云南普洱紫花三叉白及昆虫群落多样性研究

为探究云南普洱紫花三叉白及昆虫群落结构及多样性,掌握昆虫群落多样性发展变化的时空动态,进一步明确紫花三叉白及害虫的种类和发生时间,为害虫防控提供理论参考依据,本研究采用棋盘式取样法,通过定时定点和大范围随机普查的方法,于2016年对云南省普洱市紫花三叉白及标记的样点进行了系统调查。调查期间共调查到节肢动物76种,分属于4纲12目56科。其中植食性节肢动物亚群落46种,分属于34科;捕食类节肢动物亚群落14种,分属于10科;寄生性节肢动物亚群落8种,分属于8科;中性节肢动物亚群落8种,分属于6科。其中科数及物种数最多为双翅目,个体数量最多的为膜翅目。对昆虫群落的多样性指数分析结果表明:双翅目昆虫群落丰富度最高,蜘蛛目优势度指数最高,多样性指数与均匀度均是膜翅目最高。时间上,6月物种数与多样性指数均最大,4月个体数量最多。不同类群分析结果为,植食性节肢动物群落物种数量最多,天敌亚群落的物种数量时间动态相对比较稳定。通过黄板及扫网采集,物种数量的变化趋势与总群落变化趋势基本保持一致,总群落个体数与物种数的变化基本由黄板与扫网采集到的类群主导。通过调查及分析可知,紫花三叉白及节肢动物群落物种数量变化基本由植食类类群主导,节肢动物群落的稳定性较高,天敌亚群落的物种数量时间动态相对比较稳定,非天敌亚群落的群落多样性与个体数量的变化趋势基本一致;物种丰富度与物种均匀度变化趋势基本一致;优势集中性与优势度随时间变化趋势基本一致。进入雨季之后,个体数量有较大幅度的降低,而持续性降雨与暴雨天气是导致个体数量迅速减少的重要因素。     

林丹烟剂干扰下毛竹(Phyllostachys heterocycla cv.pubescens)林节肢动物群落的结构与组成

对林丹烟剂干扰下毛竹（Phyllostachys heterocycla cv.pubescens）林节肢动物群落结构与组成的系统定位观察与分析表明：长期使用林丹烟剂明显增加了群落主要物种（Pi≥0.05）的植食性种类及其优势度,显著降低群落总体的物种多样性,减少蜘蛛目、膜翅目、鞘翅目和双翅目或捕食性、寄生性和中性功能集团的物种数,削弱林冠层寄生性和捕食性物种在种类和数量上对植食性物种的制约潜能,引起叶部植食性害虫的暴发。因此,在毛竹害虫控制中应避免长期大量使用林丹烟剂。     

不同烟草品种烟田捕食性节肢动物群落的结构和动态研究

应用群落结构特性参数和主分量分析对Nc89、Nc82和K326烟田中捕食性节肢动物群落的结构和动态进行了研究.结果表明,蜘蛛和捕食性昆虫构成烟田主要捕食性节肢动物群落,其相对丰盛度分别为83.25%～86.87%和13.13%～16.38%.烟田捕食性节肢动物群落主要类群平均密度(头/8株)品种间差异显著,K326显著高于Nc82,Nc82显著高于Nc89.皿蛛和瓢虫的个体数量在烟田捕食性节肢动物群落中起主导作用.Nc89和Nc82烟田捕食性节肢动物群落的丰富度(S)差异显著,其它群落结构特性指数三品种烟田之间无显著差异.群落丰富度(S)和优势集中性(C)的时序动态三品种烟田呈低高低趋势,多样性(H')和均匀度(E)的时序动态三品种烟田呈高低高趋势.     

