Relationship between transdermal energy of electroporation and iontophoresis and permeably fluxes of tetracaini hydrochlordum and naproxenum

INTRODUCTIONWiththedevelopmentofmedicinetechnique,peoplehavebeenrealizedthatoralorinjectionlimitsmanypharmaceuticalsbybiotechnologyfromwidelyusing.Be-causealmostthesedrugsconsistofproteinsorpolypeptideseasydegraded.Trans-dermaldrugdelivery(TDD)providesano…     

Construction and Expression of Eukaryotic Expression Vector and Plasmid Expressing siRNA of Human Protection of Telomeres 1

1 IntroductionThe POT1 (protection of telomeres 1) protein binds the single-stranded overhang at the ends of chromosomes in diverse eukaryocytes. It is essential for chromosome end-protection in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, and it is involved in regulation of telomere length in human cells. Human POT1 had been identified in 2001 year. Its amino terminal is highly conservative in eukaryocytes. Since Pot1 can bind internal loops and directly adjacent DNA-binding sites, it is…     

Expression and Localization of α-amylase in the Submandibular and Sublingual Glands of Mice

In the major salivary glands of mice, acinar cells in the parotid gland (PG) are known to be the main site for the production of the digestive enzyme α-amylase, whereas α-amylase production in the submandibular gland (SMG) and sublingual gland (SLG), as well as the cell types responsible for α-amylase production, has been less firmly established. To clarify this issue, we examined the expression and localization of both the mRNA and protein of α-amylase in the major salivary glands of male and female mice by quantitative and histochemical methods. α-amylase mRNA levels were higher in the order of PG, SMG, and SLG. No sexual difference was observed in α-amylase mRNA levels in the PG and SLG, whereas α-amylase mRNA levels in the female SMG were approximately 30% those in the male SMG. Using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, signals for α-amylase mRNA and protein were found to be strongly positive in acinar cells of the PG, serous demilune cells of the SLG, and granular convoluted tubule (GCT) cells of the male SMG, weakly positive in seromucous acinar cells of the male and female SMG, and negative in mucous acinar cells of the SLG. These results clarified that α-amylase is produced mainly by GCT cells and partly by acinar cells in the SMG, whereas it is produced exclusively by serous demilune cells in the SLG of mice.     

Expression and purification of the recombinant outermembrane protein Tp0453 of Treponema pallidum and its characterization of immuno-competence

ELISA test has been shown to have some advan tages in relation to the tests used for the diagnosisof syphilis because of its easy and quick perfor mance and result readings. With recent develop ment of the gene engineering technology and eluci dation of the whole genome of Nichols strain ofTreponema pallidum, new protein coding openreading frames (ORFs) are available for testing,and the study on the serological tests based on therecombinant protein have been become the focus ofinter…     

In and out of synchrony—Behavioral and physiological dynamics of dyadic interpersonal coordination

Interpersonal synchrony, the temporal coordination of actions, emotions, thoughts and physiological processes, is a widely studied ubiquitous phenomenon. Research has already established that more synchrony is not always more beneficial, especially in the fields of emotional and physiological synchrony. Despite this fact, the dominant tone in the literature is that behavioral interpersonal synchrony is a pro-social phenomenon, and hence, in social contexts, more behavioral synchrony is generally considered better. In accordance with that tone, the naturally occurring dynamics of moving in and out of synchrony have rarely been studied or considered as an adaptive state. In the present article, we aim to present a new model of interpersonal synchrony, based on the existing literature assessing synchrony as well as the ideas of complex dynamical systems. At the core of our model is the idea that two tendencies exist simultaneously, one to synchronize with others and another to move out of synchrony and act independently. We suggest that an adaptive interpersonal system is a flexible one, able to continuously adjust itself to the social context. We suggest that the concept of meta-stability might be a marker of such a flexible interpersonal system. Moreover, the model considers both behavioral and physiological aspects in order to provide a more extensive account. We present research implications of the model, as well as a demonstration of the model's applicability to data, and provide code researchers can use to analyze their own data in these methods. Finally, we discuss future directions in detail.     

