Comparative dermal carcinogenesis of shale and petroleum-derived distillates

Ten test materials derived from petroleum or hydrotreated shale oils were applied 3 times/week for up to 105 weeks to the shaved skin of 25 male and 25 female C3H/HeN mice per group. Mineral oil and benzo(a) pyrene (0.15%) were control materials. Clinical observations were recorded during the study. At death, histopathologic examination was conducted on skin, internal organs and any gross lesions. Exposures to some materials were ended midway in the study due to severe irritation. Chronic toxicity of all materials was limited to inflammatory and degenerative skin changes. Significant increases over control incidence of skin tumors (squamous cell carcinoma and fibrosarcoma) occurred with both petroleum and shale-derived naphtha (21%, 50%), Jet A (26%, 28%), JP-4 (26%, 50%), and crude oils (84%, 54%). Severely hydrotreated shale oil and petroleum and shale-derived diesel distillates were not considered tumorigenic. Results indicate that toxicity of comparable petroleum and shale-derived fractions was qualitatively similar and confirm earlier findings that hydrotreating reduces or eliminates carcinogenicity of raw shale oil.     

Toxicity of five shale oils to fish and aquatic invertebrates

The chemical composition and toxicity of three shale crude oils (Tosco, Paraho, and Geokinetics), a hydrotreated oil (Paraho HDT), and a refined shale oil (Paraho JP-4) were assessed to determine the potential hazards to native fish species and food chain organisms posed by accidental spills of such materials. Colorado squawfish (Ptychocheilus lucius), fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas), cutthroat trout (Salmo clarki), and colonies of aquatic invertebrates were exposed to the watersoluble fractions of the shale oils for 96 hr to determine concentrations lethal to 50% of the exposed organisms (LC-50). The behavior of surviving fish was also measured to determine the sublethal influences of exposure. The composition of the five water-soluble fractions was similar to that of the crude and refined shale oils from which they were made. Hydrotreated and refined oils contained fewer aromatic compounds than the crude shale oils. The cutthroat trout, a species endemic to oil shale regions, was less tolerant of shale oil exposure than the other species tested; the LC-50 concentrations were 1.8 mg/L Geokinetics, 2.1 mg/L Tosco, and 1.3 mg/L Paraho. Exposure to concentrations of one-half to one-eighth those causing mortality reduced the swimming capacity of squawfish and significantly impaired their ability to capture prey. The number of invertebrate taxa, species, and organisms colonizing plate samplers declined with increasing oil concentration. The generaBaetis andIsoperla were most sensitive to shale oil exposure; significant mortality occurred at the lowest concentration (0.5–0.7 mg/L) tested for each shale oil.     

Data for substantiation of MPEL of 1,2,4-triazole in the workplace air

1,2,4-Triazole belongs to the 3-d degree moderately dangerous compounds, according to the parameters of acute intragastric toxicity (LD50). Single and repeated applications of the substance on the skin of rats does not lead to local irritating or skin-resorptive effects. In the native state the substance produces moderate irritating effects on the eye mucosa of rabbits. It produces a moderately manifest cumulative effect of the functional character (Kcum greater than 5). 1,2,4-Triazole belongs to the 2-nd degree of danger according to LC50. The threshold of acute inhalational exposure (Li(mac)) 226.6 mg/m3, the threshold of chronic inhalational exposure (Lim(ch)), 19.8 mg/m3. The substance does not have mutagenic and embryotropic properties. 5 mg/m3 is recommended as the maximum allowable concentration for 1,2,4-triazole in the air of the working area.     

