Dynamic characteristics and model updating of damaged slab from ambient vibration measurements

This paper reports a field investigation using ambient vibration testing on a damaged floor slab of a reinforced concrete frame building. Due to unexpected heavy rainfall, the hill slope at the rear of building failed triggering a major landslide and causing major damage to the perimeter beams and parts of the slab on the first floor. The modal parameters namely natural frequencies and mode shapes were acquired using output only identification technique and the results obtained from the undamaged and damaged floor slabs were compared. It was observed that there was a 25–53% drop in natural frequencies of the damaged slab compared to the undamaged slab, with a much bigger drop for the lower modes. The irregularities in mode shapes identified correlates with the location of the cracks as revealed from visual examination on the damaged slab. Two finite element models of the slab were created using a finite element software package. The damaged slab was updated manually so as to match the modal parameters obtained experimentally. The results from this study further highlight the possibility and feasibility of using non-destructive vibration testing for condition monitoring of structures over more conventional testing techniques.     

高速车轮非圆化磨耗对轴箱端盖异常振动影响初探

国内现有某高速列车在运营一段时间后,轴箱端盖的连接螺栓经常发生松动现象。为寻找轴箱端盖螺栓松动的原因,分别对车轮表面磨耗状态及列车关键部件振动特性进行测试,系统地分析轴箱显著频率振动与车轮非圆化磨耗之间的相关性;根据车轮多边形及关键部件的振动特征,对轴箱端盖和一系减振器进行模态测试,对轮对和构架进行有限元模态分析,并通过观察轴箱振动显著频段内轴箱端盖变形,初步分析了轴箱端盖螺栓易松动的原因。结论如下：轴箱振动能量主要集中在314～372 Hz和514～600 Hz的频率范围内,该频率段分别对应车轮的11～13阶多边形磨耗和18～21阶多边形磨耗产生的激励频率范围。轴箱在314～372 Hz的振动显著频率与减振器在221～436 Hz的固有模态群相互耦合,轮对和构架在514～600 Hz的固有模态群相互耦合,这两种模态耦合关系是导致轴箱端盖异常振动,后期发展为螺栓松动的主要原因。     

An assumed mode method and finite element method investigation of the coupled vibration in a flexible-disk rotor system with lacing wires

The Assumed mode method (AMM) and Finite element method (FEM) were used. Their results were compared to investigate the coupled shaft-torsion, disk-transverse, and blade-bending vibrations in a flexible-disk rotor system. The blades were grouped with a spring. The flexible-disk rotor system was divided into three modes of coupled vibrations: Shaft-disk-blade, disk-blade, and blade-blade. Two new modes of coupled vibrations were introduced, namely, lacing wires-blade and lacing wires-disk-blade. The patterns of change of the natural frequencies and mode shapes of the system were discussed. The results showed the following: first, mode shapes and natural frequencies varied, and the results of the AMM and FEM differed; second, numerical calculation results showed three influencing factors on natural frequencies, namely, the lacing wire constant, the lacing wire location, and the flexible disk; lastly, the flexible disk could affect the stability of the system as reflected in the effect of the rotational speed.     

Experimental validation of a new statistical process control feature for damage detection

A novel statistical process control-based method for damage detection in cantilever-like structures is presented in this paper . It is based on time-domain data obtained from the free vibrations of the first mode of the structure, measured at only one point. The concept of signal length is introduced here as a feature for statistical process control. A statistical model consistent with extreme value theory is fitted to the operational data and used to establish control limits. A strategy based on controlling runs is adopted to increase the sensitivity of the detection. The procedure was applied to a four-storey steel frame, which was subjected in turn to mass and stiffness modifications by adding masses or loosening bolts in a beam-column connection. The results were successful; the proposed procedure was able to detect an increase of 0.04% of the total mass of the frame and loosening of one out of 152 bolts.     

