新疆北天山乌苏南断层晚第四纪活动特征及其构造意义

乌苏南断裂组发育于北天山山前的独山子逆断裂—背斜带(第3排)和西湖隆起(第4排)之间,在卫星影像显示为4～5排近平行断层陡坎组成,断层晚第四纪以来断层活动明显,沿断层断错山前冲洪积扇、冲沟和水系,形成断续分布的线性陡坎地貌,开挖地质探槽显示乌苏南断层组为高倾角逆走滑型断裂。依据断层断错地貌面年代,估算断层晚更新世以来的垂直活动速率约0.125 mm/a,右旋走滑活动速率为1.25±0.02 mm/a。根据乌苏南断层带所处的位置及构造特性,推断该断裂很可能是天山山前第3排背斜带与第4排背斜带之间的过度转换断层。     

利用变形河流阶地限定帕米尔北缘木什背斜的缩短、隆升和侧向扩展

位于帕米尔前缘逆冲推覆体(Pamir Front Thrust,PFT)东端的木什滑脱背斜,是帕米尔弧形推覆构造带最前缘和最新的变形带。对地形横剖面、纵剖面和水系发育特征的分析表明,木什背斜总体上具有由西向东扩展生长的特征。在背斜核部及北翼发育数级开阔平坦的沿轴向展布的河流阶地,阶地可划分为4期。利用阶地堆积细颗粒石英光释光测年获得阶地面T2a、T3和T4的形成年龄分别为(15.8±2.40)ka、(55.1±10.3)ka、(131.4±23.9)ka。伴随背斜的生长扩展,河流阶地面发生了横向和纵向掀斜,并形成断层陡坎和褶皱陡坎。木什背斜晚第四纪的缩短和隆升主要是通过褶皱翼旋转机制进行的,估算其最小缩短速率为(1.6±0.3)mm/a,最小隆升速率为(1.9±0.3)mm/a。与此同时,沿轴向背斜发生了向东的侧向迁移和旋转。根据背斜垂直隆升与侧向扩展之间的关系,估算背斜在131～16ka期间向东的侧向迁移扩展速率较快,为 (14.6±3.6)mm/a; 自16ka至今,侧向迁移扩展速率迅速减小至(1.7±0.3)mm/a,背斜向东的迁移扩展可能已基本停止,而以侧向旋转为主。     

褶皱陡坎中相关断层在缩短量计算中的作用——以东秋里塔格背斜为例

通过对东秋里塔格背斜地区内与褶皱陡坎伴生的次级断层进行的地质调查,确定了该次级断层属于伸出向斜的逆冲断层,也给出了次级断层的发生时间晚于褶皱作用起始时间的1个变形实例。褶皱陡坎中发育的次级断层使得陡坎上盘地层沿断层面整体向上迁移,不仅次级断层使得阶地面发生掀斜并增大褶皱陡坎的坡度,而且直接影响了区域缩短增量计算的真实性。计算结果显示,当不考虑次级断层对褶皱陡坎高度的影响时,计算所得缩短增量为51.42m,考虑次级断层对褶皱陡坎高度的影响时,计算得到的地壳缩短量为45.23m。二者相差6.19m,偏差占总缩短增量的13.7%,是一个不可忽视的量值。东秋里塔格背斜北翼和南翼的褶皱陡坎发育于相同岩性的基岩中而且具有相同的形成机制。但是背斜北翼在水平距离不足300m的范围内发育了3级褶皱陡坎,这表明北翼相对于南翼,其活动枢纽带更为紧闭。这是由于北翼存在更加强烈的挤压应力及更加快速的隆升作用。因此,次级断层的研究对于正确认识区域构造演化、了解褶皱与断层相互作用关系具有重要意义。但是仍存在很多问题:1)受观察剖面范围有限、次级断层分布不连续和断距沿延伸方向不断增大等因素的制约,次级断层对缩短增量造成的影响可能被低估,计算结果应为缩短量的最小值。2)次级断层增加的陡坎高度与断层的断距、倾角具有怎样的定量关系?3)若次级断层只发育于活动枢纽带内,又会产生怎样的影响?这些问题还需更多的研究实例来进行更加深入的研究。     