甲基叔丁基醚的急性毒性研究

为研究国产甲基叔丁基醚（ＭＴＢＥ）的毒性,比较与国外产品的异同,选用大、小鼠及家兔,采用经口、呼吸道及皮肤等染毒途径,同时对国产及进口ＭＴＢＥ的急性毒性进行研究,结果表明：国产及进口ＭＴＢＥ的小鼠经口ＬＤ５０分别为２９４５．２和２９４４．４ｍｇ／ｋｇ,大鼠均为３４３３．６ｍｇ／ｋｇ。小鼠经呼吸道ＬＣ５０分别为７２９８８．３和９９６３０ｍｇ／ｍ３,大鼠为８５３２０和１０３４１０ｍｇ／ｍ３。急性中毒表现均为先兴奋,然后出现粘膜刺激症状,运动失调,活动减少,麻醉,最后死亡。兔经皮染毒仅见脱脂现象,无致炎、致敏或中毒作用。但对兔眼睛有较强致炎作用。结论：国产或进口ＭＴＢＥ的动物经口或经呼吸道急性毒性基本相同,均属低毒物,经皮属微毒物,但对兔眼有明显刺激和致炎作用     

复合双链季铵盐消毒液的毒性研究

目的探讨该复合双链季铵盐消毒液的毒性，了解其反复使用的安全性。方法采用动物实验法分别进行了急性经口毒性、亚急性经口毒性（30d）和皮肤刺激性试验。结果含季铵盐总量4．21g／L的复合季铵盐消毒液小鼠经口半数致死量（LD50）雌雄均〉5000mg／kg体重；该消毒液无致微核作用；对实验动物豚鼠皮肤致敏率为0％；对家兔皮肤刺激指数为0．3；大鼠亚急性毒性试验，在本实验剂量范围内未观察到毒性作用。结论该复合双链季铵盐消毒液动物毒性试验结果属于无毒级、无致微核作用、无刺激性、无致敏作用。     

LW-特效灭蟑乳油的药效及安全性研究

目的评价LW-特效灭蟑乳油的灭蟑效果及其在使用中的安全性.方法采用接触法和急性经口经皮毒性试验方法.结果经口毒性雌雄鼠LD5o均为430 mg/kg,经皮毒性雌雄鼠LD50均大于2000mg/kg.结论LW-特效灭蟑乳油毒性低,使用安全,灭蟑效果良好,具有很好的应用价值.     

Development and application of an oil toxicity and exposure model,OilToxEx

An oil toxicity and exposure model (OilToxEx) was developed and validated for estimation of impacts to aquatic organisms resulting from acute exposure to spilled oil. Because oil exposure is shorter than the time required for equilibrium between the organism and the water to be reached, the time and temperature dependence of toxicity is addressed. Oil toxicity is a function of aromatic composition and the toxicity of individual aromatics in the mixture. Lethal concentration to 50% of exposed organisms (LC50), as a function of octanol-water partition coefficient (Kow), and an additive model are used to estimate the toxicity of monoaromatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon mixtures in water-soluble fractions (WSF) and oil-in-water dispersions (OWD) of oil. The toxicity model was verified by comparison with oil bioassay data where the exposure concentrations of aromatics were measured. The observed toxicity in the bioassays could be accounted for by the additive narcotic effects of the dissolved aromatics in the exposure media. Predicted LC50s were compared to those calculated from measured concentrations after spills to verify the exposure model for field conditions. These results indicate that the additive toxicity and exposure model may be used to estimate toxicity of untested oils and spill conditions.     

丙炔菊酯的毒性研究

目的 了解丙炔菊酯的急性与亚慢万籁 毒辣性、刺激性、突变性和致敏性。方法 按国家标准GB15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》进行大鼠急性经口、经皮与吸入毒性试验。小鼠急性皮下、腹腔注射试验。皮肤致敏试验,Ames试验和亚慢性经口试验,结果 大鼠急性经口LD50;雌性为501mg/kg,雄性为926mg/dkg;经皮LD50;雌性为2610mg/kg,雄性大于2150mg/kg;急性吸入LC50为471.5dmg/dm^3;小鼠急性皮下注射LD50;雌性为2710mg/kg,雄性为2370mg/kg;急性腹腔注射KL50;雌、雄鼠均为316mg/kg;眼、皮肤刺激为轻度刺激性;Ames试验为阴性;皮肤致敏率为6.7%;亚慢性经口毒性试验最大无作用剂量为每天2.340mg/kg。结论 丙炔菊酯的急性经口、经皮毒性为低毒级,急性吸入毒性为中毒级;为弱致敏物,无致突变性。     