Ultrasonic based structural damage detection using combined finite element and model Lamb wave propagation parameters in composite materials

This paper presents a combined finite element and model Lamb waves propagation parameters method as a tool for structural health monitoring in composite materials. Modal analysis allows identifying the mode conversions induced by the defects. A simulation combining a lossless finite element approach and Lamb wave propagation parameter for finding natural frequencies and mode shapes of the structures in undamaged and damaged condition is proposed. This analysis is performed on two carbon-fiber-reinforced plastic bars in both undamaged and damaged state, where the two damaged states are (1) having a cut partway through the bar, perpendicular to the long axis of the bar and (2) having a circular hole. The lamb wave propagation parameters are calibrated using the ultrasonic pulse generator test setup. The natural frequencies for the theoretical, finite element and experimental results are compared and close agreement is found between the frequencies obtained experimentally and computationally.     

The coupled vibration in a rotating multi-disk rotor system with grouped blades

The influence on coupling vibrations among shaft-torsion, blade-bending and lacing wire coupling vibrations of a multi-disk rotor system with grouped blades was investigated analytically. The natural frequencies and the mode shapes of the system were solved for one-to four-disk cases as examples. First, numerical results showed how the natural frequencies varied by lacing wires and disks in a multidisk rotor system. The diagrams of the coupling mode shapes were drawn. From the results, the inter-blade (BB) modes, the shaft-blade (SB) modes and the lacing wires-blade (LB) modes change rules were given in this paper. Numerical calculation also revealed three interesting results that the natural frequencies were affected by lacing wire constant, lacing wire location and the disk distance. In the rotation effects, the multi-disk has drawn three important phenomena. The times of instability will due to the number of disk, the more disk rotor causes instability earlier than the less disk case and the lacing wires could not affect the system instability.     

激光干涉在蜂窝夹心层板振动模态测量中的应用

采用激光电子散斑干涉测量技术(electronic speckle pattern interferometry,简称ESPI)对悬臂矩形损伤蜂窝夹心复合板稳态振动下的振型进行了实验研究。通过完整试样的振型测量结果与有限元模拟均匀悬臂金属板结构振型的类比,验证了有关蜂窝夹心复合材料具有横观各向同性假设的观点,获得了悬臂矩形蜂窝夹心复合层板前14阶离面振动模态的振型图。实验结果表明,结构的损伤导致其局部刚度改变,使得共振频率减少,损伤对其高阶振型的形状改变较为明显,有时甚至是模态跃迁。     

The coupled vibration in a rotating multi-disk rotor system

The influence on coupling vibrations among shaft-torsion and blade-bending coupling vibrations of a multi-disk rotor system was investigated analytically. The natural frequencies and the mode shapes of the system were solved for one- to three-disk cases as examples. First, numerical results showed how the natural frequencies varied with blades in a disk unit. The diagrams of the coupling mode shapes were drawn. From the results, it was found that the inter-blade (BB) modes were of repeated frequencies of (N_b-1) multiplicity for number blades. At multi-disk unit, the shaft-blade (SB) modes added to N_d modes for number disks. The BB modes were of repeated frequencies of [N_d×(N_b-1)] multiplicity for number disks. Numerical calculations also revealed that the natural frequencies were affected by disk distance. In the rotation effect, the times of instability will due to the number of disk. And, the more disk rotor causes instability earlier than the less disk case.     

Coupled bending-bending vibrations of pre-twisted cantilever blading allowing for shear deflection and rotary inertia by the Reissner method

The Reissner method and the total potential energy approach are applied to a pre-twisted cantilever blade executing coupled bending-bending vibrations. Shear deflection and rotary intertia are accounted for in the analysis and the natural frequencies and mode shapes of the first four coupled modes are determined. A comparison of the results obtained from this investigation with those available in the literature indicates that the Reissner method gives quicker convergence and better mode shapes than the potential energy method and it is further seen that the inclusion of shear deflection and rotary inertia into the analysis leads to a reduction in the frequency values, thus resulting in a closer agreement with experimental results.     

