冷却速度对无铅焊料Sn-3.5Ag合金微观组织和显微硬度的影响

在～102K/s、～103K/s和～104K/s的冷速条件下研究了凝固速度对无铅焊料Sn-3.5Ag合金微观组织和显微硬度的影响.结果表明:由于非平衡凝固条件下动力学过冷的影响,导致了该共晶合金实际凝固过程开始于平衡共晶凝固点以下,合金凝固组织中包含初生β-Sn枝晶,且该初生β-Sn枝晶组织随合金凝固速度的提高而发生细化.另外,维氏硬度测试结果表明,无铅焊料Sn-3.5Ag合金在不同冷速条件下的凝固组织与显微硬度的关系符合经典Hall-Petch关系式,即初生β-Sn枝晶细化能显著提高焊料合金的显微硬度.     

快速凝固铸造合金中的偏析与组织

本文讨论了不同凝固速度下合金铸件与铸锭中,以至快速凝固的粉末或薄膜中的枝晶臂间距与偏析。以Al-4.5Cu作为例子。在这类工业合金的快速凝固中我们很少去注意不平衡现象。较多的倒是在于寻求途径以获得均匀、平衡的凝固组织。增大凝固速度可提高均匀性,它的作用包括:减少枝晶臂间距,降低树枝晶尖端温度,降低共晶生长温度,消除树枝晶,造成初生相或次生相形核前的过冷。     

冷却速度对无铅焊料Sn-3．5Ag合金微观组织和显微硬度的影响

在～10^2K／s、～10^3K／s和～10^4K／s的冷速条件下研究了凝固速度对无铅焊料Sn-3．SAg合金微观组织和显微硬度的影响。结果表明：由于非平衡凝固条件下动力学过冷的影响，导致了该共晶合金实际凝固过程开始于平衡共晶凝固点以下，合金凝固组织中包含初生β-Sn枝晶，且该初生β-Sn枝晶组织随合金凝固速度的提高而发生细化。另外，维氏硬度测试结果表明，无铅焊料Sn-3．5ag合金在不同冷速条件下的凝固组织与显微硬度的关系符合经典Hall-Petch关系式，即初生β-Sn枝晶细化能显著提高焊料合金的显微硬度。     

脉冲电流参数对内燃机用Ti-44.5Al-3Nb-0.8Si合金凝固组织演变的影响北大核心CSCD

采用脉冲电流方法处理Ti-44.5Al-3Nb-0.8Si合金熔体的凝固过程,并测试不同脉冲电流条件下合金凝固组织性能,对组织结构的变化过程进行了深入分析。实验结果表明:当电流密度与频率都升高后,生成了互相垂直的枝晶结构,以及具有bcc晶体结构的β组织。随着电流密度增加,合金一次枝晶距离发生先降低后升高,最小值发生在电流密度为64 mA/mm^2时;当脉冲电流频率上升后,形成了距离更小的一次枝晶。脉冲电流下合金中形成了许多片层组织。当电流密度升高后,α2/γ相的片层间距发生了先降低后升高;提高脉冲电流频率会引起α2/γ组织的片层间距降低的现象,脉冲电流可以使TiAl合金形成更加细化的片层并提升均匀性。     

深过冷Ni—Sn共晶合金的快速凝固机制

本文通过净化法使 Ni-32.5wt-%Sn 共晶合金液获得深过冷,对该合金液在不同过冷条件下的凝固机制和组织进行了研究。结果表明:当过冷度小于约10K 时,该合金液凝固生成 Ni_3Sn相和 Ni(α)相层片共晶。在深过冷条件下,由于 Ni_3Sn 枝晶的自由生长速度远大于 Ni(α)枝晶的自由生长速度,再辉过程中,Ni_3Sn 相和 Ni(α)相不能以匹配方式生长,而由 Ni_3Sn 相作为领先相以枝晶簇方式生长。再辉过程中形成的枝晶簇,其内部 Ni_3Sn 枝晶进一步熔断粗化及 Ni(α)相在Ni_3Sn 枝晶间形成生长,最后形成非规则共晶组织。当过冷度小于130K 时,再辉之后,枝晶簇间存留有较大体积的成分仍为 Ni-32.5wt-%Sn 的合金液,这部分合金液在共晶平台阶段以层片共晶方式凝固,所以试样内部的组织由非规则共晶区和层片共晶区组成。     