A comparative assessment of azinphosmethyl bioaccumulation and toxicity in two estuarine meiobenthic harpacticoid copepods

Aqueous, pore-water, and whole-sediment bioassays were conducted with meiobenthic copepods with different infaunal lifestyles to assess the acute and chronic toxicity of the organophosphorous pesticide azinphosmethyl (APM) and its bioaccumulation potential in sediments. Biota sediment accumulation factors were an order of magnitude higher for the deeper burrowing Amphiascus tenuiremis (26.6) than the epibenthic Microarthridion littorale (2.2). The female A. tenuiremis APM median lethal concentration (LC50; 3.6 microg/L) was twice the male LC50 (1.8 microg/L), in straight seawater exposures, and nearly 20% higher than males in whole-sediment exposures (540 vs 456 ng/g dry weight). Amphiascus tenuiremis were 17 times more sensitive to sediment-associated APM than M. littorale. In pore-water-only exposures, the adult mixed-sex A. tenuiremis LC50 (5.0 microg/L) was nearly twice the seawater mixed-sex LC50 (2.7 microg/L). Dissolved organic carbon in pore water was five times higher (20 mg/L) than in seawater-only exposures (4 mg/L). Differences in acute toxicity within exposure media were driven by species- and sex-specific differences in lipid content. Amphiascus tenuiremis likely experienced greater exposure to sediment-associated toxicants via longer periods of direct contact with pore water than M. littorale and, therefore, exhibited correspondingly higher bioaccumulation and acute toxicity. Copepod reproduction was significantly reduced (>60%) in 14-d sediment culture exposures at sublethal APM levels, suggesting that chronic field exposure to sediment-associated APM would result in sharp declines in copepod population growth.     

3,3-二甲基-2-氧代丁酸的急性毒性效应

摘要:目的 探讨3,3-二甲基-2-氧代丁酸的急性毒性效应。方法 采用急性经口、急性经皮、急性吸入、皮肤刺激/腐蚀、眼刺激/腐蚀、皮肤变态反应等。方法 对3,3-二甲基-2-氧代丁酸的急性毒性效应进行评价。结果 急性经口毒性试验4.640 g/kg BW和2.150 g/kg BW剂量组的雌、雄性动物全部死亡,LD50及95％可信区间为雄性动物1.260 g/kg BW（0.926～1.710）、雌性动物1.100 g/kg BW（0.661～1.830）,分级为低毒级、第4类;急性经皮毒性LD50＞2 000 mg/kg,分级为低毒级、第5类;急性吸入毒性LC50＞2 000 mg/m3,分级为低毒级、第5类;受试物组24 h和48 h的致敏率分别为15.0%和20.0%,致敏强度为Ⅱ级,具有轻度皮肤致敏性;染毒3 min后,24 h观察时家兔皮肤出现液体渗出、皮肤发白、脱落等症状,具有皮肤腐蚀性;眼染毒后前4 d的最高加权总积分均值为110,且d7的加权总积分均值大于80,具有极重度刺激性,分级为8级。结论 3,3-二甲基-2-氧代丁酸具有一定的毒性,尤其表现在皮肤腐蚀和极重度眼刺激性上。在使用过程中,应切实做好防范工作,保障健康安全。     