地脚螺栓相控阵柱面超声导波换能器的设计及应用

设计了一种用于地脚螺栓缺陷检测及腐蚀评估的相控阵超声导波换能器,通过对换能器阵列型式、阵元个数、频率、晶片尺寸的合理设计,可以有效避免螺纹反射回波的干扰,提高信噪比和缺陷检测结果的可靠性,并通过检测案例进行了验证.     

三维随行电缆简化模型有限元建模与模态实验

将一种电梯随行电缆简化为细长钢带结构,讨论了对该结构进行模态测试的方法。通过测试水平、垂直和侧向三个方向的振动,得到平面内与平面外的模态参数。利用壳单元与梁单元建立了细长钢带结构的三维有限元模型;模态实验得到的固有频率和振型与有限元分析结果一致;根据模态参数分析了随行电缆撞击墙壁、缠绕打结的原因,并提出改善其动力学特性的方法。     

新型太阳能热水器的力学分析及优化设计

针对太阳能热水器安装人员提出的现行太阳能热水器支架螺栓较多、易松动、安装不便,导致安装效率低下问题,研究出一种在不降低承载能力和使用效果情况下,通过减少螺栓数量或改变部件连接结构,提高现场工作人员的安装效率,降低安装成本的新型太阳能支架。方案确定后利用UG建模,并将模型导入Workbench进行静力学分析,并利用ANSYS DesignXplorer进行结构优化根据优化结果对设计方案进行修改,从而达到优化设计的目的,为结构的合理设计与改进提供了可靠的依据。     

钢丝缠绕型陶瓷压砖机机架的有限元模态分析

陶瓷压砖机是陶瓷砖生产工业的特种设备,它基于陶瓷工艺技术,综合机械、液压、气动、电子和计算机等学科为一体,陶瓷压砖机大部分载荷都施加在主体机架上,因此对压砖机主体结构进行分析研究十分必要.以钢丝缠绕型陶瓷压砖机机架为研究对象,基于HyperMesh建立机架有限元模型,应用有限元分析软件ANSYS对机架进行模态分析,得出了机架前10阶固有频率和相应的振型,并对各阶振型进行了详细的分析评价,对了解陶瓷压砖机的动态性能,进行结构优化设计有一定参考意义.     

桥梁钢结构高强度螺栓组连接设计

分析了桥梁钢结构中高强度螺栓的机械性能、拧紧力矩、摩擦面间传递的作用力及摩擦系数,针对高强度螺栓受力参数进行了分析计算,分别以结构件材料的屈服极限σs和结构件所受轴向力P作为高强度螺栓组设计和计算的依据,在保证高强度螺栓联接所能产生的强度与钢板母材的屈服极限σs强度相当,即连接结构的强度匹配的前提下,对高强度螺栓联接进行设计计算。采用此方法进行的高强度螺栓组联接设计更为合理,在实际生产运行中稳定可靠。     

Improved independent component analysis based modal identification of higher damping structures

Structural modal parameter identification under ambient excitation has strong engineering value and theoretical significance. As the most popular tool for solving Blind Source Separation (BSS) problems, Independent Component Analysis (ICA) is able to directly extract the time-domain modal parameters, including frequencies, damping ratios and modal shapes. ICA, however, has a fatal flaw of failing to identify structures with higher damping. To overcome the flaw above, the paper proposes a new method named “ICA + IDT”. Firstly, free vibration response of a structure is obtained from structural outputs under ambient excitation. Inverse damping transfer (IDT) is employed to turn a highly damped signal into a low damping response signal without changing of frequencies and mode shapes. Then, structural modal parameters are extracted from the low damping response signal by ICA. Finally, the identified damping ratios are adjusted to eliminate the impact of IDT. To verify the effectiveness and applicability of IDT + ICA proposed herein, two numerical simulations—mass-spring model and simply supported concrete beam—and an experiment model of three-story steel frame are built, and the analysis results reveal that presented method can identify structures with higher damping effectively.     