基于三维LBM-CA模型模拟Al-4.7%Cu合金的枝晶形貌和成分分布

建立了三维格子玻尔兹曼方法(LBM)-元胞自动机(CA)耦合数值模型,并用该模型模拟研究了Al-4.7%Cu(质量分数)固溶体合金的凝固过程。该耦合模型采用元胞自动机方法模拟枝晶的生长,同时采用基于分子动力学理论的格子玻尔兹曼方法模拟合金凝固过程中的温度场、流场以及溶质场。模拟结果再现了合金凝固过程中的三维枝晶形貌变化以及溶质富集过程,并将三维流场因素考虑进去,定量研究了自然对流、过冷度对单枝晶形貌和成分分布的影响。研究表明,在纯扩散条件下,枝晶呈现对称的生长现象,模拟自由枝晶稳态生长的尖端速度、尖端半径和过冷度的关系与Lipton-Glicksman-Kurz(LGK)理论模型吻合得较好。在自然对流条件下,枝晶的生长形貌呈现不对称性,即枝晶生长在迎流方向上得到了促进,在顺流方向上受到了抑制。熔体过冷度对枝晶生长的影响较大,过冷度的增加导致枝晶生长加快,二次枝晶增多且呈现出粗化现象,枝晶尖端固液界面处的溶质浓度偏高,加重了溶质偏析。     

Cu-Cr合金初生相对共晶生长的影响机制研究

制备了定向凝固Cu-1.0%Cr亚共晶自生复合材料,研究了初生α相生长对共晶生长的影响机制,探讨了亚共晶合金中共晶的生长规律.研究结果表明,Cu-1.0%Cr合金定向凝固时,在初生α相间生长的共晶受到初生相生长的影响,在热场不定向和生长空间受限的双重作用下,共晶无定向地杂乱生长.初生α相的生长引起枝晶间液相溶质分布的变化,随着凝固速度的增大,初生α枝晶间液相溶质的浓度分布趋于平缓,成分趋近于CE.Cu-1.0%Cr合金在快速凝固条件下,初生α相生长改变了共晶的生长环境,致使形成非平衡凝固组织--离异共晶.     

锶对连续定向凝固Al-Si共晶合金组织与性能的影响

本文采用新型的连续定向凝固装置,考察了锶对 Al-12.7%Si 共晶合金连续定向凝固组织及性能的影响。研究表明,在凝固速度为0.02～2.0mm/s 范围内,随凝固速度的增加,Al-12.7%Si合金连续定向凝固组织中共晶 Si 经历了片/纤维转变,且随凝固速度的增加,Si 纤维不断细化,合金的抗拉强度及延伸率不断提高;锶的加入使片/纤维转变的临界速度变小,Si 纤维更加细小,抗拉强度和延伸率明显提高。     

温度梯度对Ti-45Al合金定向凝固组织演化影响的数值模拟

采用基于溶质扩散控制模型结合CA方法对Ti-45Al合金定向凝固过程中温度梯度对显微组织演化影响进行了数值模拟.模拟结果表明,随着温度梯度增加,凝固形态经历了树枝晶→胞/枝混合结构→粗胞晶→细胞晶→超细胞晶的转变,而一次胞/枝晶臂间距随着凝固组织变化不断减小.此外,温度梯度很高时,固液界面处溶质富集程度很小,界面处出现溶质截流.     