有机稻田埂植物上节肢动物多样性

对稻鸭共作有机稻和常规稻田埂杂草、大豆和芝麻上的节肢动物群落进行了全季节系统调查,共采集2纲、12目、76科、172种,其中天敌103种(包括33种蜘蛛,6种捕食性昆虫和64种寄生性昆虫)、植食性昆虫64种.结果表明,蜘蛛和天敌昆虫丰富度以有机稻田埂最大,其蜘蛛物种数和个体数是常规田埂的4.5倍以上,天敌昆虫物种数和个体数是常规田埂的1.5倍以上.比较田埂植物上昆虫多样性表明,在有机稻田,大豆和杂草田埂上的昆虫物种丰富度最大(71),其次是芝麻(62),而杂草上的Shannon多样性指数最大;在常规稻田,大豆田埂上昆虫丰富度(52)和Shannon多样性指数最大,杂草上的昆虫Shannon多样性指数最小.有机田埂杂草上蜘蛛和飞虱发生动态有明显的跟随现象,由于喷施杀虫剂防治飞虱,常规田埂杂草上的蜘蛛和飞虱数量都处于较低水平,且没有明显的跟随现象.调查结果说明,有机稻田比常规稻田更有利于天敌的保护,在常规管理模式下田埂种植大豆和芝麻对稻田节肢动物群落保护具有积极作用.     

中国特有植物四合木的昆虫群落与多样性特征

对中国特有植物四合木(Tetraena mongolica)植株上昆虫群落进行调查和多样性特征分析,共采得四合木上昆虫标本1935号,隶属于8目42个科(或总科)136种。包括同翅目、膜翅目、半翅目、鞘翅目、双翅目、缨翅目、直翅目和脉翅目的种类。同翅目昆虫在数量上占有绝对的优势,达67.96%。膜翅目丰富度最高,有59种;优势类群(>10%)是叶蝉,常见类群(1%～10%)包括小蜂、粒脉蜡蝉、天牛、蚂蚁、皮蝽、蚜虫和盲蝽等。调查所得昆虫群落中植食性昆虫有59种共1610只,丰富度和个体数量在群落中占有绝对的优势。其中尤以吸食类昆虫为最,其个体数量和优势度指数最大,但均匀度最低。寄生性天敌昆虫在群落中多样性最大,优势度最低,多为膜翅目种类。中性昆虫优势度指数较高。捕食性昆虫物种丰富度和个体数量较小,但多样性高,仅次于寄生性昆虫。     

林丹烟剂干扰下毛竹（Phyllostachys heterocycla cv. pubescens）林节肢动物群落的结构与组成

对林丹烟剂干扰下毛竹（Phyllostachys heterocycla cv. pubescens）林节肢动物群落结构与组成的系统定位观察与分析表明：长期使用林丹烟剂明显增加了群落主要物种（P_i≥0.05）的植食性种类及其优势度,显著降低群落总体的物种多样性,减少蜘蛛目、膜翅目、鞘翅目和双翅目或捕食性、寄生性和中性功能集团的物种数,削弱林冠层寄生性和捕食性物种在种类和数量上对植食性物种的制约潜能,引起叶部植食性害虫的暴发。因此,在毛竹害虫控制中应避免长期大量使用林丹烟剂。     

8个茶树品种上节肢动物群落结构、多样性及差异

对皖南丘睖品种同内临海藤茶、福鼎大白茶、祁门9号、佛手、福建大毫、圆叶种、广东凤凰单丛1号和皖农60号上节肢动物群落．一年内两月1次的调查．发现14目、39科共140种昆虫、蜘蛛、捕食蜻及其它节肢动物。约占全省茶园中的已记录种数的17％。品种间,节肢动物群落的组成有相似性,优势目相同;植食昆虫种数≥50%、个体数接近或大于80%。但植食昆虫个体数、益害物种数比(Ns/Ps)、益害个体数比(Nn/Pn)有差异;物种数,个体数、多样性指数H^3、均匀度指数、优势度指数、Nn/Ps和Nn/Pn的差异未达显水平;H^1的渡动趋势不同。     