卡兹克阿尔特断裂带活动特征

卡兹克阿尔特断裂带是帕米尔和天山新生代造山带间一个重要的活动构造边界,通过对其活动构造特征的详细地质调查和大比例尺填图,可将卡兹克阿尔特断裂带进一步划分为吉勒格由特断裂带、乌恰地震断裂带和木什断裂带3段.吉勒格由特断裂带的地表破裂为一系列的断层陡坎和偏转的冲积扇,经过别尔托阔依河出山口处时,切割了T1至T3堆积阶地.断裂带在T1、T2和T3阶地的断层陡坎高度分别为0.67m、3.90m和36.50m.对采自T2阶地顶部和底部的粉砂样品进行光释光测年,测定的初步结果分别为8900aBP和10500aBP,因此对T3、T2阶地以来的滑动速率估计分别约为3.5mm/a、0.8mm/a.断裂的前缘开挖的探槽揭示出全新世以来有4次古地震活动.乌恰地震带主要切割克兹勒苏河的T3阶地后缘,沿断裂带分布有大小不等的断塞塘和断层陡坎.1985年8月23日在乌恰地震带上发生Ms7.4地震,地震最大位错为1.5m.根据断层陡坎计算出断裂的滑动速率约为0.54mm/a.卡帕河的东岸探槽同样揭示出有4次古地震活动.在乌恰地震带的东端,木什断裂带地表长度约6km,由数十条左阶排列的反向断层陡坎(坡向北)组成,沿这些断坎多处可见冲沟被断错,横跨断层陡坎的探槽揭示出3次古地震活动.     

新疆北天山江南庙断层陡坎及其形成机制

在北天山中段第一排构造外围的宁家河－三个泉河之间,有一由北倾断裂形成的反向陡坎。该陡坎应为断裂多次错动的结果,陡坎形成初期,坎南为断塞塘,沉积物年龄为５０００ａ。在宁家河剖面可见河谷阶地砾石向上游倾斜;Ⅱ级阶地错动３￣４ｍ。依断裂模式归类,江南庙断裂为后逆冲断裂。这类断裂中否能发生７级以上地震,断裂坎是否是古地震造成,目前尚不能确定。     

库车坳陷东部秋里塔格背斜带的活动断层及其形成机制

在详细调查盐水沟以东秋里塔格背斜带地质、地貌特征的基础上,结合地震反射剖面揭示的深部构造形态,讨论了背斜区地表断层的分布特征、活动性及形成机制。盐水沟以东的秋里塔格背斜带包括库车塔吾背斜和东秋里塔格背斜。库车塔吾背斜核部断层是发育于古近系盐膏层中的滑脱断层向地表的延伸,在晚更新世仍持续活动。库车塔吾背斜北翼断层为受局部挤压应力控制而产生的褶皱调节断层,发育于北翼山前活动枢纽内,成组近平行出现,走向上展布不连续;探槽开挖结果表明,该断层全新世有过断错地表的古地震事件。发育于东秋里塔格背斜南翼靠近核部的博斯坦断层为较大规模的低倾角逆冲断层,向下可能与控制表层背斜生长的断坡相连。东秋里塔格背斜南翼断层是发育于断展褶皱陡倾前翼的剪切逆冲断层,亦平行成组出现,断续分布,在哥库洛克一带断层错断了全新世洪积扇。活动褶皱及其褶皱相关断层均为深部断层滑动经过复杂的褶皱变形传播到近地表的表现,是深部断层活动的指示构造。褶皱调节断层仅是褶皱过程中产生的局部变形,与控制褶皱生长的深部断层仅存在间接的关系。此类断层的滑动位移、速率等不代表深部控制背斜生长断层的运动学参数,但这些次级断层部分记录了活动褶皱区的古地震事件。     

塔里木西缘明尧勒背斜的弯滑褶皱作用与活动弯滑断层陡坎

塔里木西缘明尧勒活动背斜两翼河流阶地面上多处发育活动弯滑断层陡坎。这些断坎主要分布在活动轴面附近较陡的等斜岩层(地层倾角分别为74°~89°、18°~20°和45°~60°)一翼,往往成排发育在距活动轴面50~1 200m范围内,宽90~1 000m,长40~950m,随着离活动轴面的距离加大弯滑断层陡坎规模渐小。同一阶地面上发育的弯滑断层陡坎几乎以等间距或间距倍数关系产出。这些断坎走向与下伏基岩地层走向一致,基岩地层大多为中-厚层块状砂岩或粉砂岩互层,岩层间力学性质差异较小。明尧勒背斜南翼克孜勒苏河北岸T3阶地面废弃以来,单条弯滑断层的地表最大缩短速率为0.31mm/a,地表最大抬升速率为0.34mm/a。这些弯滑断层的活动具有重复性和新生性。     