改进的特征值灵敏度在结构损伤识别中的应用

传统的特征值灵敏度分析中忽略了振型变化的影响,导致特征值灵敏度难以准确地识别出结构损伤。为提高特征值灵敏度的准确性,利用未损伤结构的振型线性表示损伤情况下结构振型的变化,进而改进了特征值灵敏度的理论分析方法。在不同的损伤工况下,计算数值模型改进前后的特征值灵敏度,验证表明改进后的特征值灵敏度具有更高的精度。以孔洞直径和位置均未知的实际结构为研究对象,利用改进后灵敏度方法准确识别了结构损伤的位置和程度,与结构的孔洞直径和位置实测值相吻合,表明了改进后灵敏度方法具有准确实用性,从而弥补了传统特征值灵敏度法在结构损伤识别中的缺陷。     

Nonlinear dynamic behavior and instability of slender frames with semi-rigid connections

The free and forced nonlinear vibrations of slender frames with semi-rigid connections are studied in this work. Special attention is given to the influence of static pre-load on the natural frequencies and mode shapes, nonlinear frequency–amplitude relations, and resonance curves. An efficient nonlinear finite element program for buckling and vibration analysis of slender elastic frames with semi-rigid connections is developed. The equilibrium paths are obtained by continuation techniques, in combination with the Newton-Raphson method. The ordinary differential equations of motion of the discretized frame are solved by the Newmark implicit numerical integration method using adaptive time-step strategies. Three structural systems with important practical applications are analyzed: an L-frame, a shallow arch, and a pitched-roof frame. The results highlight the importance of the static pre-load and the stiffness of the semi-rigid connections on the buckling and vibration characteristics of these structures.     

南京长江大桥动力特性分析

建于1968年的南京长江大桥上部结构为钢桁梁,下部基础为桩基础和沉井基础,至今已安全营运37年.其动力特性分析,可为该桥的模型修正、健康监测、状态评估、损伤识别以及抗震分析等提供前提条件和依据.根据大桥结构特点,利用ANSYS建立只考虑上部结构的空间有限元模型和同时考虑上部结构和下部结构的空间有限元模型,对其动力特性进行计算,并对两个模型的前6阶自振频率和振型进行分析,通过与现场实测结果比较表明,在低阶振动时可不考虑下部结构的影响,在高阶振动时要考虑下部结构的影响.     

不同焊缝类型对宽轮距转向架构架疲劳分析的影响

转向架是单轨车辆核心的部件之一,承担着车辆的牵引、制动和承载作用,直接影响到车辆运行的安全性和可靠性。其中构架又是转向架的承载主体,传递并衰减轮轨与车体的振动。宽轮距转向架构架通过焊接和大量螺栓连接,事实上,在复杂的动载荷作用下,疲劳破坏主要从焊缝和螺栓连接处开始。对于焊接结构,由于焊接接头部位存在较大的应力集中,且常伴随有各种焊接缺陷,因而是最容易发生疲劳破坏的区域。所以焊缝结构疲劳分析及优化在设计阶段尤为重要。     

基于模型的螺栓松动状态监测方法

基于现有的模型损伤识别技术,提出了一种两阶段的螺栓状态长期在线识别方法:第1阶段识别螺栓连接中是否存在扭矩降低,设定了基于模态应变能的新损伤指标,并讨论了螺栓松动中非线性的表现;第2阶段识别松动螺栓的残余扭矩,以试验测得的前3阶局部振型,通过灵敏度修正识别螺栓连接中BEAM单元的弹性模量,建立了螺栓残余扭矩与BEAM单元弹性模量之间的对应关系;最后,使用两块通过螺栓连接的矩形钢板验证了该方法的有效性。试验结果表明,该方法能够快速识别出扭矩的降低,并识别其残余扭矩值是否已低于安全范围。