不同种植环境夏玉米田节肢动物群落特征及稳定性

对云南普洱不同种植环境夏玉米田节肢动物群落进行调查,应用群落特征指数、群落稳定性和主成分分析法,对不同种植环境夏玉米田节肢动物群落特征、稳定性和主成分进行对比分析。结果表明,调查区夏玉米田共采集到节肢动物10174头,隶属2纲15目100科261种,其中单作地夏玉米田采集到节肢动物共计5604头,隶属2纲13目84科168种,混交地夏玉米田采集到节肢动物共计4570头,隶属2纲15目90科209种。与单作地夏玉米田相比,混交地夏玉米田节肢动物群落物种数、多样性指数、均匀性指数、丰富度指数、天敌物种数及个体数均较高;植食性昆虫个体数及其所占比例、优势集中性指数和优势度指数较低;群落较稳定;群落多样性、均匀性、丰富度等指数随时间变化波动较小;单作地夏玉米田中,刺吸昆虫个体数量和食叶昆虫物种数量是主导节肢动物群落变化的最主要因子;混交地夏玉米田中,寄生昆虫个体数量、捕食昆虫物种数量和刺吸昆虫个体数量主导了节肢动物群落的变化。     

茶园间作不同绿肥对节肢动物群落结构和多样性的影响

【目的】研究在茶园中合理间作绿肥对茶园节肢动物群落结构和多样性的影响。【方法】本文在茶园中分别设间作铺地木兰+罗顿豆、圆叶决明+白三叶、白三叶+平托花生3种不同绿肥组合处理,并设不间作绿肥、常规除草的茶园为对照。【结果】间作不同绿肥均能提高茶园节肢动物群落的物种丰富度和群落多样性,提高茶园捕食性天敌昆虫、蜘蛛和寄生性天敌在茶园冠层群落的比率;不同处理茶园冠层节肢动物Shannon-wiener多样性指数(H)、Simpson指数(D)和均匀度指数变化趋势基本一致;茶冠层的节肢动物群落多样性指数在4类不同处理茶园间差异显著;间作绿肥增加了茶园的生物多样性,4类不同处理茶园茶冠层群落相似性系数在0.741~0.892之间,表明4类不同处理茶园冠层群落在物种组成上有较高的相似性。4类不同处理茶园害虫与天敌两类群功能团的丰盛度之间成显著的正相关,表明天敌对害虫的空间数量跟随效应强,主要表现为二者数量间的相互作用。灰色关联度分析表明在4类不同处理茶园中的群落节肢动物物种数/个体数、天敌物种数/害虫物种数、害虫丰富度与多样性指数和均匀度指数的关联系数较高,反应了群落的多样性和稳定性。【结论】间作增强了茶园群落的生物多样性,提高害虫天敌的种类和个体数,有利有效发挥天敌对有害生物的生态控制。     

毛竹林节肢动物群落的组成与结构

通过对福建三明和沙县23块毛竹林试验标准地节肢动物群落1a的系统调查,结果表明:竹冠层节肢动物隶属于3纲、21目、124科、332种,林下层节肢动物隶属于3纲、22目、130科、349种。竹冠层和林下层类群分别有92.77%和94.54%的物种为稀有种或偶见种,林下层类群种-丰盛度关系符合对数正态分布。二类群目或功能集团的科、物种的数量分布相近,个体数量分布差异大。竹冠层类群以蜱螨目和同翅目为主,林下层类群以蜘蛛目、膜翅目、同翅目和双翅目为主。前者的科、物种以及个体数的益害比分别为1∶1.18、1∶0.83和1∶4.62,后者为1∶0.91、1∶0.85和1∶0.55。竹冠层类群的物种多样性和均匀度均显著低于林下层类群,植食性集团多样性在林下层类群各功能集团中最高,在竹冠层类群中则最低。群落和功能集团各参数对二类群多样性的影响均以相应类群总体的均匀度最大,功能集团因子中均以相应类群蜘蛛类的均匀度最大。人为排除群落优势种后,二类群的多样性均显著增加,但林下层类群增加的幅度显著低于竹冠层类群。植食性和中性集团作为空间食物种类资源能显著促进群落容纳较多天敌物种,天敌对二集团的空间数量跟随效应强,二集团与天敌的多样性之间相互促进。     

