长白山野生有毒植物种质资源调查研究及开发利用

本文重点介绍了长白山有毒植物种质资源的种类、特点,开发利用的现状,存在的问题,开发前景,采取措施等方面的内容,为国内外开发利用这一宝贵资源提供一些原始资料.     

龙葵果肉培养植株再生的研究

龙葵 Solanum nigrum L.为常用中草药,含有龙葵碱、澳洲茄碱和澳洲茄边碱等植物碱及皂苷,维生素 A、C 等成份。有清热解毒,利水消肿的功效。龙葵组织培养在国外已有报道,近年来在原生质体培养方面也取得成功。国内尚未见有关组织培养的报道。我们用龙葵果肉诱导愈伤组织,并获得再生植株。     

龙葵规范化种植及资源的开发利用

阐述了龙葵规范化种植的关键性技术,并从营养价值和药用价值两方面说明了对其开发利用的情况,为规范龙葵的生产技术和资源的开发利用提供参考。     

龙葵红色素热效应的研究

本文研究了温度对龙葵红色素的影响。结果表明：龙葵红色素的热降解遵从一级反应动力学规律,热降解速度随温度升高而加快。同时建立了６０℃、８０℃、１００℃下的回归方程,求出了这三个温度下的半衰期和热降解的速度常数,从而为龙葵红色素的开发和利用提供了科学依据。     

少花龙葵与黄果龙葵染色体核型分析

利用DAPI显带技术对少花龙葵和黄果龙葵染色体进行了核型分析。结果表明,少花龙葵染色体数目为24,为二倍体,核型公式为K(2n)=24=6sm+18m;黄果龙葵染色体数目为48,为四倍体,核型公式为K(4n)=48=48m,并进一步构建了这两个种的核型模式图。此外,还初步探讨了染色体的DAPI带型及其异染色质的分布。为中国龙葵的系统分类和进化趋向研究,以及育种和资源的开发利用提供帮助。     

青海省药用植物龙葵栽培前后光合特性的比较

为了揭示青藏高原地区药用植物龙葵栽培前后的光合生理特性,本文采用常规光合指标测定方法对青海省药用植物龙葵栽培前后光合特性进行比较研究.结果显示:(1)野生龙葵的Chla、Chlb和Chlt含量低于栽培龙葵的,其中两者Chla含量间存在显著差异(P＜0.05),Chlb和Chlt含量间差异极显著(P＜0.01);(2)野生龙葵的Car、Chla/Chlb、Chlt/Chlt则明显高于栽培的,其中Car、Chla/Chlb间存在显著差异(P＜0.05),Car/Chlt间差异不显著(P＞0.05);(3)野生和栽培龙葵的净光合速率日变化类型均为双峰曲线型,但总体趋势表现为野生龙葵的低于栽培龙葵的;(4)相关分析表明,光合有效辐射与Pn间呈极显著负相关关系,相对湿度与Pn间呈极显著正相关关系,细胞间隙CO2浓度、气温与Pn呈显著负相关关系,瞬时水分利用效率与Pn间呈显著正相关关系.研究表明,栽培前后抗性生理指标的变化是青藏高原低温、低气压、强辐射等多种逆境生态因子长期作用的结果,是植物对生态环境的一种生理性适应.     

东北红豆杉开发研究进展

系统论述了东北红豆杉的生物学和生态学特性,野生资源的分布现状,蕴藏量及开发前景,人工繁殖现状和技术,资源开发存在的问题及发展对策.     

龙葵果实综合利用的研究

龙葵是一种分布很广的野生植物。夏、秋之季果实累累,成熟果皮呈紫色,可作为提取天然食用色素的原料.果肉酸甜,可做成果酱.种籽中含油脂丰富,以不饱和酸酯为主,可提取特殊保健食用油.一物多用很有开发价值.     

龙葵生物碱自微乳化制剂配方研究

通过考查自微乳化给药系统(SMEDDS)配方中吐温-20、OP乳化剂、油酸、1,2-二丙醇、龙葵生物总碱提取物等各组分对其粒径和透光率的影响,最终找出龙葵生物碱自微乳化制剂最优的配方,为今后通过正交试验、星点设计等方式进一步探索龙葵生物碱自微乳化制剂最佳配方和研究龙葵生物碱自微乳化制剂的药效研究提供参考。     

中药桑白皮化学成分及药理活性研究进展

桑白皮是一种重要的药用植物资源.本文概述了桑白皮的药用化学成分及其药理研究进展,桑白皮具有降血糖血压、平喘利尿、抗HIV及抗肿瘤等功效,具有广阔的药物开发前景.     