定向凝固Cu-Cr自生复合材料的微观组织演变

为了研究定向凝固Cu-Cr自生复合材料的微观组织构成及其在不同凝固速度条件下的组织演变,在高梯度定向凝固装置上制备了Cu-1.0%Cr、Cu-1.7%Cr(质量分数)两种成分的Cu基自生复合材料,采用金相显微镜、扫描电镜以及能谱分析进行了微观组织观察和相的成分分析.研究表明:Cu-1.0%Cr亚共晶合金定向凝固组织为初生α相和棒状(或针状)共晶体(α β)的混合组织;Cu-1.7%Cr过共晶合金为α相、初生β相和共晶(α β)的混合组织;随着凝固速度的提高,α相一次胞(枝)晶逐渐细化,晶间距逐渐减小;共晶体(α β)分布在α相胞(枝)晶间,起到强化基体的作用;初生β相呈颗粒状不均匀地分布在α相基体上.     

The periodic breakup layers in vibration-solidified Al-3%Mg alloy

Based on experimental results, this paper presents that under specific vibration and solidification conditions, there are several periodic breakup layers appearing in the crystallization of Al-3% Mg alloy. The effect of such layers on mechanical properties of the allyoy have been studied.     

浇注温度对定向凝固Al－Cu合金热裂的影响

针对空心叶片类定向凝固铸件存在的热裂问题，开展了定向凝固热裂规律的研究。本文选择凝固参数较全的Ａｌ－Ｃｕ系合金，研究了定向凝固工艺参数之一的浇注温度对Ａｌ－０．６ｗｔ％Ｃｕ和Ａｌ－２．０ｗｔ％Ｃｕ合金热裂的影响。定向凝固热裂试验表明，提高浇注温度可以降低Ａｌ－０．６ｗｔ％Ｃｕ合金的热裂程度，但对Ａｌ－２．０ｗｔ％Ｃｕ则无作用。理论分析认为，合金在不可补缩区的冷却速率变化是改变合金热裂程度的重要因素。     

磁场作用下偏晶合金凝固组织演变的数值分析

建立偏晶合金难混溶区凝固过程的两相数学模型,模拟研究了有、无磁场Al-10%Bi过偏晶合金微观组织演变,研究了温度、速度、第二相体积分数等物性参数对凝固组织宏观偏析的影响。结果表明,在磁场作用下温度场为中心对称分布,更有利于第二相液滴的均匀分布;电磁力抵消了部分重力和Marangoni力,使无磁场时外环流的速度场变为有磁场时斜向下的速度场,且速度明显降低,从而减轻了强对流导致的重力偏析;在磁场的作用下,试样底部第二相的体积分数减小,凝固组织宏观偏析得到改善。     

磁场作用下铝合金凝固过程的电阻变化

为了确定磁场对铝合金凝固过程的影响,利用双电桥测试了Al-21%Cu、Al-22Si合金分别在无磁场、直流磁场和交流磁场作用下从液态到固态的电阻变化.分析了Al-Cu合金与Al-Si合金电阻-温度曲线的差别,研究了磁场对合金凝固过程中液、固相线温度及微观结构的影响.结果表明,Al-21%Cu合金的电阻-温度曲线呈单调下降趋势,且有两个明显的转折点,而Al-22%Si合金的电阻-温度曲线不再是单调下降,两个转折点也很不明显,在直流磁场作用下,Al-21%Cu、Al-22%Si合金的液相线、固相线温度均有所降低,在交流磁场作用下,两种铝合金的液、固相线温度均有所升高.在Al-Si合金凝固过程中施加外磁场时,抑制了初生β-Si的生成.     

High strength Al–Zn–Mg–Cu–Ni–Si alloy with improved casting properties

Abstract

The casting properties of high strength Al-7Zn-7Mg-1Cu-3Ni-3Si(wt-%) alloy are described. Compared with common Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys, an improvement of casting properties has been achieved by adding elements (Ni, Mg, Si) that form eutectic phases, thus reducing the solidification interval of the alloy. A comparison of thermal cooling curves, castability and hot tearing tendency has been carried out for three alloys: Al-7Zn-2Mg-1Cu (structure consists mainly of solid solution), quasi-ternary eutectic alloy Al-7Zn-7Mg-1Cu-3Ni-3Si and the common casting alloy Al-10Si. In addition, the effect of melt protection against oxidation on castability has been evaluated. It is shown that the casting properties of the protected quasi-ternary eutectic alloy are significantly better than those of the common Al-7Zn-2Mg-1Cu alloy and that they achieve a level close to that of Al-10Si alloy.     