根肿菌侵染下菘蓝生物碱合成机制

为探究根肿菌胁迫对菘蓝生物碱及其合成关键酶基因表达的影响,该研究对根肿菌侵染后0、7、14、21 d的菘蓝进行病情形态分级、组织学观察、生理生化指标测定以及转录组学和代谢组学分析。结果表明:(1)接菌后0、7、14、21 d菘蓝根部分别发展为0级、1级、3级、5级的肿根,并且7 d是皮层入侵的关键时间点。(2)接种根肿菌14 d后,菘蓝叶内可溶性蛋白、丙二醛的含量,超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶、多酚氧化酶、过氧化氢酶的活性与同时间对照组比较显著提高,并随着接菌时间的延长呈增加的趋势。(3)代谢组学一共检测到161种生物碱,其中吲哚类生物碱数量较多; 与未接菌相比,菘蓝接菌后7、14、21 d分别存在16种、17种、39种差异代谢物且各组差异代谢物多富集在生物碱和氨基酸代谢通路。(4)转录组测序结果显示,与未接菌相比,菘蓝接菌后7、14、21 d分别存在2 439个、256个、6 437个差异表达基因,这3组共同富集到11个生物碱相关的代谢通路; 与未接菌相比,接菌后7、14、21 d有9个基因(编码4种酶THS、TAT、YUCCA、ALDH)表达量均上升。该研究结果揭示了芸薹根肿菌与菘蓝之间的互作机制,探究了芸薹根肿菌对吲哚生物碱合成及其关键酶基因的影响,为后期菘蓝根肿病抗性基因及生物碱次生代谢途径的研究奠定了基础。     

Transgenic tetraploid Isatis indigotica expressing Bt Cry1Ac and Pinellia ternata agglutinin showed enhanced resistance to moths and aphids

Co-expression of multiple genes encoding different kinds of insect resistant proteins has been developed to confer a broader spectrum of pest control. Tetraploid Isatis indigotica Fort was transformed with a plasmid, p3300BP, containing Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ac gene (Bt) and Pinellia ternata agglutinin gene (Pta) and the selectable marker herbicide resistance gene (Bar) driven by the CaMV35S promoter via Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. The integration and expression of introduced genes in regenerated transgenic plants were confirmed by PCR and Western blot assays. Insect bioassay test demonstrated transgenic lines had significant inhibition to diamondback moths (Plutella xylostella L.) and peach potato aphids (Myzus persicae Sulzer) simultaneously. Our study reported here would be a great motivation for field culture of tetraploid I. indigotica, also providing an efficient molecular breeding strategy to provide insect tolerant plants.     

夏播菘蓝不同居群干物质和活性成分积累特征

为研究夏播菘蓝不同栽培居群的最佳采收期,以来自于山西、安徽、甘肃、江苏和河南的5个栽培居群为材料,设置盆栽土培实验,于菘蓝生长第60天起,间隔10d采样,共采集6次样品,采用HPLC法测定其叶片、叶柄、根茎和根4个部位的靛蓝与靛玉红含量。结果表明:(1)不同栽培居群随着生长时间的延长,其叶片、叶柄、根茎及根的生物量持续增加,其中来自于山西居群的生长最佳,干物质积累量最大。(2)不同居群叶片及叶柄内靛蓝与靛玉红含量最大值出现在生长90~100d,即为叶内活性成分积累的高峰期。(3)综合分析其活性成分与干物质的积累量,各居群叶片靛蓝积累量最大值在生长90~100d,叶片、叶柄与根茎的靛玉红积累量也出现在90~100d。若以中国药典的靛玉红为质量控制指标,同时综合考察其生物量指标与活性成分积累量指标,夏季播种的来自于山西、安徽和河南的菘蓝居群最佳采收期为生长100d左右,而来自于甘肃与江苏居群的则以生长90d最佳。     

Host Preferences of Trichogramma pretiosum and the Influence of Prior Ovipositional Experience on the Parasitism of Plutella xylostella and Pseudoplusia includens Eggs