环庚三烯的急性毒性研究

目的　了解环庚三烯的急性经口、经皮、吸入毒性及急性皮肤刺激和眼刺激作用。方法　按国家标准GB15 670 -1995进行。结果　NIH小鼠经口LD50 为 13 4 9mg/kg ,SD大鼠经皮LD50 大于 5 0 0 0mg/kg ,NIH小鼠吸入LC50 为162 7 7mg/m3 ,新西兰白兔的皮肤刺激强度平均分值为 3 5 ,急性眼刺激积分指数 (I .A .O .I .)最高数为 2 7;平均指数 (M .I .O .I .) 4d后为 3 5。结论　环庚三烯经口和吸入毒性属中毒级 ,经皮毒性属低毒性 ,皮肤刺激属中等刺激性物质 ,对眼属轻度至中度刺激性。     

Acute toxicity test with Daphnia magna: an alternative to mammals in the prescreening of chemical toxicity?

In this study, the association between the acute toxicity of 15 compounds to Daphnia magna, expressed as 24- and 48-h LC(50) values, and the corresponding oral LD(50) values for the rat was tested. Since there was evidence of a strong relationship between the two species, the sample was extended to 54 cases by including the values for acute toxicity to D. magna and rat of more chemicals published by other authors. Thus, a total of 54 data points were further used to ascertain the relationship between the acute toxicity of chemical compounds to D. magna and that to the rat. To summarize its validity, the D. magna test is more specific than sensitive as an indicator of toxicity to the rat. When it is used with a chemical that has a high probability of being very toxic to D. magna (LC(50)< 0.22 mg/L), the test provides considerable information if it is positive, virtually giving evidence of toxicity to the rat (with a probability of 0.83). On the other hand, a negative test (D. magna LC(50)>0.22 mg/L) has a probability of correctly assigning nontoxicity to the rat equal to 0.74. This study and results published by other authors provide good evidence of the applicability of using invertebrate tests as prescreening methods, thus considerably reducing the number of mammals required in toxicity testing.     

The acute toxicity of tris(dimethylamino)silane

The acute handling hazards of tris(dimethylamino)silane [TDMAS] were investigated. The acute male rat peroral LD50 (with 95% confidence limits) was 0.71 (0.51-0.97) ml/kg, and the acute male rabbit percutaneous LD50 was 0.57 (0.35-0.92) ml/kg. The liquid was severely irritating to the rabbit eye and skin, and the vapor severely irritating to the rat eye. The dynamically generated saturated vapor Lt50 in female rats was 12 (9.7-15) min. The effect of varying the atmospheric concentration of vapor from TDMAS on acute inhalation toxicity was investigated by passing ordinary moist air countercurrent to liquid TDMAS metered into a slightly heated glass tube. Based on nominal concentrations, the 4 hr-LC50 for vapor from TDMAS was 734 (603-893) ppm in female rats by this procedure. Stoichiometrically, this accords with toxicity due to liberation of dimethylamine (DMA) from TDMAS. In a subsequent study designed to assess the influence of relative humidity on vapor toxicity, nitrogen was passed over heated liquid TDMAS and the resultant atmosphere was introduced into the air intake duct of the inhalation exposure chamber. Gas chromatographically measured TDMAS concentrations (+/- SD) were 395 +/- 111, 127 +/- 25, 62 +/- 8 and 23 +/- 21 ppm; the corresponding DMA vapor concentrations were 112 +/- 171, 31 +/- 43, 10 +/- 6 and 26 +/- 44 ppm. The 4-hr LC50 (males and females) was 38 (34-43) ppm TDMAS vapor. Thus, TDMAS is of moderate acute peroral and percutaneous toxicity, a severe primary skin and eye irritant, an aspiration hazard, and of high intrinsic acute inhalation toxicity, but in moist air conditions lethal toxicity may be reduced and in such circumstances DMA may be a significant factor in toxicity.     