龙葵的室内栽培及利用

对龙葵的室内栽培和生长习性作了深入研究，提出了龙葵室内栽培的几种方法和利用途径。     

Population dynamics of Epicoccum nigrum, a biocontrol agent against brown rot in stone fruit

Aims:  To study the population dynamics of Epicoccum nigrum on peaches and nectarines and to enhance its colonization on fruit surfaces to improve its biocontrol efficacy against brown rot.
Methods and Results:  Twelve surveys were performed to study E. nigrum populations and their effect on the number of the pathogenic Monilinia spp. conidia in peach orchards in Spain and Italy between 2002 and 2005. Fresh conidia and five different formulations of E. nigrum conidia were applied three to six times to peach and nectarine trees from full flowering to harvest. The size of the E. nigrum populations was determined from the number of colony-forming units and conidial numbers per flower or fruit. Treatment with all conidial formulations increased the size of the indigenous conidial population on peach surfaces.
Conclusions:  Formulations of E. nigrum having high viability are most effective against conidia of the pathogen when applied at pit hardening and during the month immediately before fruit harvest.
Significance and Impact of the Study:  Application of an E. nigrum conidial formulation decreased the number of conidia of Monilinia spp. on fruit surfaces during the growing season to the same extent as fungicides.     

中国产龙葵数值分类的研究

本文通过对龙葵及变种黄果龙葵和少花龙葵的形态特征比较及系统聚类分析研究,认为可分为２个种及１个变种。     

中国龙葵复合种三类型的染色体数目研究

用三种类型龙葵幼果为材料 ,通过常规染色体制片技术 ,获得细胞有丝分裂中期染色体装片。实验结果证实中国龙葵复合种内存在染色体倍性差异 :少花龙葵是二倍体 ( 2x=2 4) ;黄果龙葵是四倍体 ( 4x=48) ;龙葵是六倍体( 6x=72 )。为中国龙葵的系统分类与进化趋势的研究、遗传育种和开发利用提供了可靠的细胞学依据     

Frugivory and seed dispersal by redwings Turdus iliacus in southwest Iceland

We studied consumption of wild fruits by redwings Turdus thacus coburnt at two sites on the southwest coast of Iceland, just prior to the autumn migration During this period the principal study site offers c 800000 fruits ha⁻¹ most of these are of Empetrum nigrum (c 90% of fresh weight), but fruits of Vaccimum uliginosum. Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Vaccimum myrtillus and Rubus saxatilis are also present Redwings regularly consumed the fruits of all these species except R saxatilis At both study sites E nigrum fruits were the most important component of the redwing diet (70 - 80% of fruits ingested), followed by V uliginosum (c 20%) Neither species was consumed as predicted on the basis either of overall relative abundance of fruits or of relative frequency of occurrence of fruiting plants in two hundred 0 3 m² plots In another forty 0 3 m² plots, the number of E nigrum fruits consumed over a seven-day penod was not significantly correlated with the number of fruits initially present Empetrum nigrum seed width is positively correlated with fruit size, and the mean width of seeds in droppings suggests that redwings prefer large E nigrum fruits (which have a higher pulp-to-seed weight ratio) to small E nigrum fruits Despite the predominance of E nigrum, redwing droppings tend to contain a mix of seeds of different species, the most frequent combination being E nigrum and V uliginosum     

CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 inhibitory activities of Indonesian medicinal plants

Thirty samples of Indonesian medicinal plants were analyzed for their capacity to inhibit in vitro metabolism by human cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) and CYP2D6 with a radiometric assay. The MeOH-soluble fractions of 25 samples, prepared from water extracts, demonstrated inhibitory activity more than 50% on the metabolism mediated by CYP3A4, and 21 samples on the metabolism mediated by CYP2D6. Among the MeOH-soluble fractions, Piper nigrum leaf showed the highest inhibitory activity against CYP3A4 (91.7%), and Punica granatum against CYP2D6 (98.1%). The water extracts of which MeOH-soluble fraction showed inhibitory activity more than 70% were fractionated with EtOAc. From the EtOAc-soluble fractions, Curcuma heyneana (67.0%), Pi. cubeba (75.0%), Pi. nigrum fruit (84.0%), Pi. nigrum leaf (85.8%), and Zingiber aromaticum (75.3%) demonstrated inhibitory activity more than 50% on the metabolism mediated by CYP3A4, but only Pi. nigrum fruit (72.8%) and Pi. nigrum leaf (69.1%) showed strong inhibitory activity against CYP2D6. For samples that showed more than 70% inhibition, their IC(50) values were determined. The most potent inhibitory activity against CYP3A4 (IC(50) value of 25 microg/ml) was found for the extract of Pi. nigrum leaf, while that of Catharanthus roseus showed the most potent inhibitory effect against CYP2D6 (IC(50) value of 11 microg/ml). These results should indicate once more the possibility of potential medicinal plant-drug interactions.     