Trichogramma wasps are generalist egg parasitoids used in biological control efforts. In a multi host situation they may preferentially parasitize a non-target host species to the detriment of the control program. Plutella xylostella Linnaeus (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) is a very serious pest of cabbage, but is only one in a number of species in the ‘cabbageworm’ complex. We investigated the host preferences of Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) when offered the eggs of Plutella xylostella and the eggs of Pseudoplusia includens Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), another species in the ‘cabbageworm’ complex. Trichogramma pretiosum reared on the eggs of the factitious host Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) parasitized both Plutella xylostella and Pseudoplusia includens eggs under laboratory conditions. For both choice and no-choice experiments, T. pretiosum parasitized significantly more P. xylostella eggs than P. includens eggs. Prior ovipositional experience with one or other of the two host species had no effect on the subsequent parasitism levels of the two host species. The preference for P. xylostella eggs was also not affected by this prior ovipositional experience.     

Natural enemies ofPlutella xylostella (Lep.: Plutellidae) on crucifers in Honduras

Three primary parasitoids in three genera were reared fromPlutella xylostella (L.) larvae and pupae collected in various crucifer producing regions of Honduras. The ichneumonidDiadegma insulare (Cresson) was by far the most abundant species. TwoSpilochalcis species, facultative hyperparasitoids attackingP. xylostella andD. insulare, were encountered as well as eleven species in nine genera of obligate hyperparasitoids attackingD. insulare. Three vespid predators are noted as predating on larvae.      

雷公藤组培产物的杀虫杀菌活性研究

采用室内生测法研究了雷公藤愈伤组织、悬浮细胞、不定根等组培产物对小菜蛾毒杀、生长发育影响以及不定根提取物对番茄灰霉病等植物病原真菌菌丝生长抑制作用,以明确雷公藤组培产物的生物活性及其应用前景。结果表明,不同雷公藤组培产物对小菜蛾3龄幼虫都具有明显的毒杀作用,悬浮细胞以及不定根的LC50均超过了根皮粉的效果,其中的不定根提取物对小菜蛾3龄幼虫毒杀作用的LC50为根皮粉的1.95倍;不同组培产物提取物对小菜蛾幼虫的生长均有明显的抑制作用,其中不定根提取物处理后每天的小菜蛾体重显著下降,72h后70%左右已经死亡,存活的试虫体重比试验前下降了18.33%;雷公藤不定根提取物对供试的11种植物病原真菌菌丝生长均有一定的抑制作用,有5种的抑制率超过60%,并对番茄灰霉病菌的抑制作用最强,其EC50为10.074mg/mL,且不定根的抑制效果均超过了根皮粉的抑制效果。     

Factors influencing shoot regeneration from cotyledons of tetraploid <Emphasis Type="Italic">Isatis indigotica</Emphasis> fort

Summary An efficient in vitro plant regeneration system from cotyledons was established in tetraploid Isatis indigotica Fort. Factors influencing shoot regeneration from cotyledons, including culture medium type, combinations of plant growth regulators, and sucrose concentrations in the medium, as well as illumination were investigated. Murashige and Skoog's (MS) medium was found to be best for promoting shoot regeneration, followed by Gamborg's B₅ and White's medium. The highest shoot regeneration frequency was achieved from cotyledons cultured on MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mgl⁻¹ (8.9 μM) 6-benzyladenine and 1.0 mgl⁻¹ (5.4 μM) α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), with 97.9% regeneration, associated with a high number of multiple shoots developed per explant (8.6 shoots per explant). A sucrose concentration of 3% present in the medium and light conditions were beneficial for shoot regeneration. The shoots developed were rooted in a half-strength MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mgl⁻¹ (5.4 μM) NAA and successfully transplanted in soil in pots with over 85% survival. The establishment of an efficient plant regeneration procedure from cotyledons provides a basis for the rapid in vitro multiplication of tetraploid Isatis indigotica Fort., one of the most extensively used medicinal plants in China currently under great shortage.     