石油重芳烃毒性的实验研究

为探讨石油重芳烃的毒性,选用大鼠、豚鼠及家兔,采用经口、呼吸道及皮肤、粘膜染毒途径,对石油重芳烃的急性毒性、蓄积性进行研究。结果表明：石油重芳烃的大鼠经口ＬＤ５０为３１６０ｍｇ／ｋｇ;急性中毒表现为发抖、嗜睡、活动减少、严重腹泻、不思饮食、直至死亡。大鼠皮肤涂敷剂量达４０００ｍｇ／ｋｇ和以１０ｍｇ／Ｌ吸入染毒２小时均未出现死亡;家兔皮肤及眼刺激强度为轻度刺激性;豚鼠皮肤变态反应试验为中等致敏性;大鼠蓄积试验为强蓄积性。结论：石油重芳烃经口急性毒性属于低毒物,经皮及粘膜为微毒物,皮肤和眼有轻度刺激,有中等致敏作用和强蓄积性。     

Toxicity of Fuel Oil Water Accommodated Fractions on Two Marine Microalgae, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Skeletonema costatum</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Chlorela spp</Emphasis>

In this paper, the acute toxicity of four fuel oils including F120, F180, F380 and No.-20 was evaluated by exposing the marine microalgae Chlorela spp. (Chlorophyta) and Skeletonema costatum (Bacillariophyta) in the fuel oil water accommodated fractions (WAF). The bioassay showed that F180 WAF was the most toxic to both microalgae. The 96 h EC₅₀ value of F180 WAF for Skeletonema costatum and Chlorela spp. was 9.41 and 13.63 mg/L expressed in concentration of total petroleum hydrocarbons, respectively. WAFs of F120, F180 and F380 were more toxic to Skeletonema costatum than to Chlorela spp. In contrast, No.-20 WAF did not show significant toxicity for both Skeletonema costatum and Chlorela spp.     

狼毒大戟石油醚提取物和乙酸乙酯提取物的半数致死量测定

目的：研究狼毒大戟石油醚提取物和乙酸乙酯提取物对小鼠的半数致死量（LD50）。方法：150只昆明种小鼠,完全随机平均分组,每组10只。腹腔注射给药,分别给予不同浓度的狼毒大戟石油醚提取物和乙酸乙酯提取物,以小鼠急性死亡率为指标,求狼毒大戟石油醚提取物和乙酸乙酯提取物的半数致死量（LD50）和LD50的95％可信区间。结果：狼毒大戟石油醚提取物和乙酸乙酯提取物对小鼠的半数致死量（LD50）分别为31．03mg／kg、1538．58mg/kg。结论：狼毒大戟石油醚租乙酸乙酯提取物具有一定的毒性,实验结果为进一步研究和开发狼毒大戟提供了毒性依据。     

Health effects of tank cleaners.

A total of 29 tank cleaners and 31 referent controls participated in the study. In most cases, the tank cleaners were employed in small companies, usually specialized subcontractors such as firms only working in refineries cleaning oil tanks and handling oil spills. The air concentrations of hydrocarbons (HCs) in tanks containing residuals from heavy fuel oil were generally low, unless the oil was still warm. Addition of light fuel oil to facilitate the cleaning of tanks containing viscous, heavy fuel oils resulted in total airborne HC levels of 1000-1500 mg/m3. High levels of HC were measured in tanks with low-boiling petroleum fractions (naphtha and light fuel oils) of 1000-2600 mg/m3 (maximum). Today, most cleaners use air-supplied respirators or air-purifying respirator cartridges inside tanks with petroleum products or other chemicals. The exception is small firms handling fuel oils for heating purposes where only 50% of the workers use protective equipment regularly; the other workers only occasionally use protective equipment even if the air concentrations of HC are high. Protective equipment is rarely used in small, domestic tanks. Measurements of heart rate showed that tank cleaning is, at times, a highly strenuous job. No differences between tank cleaners and controls were found with respect to spirometry, liver enzymes, or frequency of micronuclei. Acute intoxications were not frequently reported in this group. However, this investigation may underestimate the true risk, as it is a cross-sectional study that found that exposures were highly variable, both quantitatively and qualitatively. In many cases, the tank cleaners knew very little about the potential hazards or the proper use of protective equipment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Acute and chronic toxicity of nickel to a cladoceran (Ceriodaphnia dubia) and an amphipod (Hyalella azteca)