Monarch butterfly oviposition on swallow-worts (Vincetoxicum spp.)

As black swallow-wort, Vincetoxicum nigrum L. Moench, and pale swallow-wort, V. rossicum (Kleopow) Barbar., spread throughout the northeastern United States and southern Canada, there is concern about the impact of these invasive plants on populations of the native North American monarch butterfly Danaus plexippus L. Recent laboratory studies in New York and Ontario, Canada, have found little or no oviposition by monarch butterflies on the two Vincetoxicum species. In Rhode Island, we found 10.5-21.7% oviposition on Vincetoxicum species relative to common milkweed Asclepias syriaca L. in choice tests and 11.9-20.3% in no-choice tests in 2 yr of laboratory testing. These results were supported by field cage trials where monarchs given a choice between V. nigrum and A. syriaca laid 24.5% of their eggs on V. nigrum. In surveys of three pasture fields in Rhode Island where relative coverage of A. syriaca exceeded that of V. nigrum by a 0.77:0.23 ratio, 15.4% of monarch eggs were found on V. nigrum plants. In V. nigrum stands with very little A. syriaca (6.25 stems/ha), monarch egg density on V. nigrum was found to be over five times greater than in the three mixed pasture fields. In none of our laboratory or field evaluations was there any survival of monarch larvae on Vincetoxicum species. It seems that in Rhode Island, Vincetoxicum species serve as an oviposition sink for monarch butterflies. These findings suggest that East Coast butterflies may differ in host selection from those in central New York and southern Ontario, Canada.     

水麻果多酚的提取纯化及其抗氧化、抗肿瘤活性作用

为提取分离水麻果多酚,探索水麻果多酚的抗氧化及抗肿瘤能力。本研究通过单因素试验和正交试验优化水麻果多酚超声提取工艺,使用大孔树脂纯化水麻果多酚,通过测定水麻果多酚的总还原力以及清除·OH、DPPH·、ABTS·的能力来表征其抗氧化活性,以宫颈癌Hela细胞和肺癌A549细胞为抗肿瘤研究对象,测定水麻果多酚的抗肿瘤作用。在最优超声提取工艺条件下,即乙醇浓度为60%,料液比为1∶30,超声功率200 W,超声温度为70℃,提取时间为40 min,水麻果多酚得率为3. 29%,纯化产物总酚含量为40. 47 mg/100 mg,水麻果多酚的总还原力与维生素C相当,对·OH、DPPH·、ABTS·均具有显著清除作用,可抑制Hela细胞和A549细胞的生长增殖,并导致癌细胞产生大量活性氧,出现凋亡形态特征。该提取工艺简单、高效且多酚得率高,提取物经大孔树脂纯化后总多酚含量显著提高,且具有显著的抗氧化和抗肿瘤活性。     

Genetic and environmental correlation and path coefficient analysis of fruit yield per bush and other traits in black currants (Ribes nigrum L.)

Twenty-five F1 hybrid families of black currants (Ribes nigrum L.) originating from diallel crosses of five cultivars were assessed. Phenotypic correlation coefficient between full-sib family means (rFS), genetic correlation coefficient between full-sib family expected values (rG) and the environmental correlation were estimated on the basis of two years of observations for 12 quantitative characteristics studied. Evident repeatability of correlations in both years was proved. A considerable consistency between the values of genetic and phenotypic correlation coefficients was also observed. Coefficients of phenotypic and environmental correlation were significant for many pairs of traits. Most of the significant environmental correlation coefficients were found for the same pairs of characteristics for which phenotypic correlation coefficients were significant. This shows that genetic and environmental factors affected similar traits. Fruit yield expressed the largest number of significant correlations with other traits. Path coefficient analysis indicated that plant and berry size were the main factors influencing directly fruit yield in both years. It was proved that the number and length of one-year-old shoots via bush size had very large indirect effects on fruit yield per plant.