Immunological and Regulatory Functions of Uninfected and Virus Infected Immature and Mature Subtypes of Dendritic Cells – a Review

In 1868, dendritic cells (DCs) were discovered in human skin by Paul Langerhans using gold staining. These cells were named Langerhans cells (LCs) after their discoverer who, due to their dendrites, regarded them as neurons. One hundred and eleven years were to pass until it was discovered that in vertebrates these cells originate in the bone marrow as monocytes. In the 1980s, DC research was mostly carried out on DCs that are present in different tissues of mice and humans. These studies revealed that after interaction with foreign antigens, skin LCs/DCs migrate through the lymph vessels to the draining lymph nodes and induce the two arms of the immune response. The isolation of DCs from tissue cell suspensions opened the way to studies on the cells' surface proteins and their ability to stimulate immune responses. During the 1990s, studies revealed the role of DCs in the activation of naïve T cells in the lymph nodes and the regulatory properties of DCs in lymph nodes, thymus, gut, and spleen.Part A of the review deals with the DC system of human and mice and immunological and regulatory functions of subsets of DCs in the skin with reference to migrating and stationary DCs, as well as the connection between DCs and the nervous system. Furthermore, the origin of both follicular DCs that are present in lymphoid tissues and thymic DCs are discussed. Part B is devoted to virus infections of DCs with an emphasis on infections caused by human herpes viruses. Part C presents the modulation of DC gene expression in response to the influenza virus. Contemporary research focuses on the role of DCs in the immune systems of vertebrates. Moreover, studies are being conducted on the regulatory functions of DCs by tissue cells in different organs of vertebrates.     

Assessment of the Reactivity and Localization of EEG α-Rhythm Frequency Components on Execution and Observation of Movements

Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology - A total of 67 adult subjects took part in studies of the amplitude of the lower (α1) and upper (α2) frequency components of EEG α activity,...     

Iron distribution and histopathological characterization of the liver and heart of β-thalassemic mice with parenteral iron overload: Effects of deferoxamine and deferiprone

The liver and heart are the major target organs for iron accumulation and iron toxicity in β-thalassemia. To mimic the phenomenon of heavy iron overload resulting from repeated blood transfusions, a total of 180 mg of iron dextran was intraperitoneally injected into C57BL/6J mice (WT) and heterozygous β-globin knockout mice (^muβ^th-3/+, BKO). The effects of deferiprone and deferoxamine in this model were investigated. The iron was distributed homogenously throughout the 4 liver lobes (left, caudate, right and median) and was present in hepatocytes, Kupffer cells and the sinusoidal space. Iron accumulation in phagocytic macrophages, recruitment of hepatic lymphocytes and nucleus membrane degeneration were observed as a result of iron overload in the WT and BKO mice. However, the expansion of hepatic extramedullary hematopoiesis was observed only in the BKO mice with iron overload. In the heart, the iron accumulated in the cardiac interstitium and myocytes, and moderate hypertrophy of the myocardial fibers and cardiac myocyte degeneration were observed. Although the total liver iron was not significantly altered by iron chelation therapy, image analysis demonstrated a difference in the efficacies of two iron chelators. The major site of chelation was the extracellular compartment, but treatment with deferiprone also resulted in intracellular iron chelation. Interestingly, iron chelators reversed the pathological changes resulting from iron overload in WT and BKO mice despite being used for only a short treatment period. We suggest that some of these effects may be secondary to the anti-inflammatory activity of the chelators.     

Expression and purification of Ctomp2aa167-aa434 and preparation of its mAb

Chlamydia trachomatis outer membrane protein 2 (Ctomp2) is a major immunogen in chlamydial infections and a highly genus-conserved structural protein of all Chlamydia species . To purify the protein and to prepare monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against it, the recombinant protein was induced by IPTG, which was confirmed by SDS-PAGE and purified by means of a Ni2 -charged resin column. The denatured protein was refolded in the GSH-GSSH buffer gradually and identified by Western blotting. Then the BALB/c mice were immunized with the recombinant protein to prepare the mAb against Ctomp2. The obtained mAbs were characterized. Genital specimens were tested with indirect ELISA mostly made of the mAb and cell culture in 84 patients with genital symptoms. The results showed that high-level expression of the recombinant protein was achieved, which existed as inclusion body and amounted to 38 % of total bacterium protein. A mAb against Ctomp2 was obtained. It belongs to IgG 2b. The titers were as high as 1:40 000. The Western blotting showed that the mAb only reacted with the recombinant protein. It had no crossing reactions against E. coli, N. gonorhoea, M. hominis, U. urealyticum and M. penetrans . It had high specifity. In comparison with gold standard test-cell culture, the sensitivities, specificities, positive predictive values and negative predictive values of indirect ELISA were 95.24%, 100%, 100% and 98.44%, respectively. The above-mentioned research work contributed not only to the further study of the structure and function of this protein , but also to the establishment of the method for its clinical application, for it had not been reported before.     