This study evaluated acute and chronic nickel (Ni) toxicity to Ceriodaphnia dubia and Hyalella azteca with the objective of generating information for the development of a biotic ligand model for Ni. Testing with C. dubia was used to evaluate the effect of ambient hardness on Ni toxicity, whereas the larger H. azteca was used to derive lethal body burden information for Ni toxicity. As was expected, acute C. dubia median lethal concentrations (LC50s) for Ni increased with increasing water hardness. The 48-h LC50s were 81, 148, 261, and 400 microg/L at hardnesses of 50, 113, 161, and 253 mg/L (as CaCO3), respectively. Ceriodaphnia dubia was found to be significantly more sensitive in chronic exposures than other species tested (including other daphnids such as Daphnia magna); chronic toxicity was less dependent on hardness than was acute toxicity. Chronic 20% effective concentrations (EC20s) were estimated at <3.8, 4.7, 4.0, and 6.9 microg/L at hardnesses of 50, 113, 161, and 253 mg/L, respectively. Testing with H. azteca resulted in a 96-h LC50 of 3,045 microg/L and a 14-d EC20 of 61 microg/L at a hardness of 98 mg/L (as CaCO3). Survival was more sensitive than was growth in the chronic study with H. azteca. The 20% lethal accumulation effect level based on measured Ni body burdens was 247 nmol/g wet weight.     

Increased toxicity to invertebrates associated with a mixture of atrazine and organophosphate insecticides

This study examined the joint toxicity of atrazine and three organophosphate (OP) insecticides (chlorpyrifos, methyl parathion, and diazinon) exposed to Hyalella azteca and Musca domestica. A factorial design was used to evaluate the toxicity of binary mixtures in which the lethal concentration/lethal dose (LC1/LD1, LC5/LD5, LC15/LD15, and LC50/LD50) of each OP was combined with atrazine concentrations of 0, 10, 40, 80, and 200 microg/L for H. azteca and 0, 200, and 2,000 ng/mg for M. domestica. Atrazine concentrations (> or = 40 microg/L) in combination with each OP caused a significant increase in toxicity to H. azteca compared with the OPs dosed individually. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity also was examined for the individual OPs with and without atrazine treatment. Atrazine in combination with each of the OPs resulted in a significant decrease in AChE activity compared with the OPs dosed individually. In addition, H. azteca that were pretreated with atrazine (> or = 40 microg/L) were much more sensitive to the OP insecticides compared with H. azteca that were not pretreated with atrazine before being tested. Topical exposure to atrazine concentrations did not significantly increase OP toxicity to M. domestica. The results of this study indicate the potential for increased toxicity in organisms exposed to environmental mixtures.     

氯氰菊酯和B.t.i H-14混配对致乏库蚊幼虫的实验室毒效及持效研究

目的 :提高杀虫剂对致乏库蚊幼虫的药效。方法 :将氯氰菊酯与B .t.iH 14混配 ,观察对试虫的半数致死量 (LC50 )及共毒系数。结果 :混配制剂对敏感品系致乏库蚊幼虫的LC50 为0 .0 0 56mg/L ,共毒系数为90 .8;对抗性致乏库蚊幼虫的LC50 为 0 .0 545mg/L ,共毒系数为2 84 .0 3。按 2 .5mg/L浓度对敏感品系及抗性品系试虫的灭效 >80 % ,在实验室的持效时间为 2 1d ,2 1d后灭效迅速下降 ,30d药效基本丧失。结论 :该混配制剂对敏感品系试虫的毒力表现为两者相加作用 ,对抗性品系试虫有明显增效作用 ,持效期长于单独使用 0 .5mg/L氯氰菊酯及2 .0mg/LB .t .iH 14。