阳关断裂带变形样式及其对阿尔金断裂扩展的指示意义

阳关断裂位于青藏高原北部阿尔金断裂系向北扩展的前缘位置,对其几何学和运动学的深入研究,有助于理解青藏高原向大陆内部扩展的机制。文章通过卫星影像解译、探槽开挖、差分GPS及无人机测量等对阳关断裂开展了详细研究。结果显示：阳关断裂东段发育多条正反向断层陡坎,断层陡坎高度在0.4～8 m之间,平均约2.2 m,探槽揭示断裂倾角约60°,形成高角度逆断层,局部发育正断层;西段断裂向北西前缘扩展,形成一组弧形分布的断层陡坎,陡坎高度多在0.9～2.4 m,平均约1.9 m。同时自南向北,逆冲断层陡坎形态由多级陡坎转为单一陡坎。对探槽剖面分析,显示断裂断错晚更新世冲洪积砾石层,发育的断层倾角较缓,以低角度逆冲为主要特征,约26°,有的甚至沿地层向前推覆。结合前人的研究成果,阳关断裂可能为本区阿尔金向北扩展的北边界,与三危山断裂共同协调吸收了阿尔金断裂东段的部分应变量。     

汶川Ms8．0级地震断层滑动机制研究

汶川Ms8.0级地震的发震构造为龙门山断裂带,地震地表破裂主要分布在其中的北川-映秀断裂和江油-灌县断裂上,尤其是沿前者发育了长达240 km左右的地表破裂带.通过对龙门山断裂带震后断层擦痕的测量,得到311条断层擦痕数据,利用由断层滑动资料反演构造应力张量的计算方法,得到研究区8个测点的构造应力张量数据,并获得了研究区构造应力场特征:区域现代构造应力场以近水平挤压为主,最大主应力方向(σ1)为76°～121°,平均倾角9°,应力结构以逆断型为主.受构造应力场及断层几何特征的影响,地表破裂呈现出分段性:映秀-北川段主要以NW盘逆冲为主,垂直位移明显;北川以北段为逆冲兼走滑,水平位移量与垂直位移量基本相当,或水平位移略大.     

祁连山北缘玉门-北大河断裂晚第四纪活动特征

通过卫星影像解译、野外实地调查并结合前人研究成果,对位于祁连山北缘的玉门—北大河断裂晚第四纪构造活动特征进行研究。结果表明,玉门—北大河断裂为一条全新世活动的逆冲断裂,该断裂西起玉门青草湾,向东经老玉门市、大红泉止于骨头泉,全长约80km,整体走向NWW。根据断裂的几何结构及活动习性可将其分为三段:东段构造形态简单连续,为逆冲断层陡坎为主的古地震地表破裂带;中段结构复杂,由多条次级断层组成,以逆冲扩展为主;西段未出露地表而成为盲断裂-褶皱带。通过对断层陡坎差分GPS测量及相应地貌面年代测试,得到断裂晚更新世以来逆冲速率约为(0.73±0.09)mm/a。     

西南天山前缘乌拉根背斜南翼逆断层的发现及其地质意义

塔里木盆地新疆喀什以西部分是西南天山和帕米尔两大对冲构造系统的会聚带,关于两者变形前缘和分界的确切位置存在不同认识.在乌恰县以南的玛依卡克盆地南缘,清晰可见属于帕米尔构造带、向N或NNE逆冲的帕米尔前缘逆冲推覆体(PFT).最近野外调查在盆地北部发现了西南天山前缘的最新变形带:向南逆冲的乌拉根背斜南翼断层.断层总体近E...     