Expressions of Estrogen Receptorαand β in the Development and Maturation of Rat Heart

1 IntroductionPhysiological effects of estrogen on myocardium are mediated by two intracellular estrogen receptors (ER), alpha (ERα) and beta (ERβ). Their role in cardiovascular physiology is not well understood. For this reason,we investigated the expressions of ERα and ERβ in the development and maturation of rat heart.2 Materials and Methods2.1 Experimental animals The study on changes of ERs was performed in six newborn rats with both sexes and six adult female Wistar rats respedively.2.2 Semiquantitati...     

Effects of β-carotene and aspartame on clustogenic activity of cyclophosphamide and dioxidine in mice

Antimutagenic effects of combination of aspartame (0.4 and 4 mg/kg) and -carotene (0.15-15 mg/kg) were studied by estimation of chromosome aberrations in bone marrow cells of C57Bl/6 mice. Single and 5-day treatment with this combination decreased the clastogenic effects of dioxidine and cyclophosphamide and produced a more potent and universal antimutagenic effect than its constituents.     

Chain Conformation and Bioactivity of Lentinan

The chain conformation of Lentinan, a (1→3)-(-D-glucan having (1→6) branching, from Lentinus edodes in 0.9% NaCl aqueous solution and dimethylsulfoxide (Me_2SO) was investigated by size-exclusion chromatography combined with multi-angle laser light scattering (SEC-LLS), LLS, and viscometry. The results indicated that Lentinan exists as a triple helix in 0.9% NaCl aqueous solution and as a single flexible chain in Me_2SO. Assays in vivo and in vitro against the growth of Sarcoma 180 …     

Dynamics of Structural Transformations of BCG Granulomas and Expression of TNF-α and Granulocyte-Macrophage CSF by Macrophages In Vitro

The spleens were isolated from mice at different times after BCG infection and BCG granulomas were explanted and cultured in vitro. Cell migration, chemoattractant potential, and expression of TNF-α and granulocyte-macrophage CSF (GM-CSF) by macrophages migrated from granulomas were evaluated in granulomas. The number of macrophages able to migrate; migrating out of granulomas, expressing TNF-α and GM-CSF decreased with increasing the time after infection. The number of cells in “dissociating” granulomas correlates with the number of macrophages containing live BCG mycobacteria in the cytoplasm.     

Automatic detection of atrial fibrillation using the coefficient of variation and density histograms of RR and ΔRR intervals

The paper describes a method for the automatic detection of atrial fibrillation, an abnormal heart rhythm, based on the sequence of intervals between heartbeats. The RR interval is the interbeat interval, and ΔRR is the difference between two successive RR intervals. Standard density histograms of the RR and ΔRR intervals were prepared as templates for atrial fibrillation detection. As the coefficients of variation of the RR and ΔRR intervals were approximately constant during atrial fibrillation, the coefficients of variation in the test data could be compared with the standard coefficients of variation (CV test). Further, the similarities between the density histograms of the test data and the standard density histograms were estimated using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The CV test based on the RR intervals showed a sensitivity of 86.6% and a specificity of 84.3%. The CV test based on the ΔRR intervals showed that the sensitivity and the specificity are both approximately 84%. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test based on the RR intervals did not improve on the result of the CV test. In contrast, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test based on the ΔRR intervals showed a sensitivity of 94.4% and a specificity of 97.2%.     

Effects of β-carotene and aspartame on clustogenic activity of cyclophosphamide and dioxidine in mice

Antimutagenic effects of combination of aspartame (0.4 and 4 mg/kg) and β-carotene (0.15–15 mg/kg) were studied by estimation of chromosome aberrations in bone marrow cells of C57Bl/6 mice. Single and 5-day treatment with this combination decreased the clastogenic effects of dioxidine and cyclophosphamide and produced a more potent and universal antimutagenic effect than its constituents. Translated fromByulleten’ Eksperimental’noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 130, No. 11, pp. 570–573, November, 2000