碳离子辐照对菘蓝药性品质和分子水平的诱变效应

以野生菘蓝种子为材料,以不同剂量的碳离子(12 C6+)进行辐照处理(辐照剂量分别为30Gy、60Gy、90Gy、120Gy),分析12 C6+辐照对菘蓝种子萌发、幼苗生长、主要药用成分含量及其基因和蛋白质多态性变化的影响,为菘蓝品质育种、分子生物学研究和重离子辐照诱变的应用提供依据。结果显示:(1)12 C6+辐照处理后菘蓝的成苗率和根鲜重均随辐照剂量增加而逐步显著降低,其中30Gy处理对菘蓝生长抑制程度最小,但处理后菘蓝根中的主要药效成分4(3H)喹唑酮和靛玉红的含量增加幅度最大且最高,分别为野生型的2.2倍和2.3倍。(2)SRAP分子标记分析表明,菘蓝基因组的变异度随着辐照强度的增强而增大,其中30Gy处理的突变体与野生型相比有33.59%的多态性变异。(3)SDS-PAGE考马斯亮蓝染色和磷酸化染色分析表明,菘蓝的总蛋白和磷酸化蛋白表达水平均随辐照剂量变化出现了不同程度的改变,但并不与辐照强度呈正相关,说明植物在防御重离子辐照伤害时存在补偿机制。研究发现,30Gy的12 C6+辐照是菘蓝诱变的最佳剂量,能够显著提高其有效成分的含量,为优质菘蓝诱变育种奠定了基础。     

Production and cytogenetic characterization of intertribal somatic hybrids between <Emphasis Type="Italic">Brassica napus</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Isatis indigotica</Emphasis> and backcross progenies

Intertribal somatic hybrids between Brassica napus (2n = 38, AACC) and a dye and medicinal plant Isatis indigotica (2n = 14, II) were obtained by fusions of mesophyll protoplasts. From a total of 237 calli, only one symmetric hybrid (S2) and five asymmetric hybrids (As1, As4, As6, As7 and As12) were established in the field. These hybrids showed some morphological variations and had very low pollen fertility. Hybrids S2 and As1 possessed 2n = 52 (AACCII), the sum of the parental chromosomes, and As12 had 2n = 66 (possibly AACCIIII). Hybrids As4, As6 and As7 were mixoploids (2n = 48–62). Genomic in situ hybridization analysis revealed that pollen mother cells at diakinesis of As1 contained 26 bivalents comprising 19 from B. napus and 7 from I. indigotica and mainly showed the segregation 26:26 at anaphase I (AI) with 7 I. indigotica chromosomes in each polar group. Four BC₁ plants from As1 after pollinated by B. napus resembled mainly B. napus in morphology but also exhibited some characteristics from I. indigotica. These plants produced some seeds on selfing or pollination by B. napus. They had 2n = 45 (AACCI) and underwent pairing among the I. indigotica chromosomes and/or between the chromosomes of two parents at diakinesis. All hybrids mainly had the AFLP banding patterns from the addition of two parents plus some alterations. B. napus contributed chloroplast genomes in majority of the hybrids but some also had from I. indigotica. Production of B. napus–I. indigotica additions would be of considerable importance for genome analysis and breeding.     

Tetraploids Isatis indigotica are more responsive and adaptable to stresses than the diploid progenitor based on changes in expression patterns of a cold inducible Ii CPK1

In plants, Ca²⁺-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) are characterized as important sensors of Ca²⁺ flux in response to varieties of biotic and abiotic stress. A comprehensive survey of global gene expression performed by using an Arabidopsis thaliana whole genome Affymetrix gene chip revealed that CDPK tends to be significantly higher in tetraploid Isatis indigotica than in diploid ones. To investigate different CDPK expression in response to polyploidy, a full-length cDNA clone (IiCPK1) encoding CDPK was isolated from the traditional Chinese medicinal herb I. indigotica cDNA library. IiCPK1 contains some basic features of CDPKs: a catalytic kinase domain including an ATP-binding domain and four EFhand calcium-binding motifs. Real-time PCR analysis indicated the expression of IiCPK1 from two kinds of I. indigotica (tetraploid and diploid). They both were induced in response to cold stress, but tetraploids I. indigotica which has good fertility, exhibited an enhanced resistance and higher yield, and presented to be more responsive and adaptable. Our results suggest that IiCPK1 gene plays a role in adapting to the environmental stress.