安集海地区安5井安集海河组油藏流体相态特征

准噶尔盆地安集海地区安5井为低饱和程度(30%~40%)的挥发性油藏,具有密度低,粘度低,系数高、气油比高的特征。地层原油随着压力的增大,其体积系数、气油比不断增大,而原油密度、粘度不断减小。安5井地层油藏流体的实验室体积系数和利用现场生产数据计算得到的现场体积系数存在很大的差别,在实验室条件下的地层油体积系数比现场生产(3 mm)条件下的地层油体积系数增大了约34%,其原因在于原油组成中存在高比例的中间烃类组分。     

CO2原油体系中的PR状态方程改进方法

针对现有工程应用中的状态方程描述油藏条件下CO₂-原油非理想体系时不能同时兼顾精度和计算简便性要求的问题,开展了对PR立方型状态方程修正研究。基于热力学和流体相平衡原理,考虑温度、压力和非烃组分相互作用等影响因素,采用将无因次系数由常数项改进为与对比温度相关联函数项的方法,对PR状态方程进行修正,改善液体密度及重组分特征的预测效果。以油田现场油样实测组分数据为基础,在油藏温压条件下,对PR状态方程修正前后计算油气组分等参数的精度进行了对比。结果表明,新的状态方程在不失计算简便的前提下,计算精度显著提高,相对误差下降到5%以下,满足工程应用要求,在预测油藏条件下流体相态方面具有更好的实用价值,为CO₂驱数值模拟提供支持。     

裂谷盆地复杂地温场精细表征方法

东非裂谷盆地地温场复杂，特别是E油田内部地温梯度存在很大差异，影响了油藏流体性质和开发策略。深入分析油田测试资料后认为，地温梯度在平面上呈分区性，垂向上呈分段性，常规研究方法难于刻画此特征，基于此，探索了一种能精细表征油田内部地温场差异的方法——分区分段回归法。利用该方法对E油田复杂地温场进行了精细表征。结果显示，浅层地温梯度平均为6.10℃/（100 m），平面上由南往北呈减小趋势；深部地温梯度平均为1.53℃/（100 m），平面上由南往北呈增大趋势。沉积是平面地温梯度产生差异的主要因素。     

井下钻井液密度简易计算方法

 针对目前井下钻井液密度的计算问题, 在综合已有的复合模型、经验模型计算法的基础上, 结合现场钻井液运用情况, 提出一种适用于高温高压下钻井液密度的简易计算方法。分别研究液相水、液相油密度随井下温度、压力的变化规律, 并考虑实际钻井液液相水、液相油的组分, 根据体积比系数计算井下钻井液的密度值。选取具有一定代表性的水基、油基钻井液进行实例验证, 结果表明该简易计算方法的计算精度能够满足工程要求, 且具有计算简便、可操作性强等优点。     

基于物质平衡原理解释致密油藏体积压裂有效改造体积的新方法

致密油藏需要经过大规模体积压裂改造才能获得工业油流。本文在物质平衡原理的基础上综合考虑了体积压裂施工过程中大量压裂液注入导致油藏压力升高,压后流体产出导致油藏压力降低以及裂缝与基质孔隙体积随压力非线性变化等致密油藏实际情况,进行合理假设,建立了模型方程,并推导计算了体积压裂有效改造体积和裂缝与基质的有效接触面积等参数。该方法解释出的三个新参数：能够提供有效渗流的裂缝总体积、油藏有效渗流体积、裂缝有效渗流面积,其物理意义更明确,对致密储层的开发设计及增产改造指导意义更强。将该方法应用到油田现场,并评价了3口已实施体积压裂油井的应用效果。现场应用表明该方法具有评价解释快捷、获取数据方便、成本低、准确度高的优点,适合于油田现场多井次大规模推广应用。     

