峰值为 1 0月份 ,在 2～ 6月间相对较少 ,死细根现存量高值出现于 4月中后期 ,最小值出现于 8月。人为干扰较大的 1 5年生群落和人工群落活细根现存量在各个月份出现不规律的变化 ,死细根现存量与原始林有类似的变化规律。 3 0年生群落活细根现存量在 6～ 1 0月份相对较大 ,低值出现于 2月 ,死细根现存量高峰值则出现于 6月 ,低峰值出现在 8月。细根长入量在原始群落和人工群落 4～ 6月期间量最大 ,人工群落于上年 1 2～ 2月份出现最低值。     

Nymphal biology of Ephoron virgo (Olivier, 1791) (Ephemeroptera,Polymitarcyidae) in an Apenninic river (NW Italy)

Life cycle, feeding habits and nymphal density of a population of Ephoron virgo from the Bormida river (Northwestern Italy) were studied. Nymphs were present in the river from the beginning of May until August, with the highest density of nymphs recorded at the end of May–beginning of June. The life cycle was univoltine and the nymphal growth was fast. During the life cycle, an obligatory egg diapause occurs and individuals remain in this stage for up to nine months. Nymphs fed mainly on detritus, although mineral matter constituted a considerable percentage of the gut contents, predominantly in smaller nymphs.     

Relationship between benthic insects (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Coleoptera, Trichoptera) and temperature in small and medium-sized streams in Germany: A multivariate study

Benthic insect communities (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Coleoptera, Trichoptera) were studied together with water temperature and environmental parameters in streams between June 2000 and June 2001. The sampling area consisted of 20 sites in small and medium-sized streams located in the lower mountainous area of Central Europe. Temperature was recorded nearly continuously and several physicochemical and environmental variables were assessed. Macroinvertebrates were sampled both in spring and summer. Data-sets of species abundance and occurrence were analysed using multivariate techniques and were correlated to the thermal and environmental conditions of the streams. The temperature preferences of the species were compared to published data-sets on their autecological characteristics. Up to 29% of the variability in the Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera and Coleoptera community was explained by summer temperature variation in the data-sets for both small and medium-sized streams. A smaller, but significant part of the variability in species distribution was explained by conductivity, substratum type, and the percent coverage of local riparian forest. Compared to small streams, temperature was less important for the macroinvertebrate composition in medium-sized streams. This result is likely due to the more tolerant, eurythermic species composition in larger streams. A total of 33 Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Coleoptera and Trichoptera taxa were positively correlated and 28 taxa were negatively correlated to summer temperature patterns. The temperature preferences of taxa considered in this study were related to species traits, such as egg dormancies and life cycle plasticity.     

Reproductive biology of the indian freshwater leech,Poecilobdella viridis (Blanchard)

Annual reproductive cycle of the protandrous hermaphroditic freshwater leech, Poecilobdella viridis has been traced from August 1974 to July 1975. Spermatogenesis initiated a little earlier than oogenesis. The reproductive programme is as follows; commencement of spermatogenesis in February followed by oogenesis in March. Breeding begins in late March extending upto late May and early June while breeding terminated towards late June. From August to January reproductive quiescence was observed. Among the environmental factors temperature, possibly coupled with photoperiod, plays a key role in synchronising the reproductive cycle.     

COMMUNITY COMPOSITION AND NICHE CHANGE CHARACTERISTICS OF DOMINANT SPECIES IN THE WIND-BREAKING AND SAND-FIXING FOREST, XINJIANG, CHINA

 以塔里木河下游绿洲外围大型防风固沙林为研究对象, 采用基于Simpson多样性指数的生态位宽度公式和Pianka生态位重叠测度公式, 在群落梯度上按重要值大小筛选出优势种群进行生态位分析, 探讨这些群落在4~7年的发育过程中生态位变化特点。结果表明: 1)经过4年的发育, 植物种组成简单的人工防风固沙林由于乡土植物种的侵入, 演变成为人工-天然植物群落, 不同地段群落中的优势种群发生了较大的变化, 优势种群共7个。芦苇(Phragmites communis)、花花柴(Karelinia caspica)和盐生草(Halogeton glomeratus)这3个乡土植物种侵入后逐渐成为优势种群, 而原人工群落主要建群种宁夏枸杞(Lycium barbarum)种群逐渐消退; 7年后, 优势种群共6个。由于水分条件的变化, 多枝柽柳(Tamarix ramosissima)成为优势种群, 而芦苇降为亚优势种群, 盐生草种群发生消退; 2)人工-天然植物群落中优势种群以耐旱耐盐碱植物占主要优势向占绝对优势的方向发展, 其生态位宽度变化幅度为0.56~0.86, 生态位宽度排序为芦苇>花花柴>头状沙拐枣(Calligonum caput-medusae)>沙枣(Elaeagnus angustifolia)>胡杨(Populus euphratica)>多枝柽柳>梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)>盐生草; 3)生态位重叠最大值发生在头状沙拐枣和胡杨种群之间; 4)在乡土植物种向人工群落侵入的过程中, 生态位宽度较大(或较小)的种群, 它们所构成的种对间生态位重叠既有较大的, 也有较小的, 可见生态位宽度与生态位重叠程度无相关性; 表明在现阶段群落演变中, 植物对环境资源存在着激烈的竞争和高的空间异质性。     

Effect of hydraulics,bed load grain size and water factors on habitat and abundance of Narapa bonettoi Righi & Varela, 1983 of the Upper Paraná River,Brazil

A cross-section of the upper Paraná was studied in order to evaluate which hydraulic, sedimentary and water variables influenced on the spatial – temporal distribution and abundance of the Narapa bonettoi Righi & Varela, 1983 population. From June 1993 to February 1995, data on discharge, channel morphology, flow velocity, sediment suspended concentration and depth, water variables and benthic community were obtained. Data were analyzed by principal component analysis – PCA. The highest density of N. bonettoi occurred at the site with coarser sediments and stable bottom morphology. The lowest density was recorded at the site that presented less stable channel morphology. Temporal variation is controlled by hydrological regime and N. bonettoi cycle life whereas spatial distribution is tightly associated with channel stability.