Characteristics of α-dendritic and eutectic structures in Sr-treated Al—Si casting alloys

The present study was carried out to determine the effect of alloy composition and solidification conditions on changes in the dendritic and eutectic structures in Al—Si alloys containing strontium. A series of experimental and industrial alloys viz., Al-7% Si, Al-12% Si, 319 and 356 were selected, to cover a variety of alloy freezing ranges. The techniques of thermal analysis, optical microscopy, and SEM/EDX and EPMA analyses were employed to obtain the results presented here. Depression in the eutectic Si temperature in Al-7% Si alloys occurs on addition of alloying elements such as Mg and Cu. Introduction of Sr to these alloys further depresses the eutectic temperature, with a corresponding increase in the volume fraction of the -Al phase. The primary dendrite solidification pattern changes from parallel rows to a branched form, producing an equiaxed type of structure and hence shorter primary dendrite lengths. This is expected to enhance the interdendritic feedability. The lengths of the secondary dendrite arms are controlled by the rejection of solute atoms in front of the growing dendrites during solidification. The higher the alloying content in the alloy (i.e., 319), the smaller the dendrite cell size. The longer solidification time in the 319 alloy also appears to have a considerable influence on the amount of porosity formed in the alloy, in addition to that of Sr.     

Rapid pressure solidification in an Al-Si alloy

This study describes the effect of rapid pressure applied during solidification and the resulting microstructures and properties of an Al-1.7% Si alloy. The data on the microstructures and mechanical properties of the test alloy, together with the apparatus used to achieve rapid pressurization are discussed.In this research, the pressure effects on microstructures of the test alloy were found to be significant. The mechanical properties such as yield strength and hardness, however, showed only minor differences in samples solidified under normal (1 atm) and pressurized conditions. This may be due to the competing effects of the dendritic and eutectic phases in the resulting structure. The results of this research suggest that high pressurization rate, applied during solidification actually achieves similar effects as high cooling rate in much larger dimensions of samples, thus, rapid pressure solidification may potentially offer an alternate method of obtaining the advantageous properties of rapidly solidified materials.     

Microstructure of Al-Si Alloys Rapidly Solidified from the Different Temperature Melts

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Influence of Liquid Structure on Solid Transformation of CuA1Ni Shape Memory Alloy

Molten Cu-13Al and Cu-13AI-4Ni (mass fraction) alloys have been investigated using X-ray diffraction method. A distinct pre-peak has been found in the structure factors. The pre-peak increases its intensity with decreasing temperature and addition of Ni. The structural unit size corresponding to the pre-peak equals to magnitude of (111) planar distance of β phase. The appearance of a pre-peak is due to existence of clusters with β-phase-like structure in melt. Quantity and size of clusters increase with decreasing temperature but their structural unit size remains constant. Cu-13AI-4Ni shape memory alloy ribbons can be fabricated by rapid solidification technique. Order degree of martensite and temperature of the reverse martensitic transformation increase with decreasing liquid quenching temperature.β phase particles develop from incorporating and growing of the clusters during solidification, thus result in the correlation between liquid structure and solid transformation,     

Influence of Liquid Structure on Solid Transformation of CuAlNi Shape Memory Alloy

Molten Cu-13Al and Cu-13Al-4Ni (mass fraction) alloys have been investigated using X-ray diffraction method.A distinct pre-peak has been found in the structure factors. The pre-peak increases its intensity with decreasing temperature and addition of Ni. The structural unit size corresponding to the pre-peak equals to magnitude of (111)planar distance ofβ phase. The appearance of a pre-peak is due to existence of clusters withβ-phase-like structure in melt. Quantity and size of clusters increase with decreasing temperature but their structural unit size remains constant. Cu-13Al-4Ni shape memory alloy ribbons can be fabricated by rapid solidification technique. Order degree of martensite and temperature of the reverse martensitic transformation increase with decreasing liquid quenching temperature. Β phase particles develop from incorporating and growing of the clusters during solidification, thus result in the correlation between liquid structure and solid transformation.