异常温压复合地层注热流体井井筒传热计算

考虑到储层温度、压力对于注热开采井井筒热损失的重要性,利用热量传递基本理论和能量守恒原理,建立了含有异常温压储层的注热流体井井筒热损失计算模型。分析了地温梯度和地层压力系数对岩石热物性参数的影响,计算了不同流体注入速率和不同隔热层参数下的井筒热损失程度,并讨论了地层温度压力对井筒流体稳定时间和稳定温度的影响。结果表明,对于单一的砂质沉积,地层压力系数越高,岩石的导热系数越大,热扩散系数越小;温度异常对井筒热损失影响较为明显,存在高温、低压地层的井筒热损失小,井筒流体到达稳定状态时温度较高。该模型可用于现场同类油藏的井筒沿程温度预测。     

基于状态方程的溶解气回注油藏物质平衡计算方法

传统物质平衡方法计算溶解气回注的过程中,油气体积系数和溶解气油比等物性参数难以准确测定,当分离器温度、压力等计算条件变化时又需重新进行高压物性实验,过程繁琐且成本较高。针对以上问题,从物质平衡原理出发,分别在油藏压力高于和低于饱和压力条件下推导出物质的量形式的溶解气回注物质平衡方程,同时给出油藏采出程度和含油饱和度表达式;结合PR状态方程和闪蒸计算方法编制了相应的程序,预测了实际油藏地层压力和平均流体饱和度等开发动态特征,并运用组分模型对计算结果进行验证。结果表明：该物质平衡方法能够准确预测溶解气回注开发特征;对于异常高压油藏,原油主要的可采储量来自弹性气驱开发阶段,应保持地层压力高于原油泡点压力。     

泡沫油注气吞吐参数影响规律实验分析

冷采后期稠油油藏泡沫油现象逐渐消失,开发效果变差。从注气形成二次泡沫油的角度出发,以非常规实验与压力衰竭实验为依据,揭示泡沫油特性,分析各类泡沫油油藏模拟模型的适用性,系统评价注气吞吐提高该类油藏采收率的可行性,研究注采工艺等参数的影响规律。研究表明,泡沫油存在拟泡点压力,且随静止时间的减小而减小,泡沫油压缩系数在10～0.012 MPa -1之间,高于常规原油。6组分泡沫油模型的拟合精度最高,对该类油藏的适用性最强。泡沫油油藏注气吞吐开发存在最佳的注气时机及焖井时间;增加注气速度、注气压力和采液速度有利于改善注气吞吐开发效果;出砂冷采及注气吞吐开发过程中应尽可能加快溶解气及注入气向分散气的转化速度。     

提高地层原油体积系数计算精度的方法

原油体积系数是新增区块储量计算必需的参数。鉴于在油田勘探开发中后期通过高压物性分析来获取体积系数通常难以实施,作者以胜利油区历年来高压物性分析的大量数据为依据,在全面分析各种影响因素的基础上,提出了一种新的基于油藏成藏规律认识的体积系数求取新方法。该方法一方面通过多元回归考虑油藏埋深、地面油密度、温度、压力等与体积系数求取相关且通过常规试油或测试就能获得的参数对体积系数的影响,另一方面通过残差类别进行修正以考虑地下影响因素(通过常规试油或测试不能获取),如气油比、饱和压力等对体积系数的影响,从而提高了体积系数求取的精度。     

蒸汽辅助重力泄油对油藏及流体适应性研究

摘要:利用数值模拟方法对双水平井蒸汽辅助重力泄油(SAGD)对油藏及流体的适应性及范围进行了研究,给出了SAGD对原油粘度、油层水平渗透率、垂向与水平渗透率比值、油层埋藏深度的适应性界限,制作了累积油汽比及平均日产油量随上述因素变化的关系图版,并得出上述影响因素的定量关系式,进而得到三维关系曲面。利用这些图版和关系式可以对类似油藏SAGD的开发效果及适应性进行分析预测,为同类油藏开展SAGD技术应用提供决策依据。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.