QUATERNARY FOLDING OF THE XIHU ANTICLINE BELT ALONG FORELAND BASIN OF NORTH TIANSHAN

Tianshan is one of the longest and most active intracontinental orogenic belts in the world. Due to the collision between Indian and Eurasian plates since Cenozoic, the Tianshan has been suffering from intense compression, shortening and uplifting. With the continuous extension of deformation to the foreland direction, a series of active reverse fault fold belts have been formed. The Xihu anticline is the fourth row of active fold reverse fault zone on the leading edge of the north Tianshan foreland basin. For the north Tianshan Mountains, predecessors have carried out a lot of research on the activity of the second and third rows of the active fold-reverse faults, and achieved fruitful results. But there is no systematic study on the Quaternary activities of the Xihu anticline zone. How is the structural belt distributed in space?What are the geometric and kinematic characteristics?What are the fold types and growth mechanism?How does the deformation amount and characteristics of anticline change?In view of these problems, we chose Xihu anticline as the research object. Through the analysis of surface geology, topography and geomorphology and the interpretation of seismic reflection profile across the anticline, we studied the geometry, kinematic characteristics, fold type and growth mechanism of the structural belt, and calculated the shortening, uplift and interlayer strain of the anticline by area depth strain analysis.
In this paper, by interpreting the five seismic reflection profiles across the anticline belt, and combining the characteristics of surface geology and geomorphology, we studied the types, growth mechanism, geometry and kinematics characteristics, and deformation amount of the fold. The deformation length of Xihu anticline is more than 47km from west to east, in which the hidden length is more than 14km. The maximum deformation width of the exposed area is 8.5km. The Xihu anticline is characterized by small surface deformation, simple structural style and symmetrical occurrence. The interpretation of seismic reflection profile shows that the deep structural style of the anticline is relatively complex. In addition to the continuous development of a series of secondary faults in the interior of Xihu anticline, an anticline with small deformation amplitude(Xihubei anticline)is continuously developed in the north of Xihu anticline. The terrain high point of Xihu anticline is located about 12km west of Kuitun River. The deformation amplitude decreases rapidly to the east and decreases slowly to the west, which is consistent with the interpretation results of seismic reflection profile and the calculation results of shortening. The Xihu anticline is a detachment fold with the growth type of limb rotation. The deformation of Xihu anticline is calculated by area depth strain analysis method. The shortening of five seismic reflection sections A, B, C, D and E is(650±70) m, (1 070±70) m, (780±50) m, (200±40) m and(130±30) m, respectively. The shortening amount is the largest near the seismic reflection profile B of the anticline, and decreases gradually along the strike to the east and west ends of the anticline, with a more rapidly decrease to the east, which indicates that the topographic high point is also a structural high point. The excess area caused by the inflow of external material or outflow of internal matter is between -0.34km² to 0.56km². The average shortening of the Xihubei anticline is between(60±10) m and(130±40) m, and the excess area caused by the inflow of external material is between 0.50km² and 0.74km². The initial locations of the growth strata at the east part is about 1.9~2.0km underground, and the initial location of the growth strata at the west part is about 3.7km underground. We can see the strata overlying the Xihu anticline at 3.3km under ground, the strata above are basically not deformed, indicating that this section of the anticline is no longer active.     

利用黄土剖面的古土壤年龄研究毛毛山断裂的滑动速率

利用１４Ｃ、热释光（ＴＬ）样品年代及扩散方程计算结果，结合区域黄土剖面中古土壤年龄，对毛毛山地区晚第四纪各级地貌年龄进行了对比研究。根据毛毛山活动断裂水平位移和垂直位移分布明显的分组特征，求得毛毛山断裂带不同段落不同时段的平均滑动速率。大约自中更新世晚期以来，毛毛山断裂走滑段的平均水平滑动速率为２．３～３．９ｍｍ／ａ，垂直滑动速率为０．０７～０．１９ｍｍ／ａ；天祝盆地倾滑段垂直滑动速率为０．１１～０．８６ｍｍ／ａ。沿断裂带滑动速率具明显的非均匀性特点，表现为自东向西水平位移具累积滑动亏损特征，垂直位移则具补偿性     

THE LATE QUATERNARY ACTIVITY AND FORMATION MECHANISM OF BAOERTU FAULT ZONE,EASTERN TIANSHAN SEGMENT

Influenced by the far-field effect of India-Eurasia collision, Tianshan Mountains is one of the most intensely deformed and seismically active intracontinental orogenic belts in Cenozoic. The deformation of Tianshan is not only concentrated on its south and north margins, but also on the interior of the orogen. The deformation of the interior of Tianshan is dominated by NW-trending right-lateral strike-slip faults and ENE-trending left-lateral strike-slip faults. Compared with numerous studies on the south and north margins of Tianshan, little work has been done to quantify the slip rates of faults within the Tianshan Mountains. Therefore, it is a significant approach for geologists to understand the current tectonic deformation style of Tianshan Mountains by studying the late Quaternary deformation characteristics of large fault and fold zones extending through the interior of Tianshan. In this paper, we focus on a large near EW trending fault, the Baoertu Fault (BETF) in the interior of Tianshan, which is a large fault in the eastern Tianshan area with apparent features of deformation, and a boundary fault between the central and southern Tianshan. An M_S5.0 earthquake event occurred on BETF, which indicates that this fault is still active. In order to understand the kinematics and obtain the late Quaternary slip rate of BETF, we made a detailed research on its late Quaternary kinematic features based on remote sensing interpretation, drone photography, and field geological and geomorphologic survey, the results show that the BETF is of left-lateral strike-slip with thrust component in late Quaternary. In the northwestern Kumishi basin, BETF sinistrally offsets the late Pleistocene piedmont alluvial fans, forming fault scarps and generating sinistral displacement of gullies and geomorphic surfaces. In the bedrock region west of Benbutu village, BETF cuts through the bedrock and forms the trough valley. Besides, a series of drainages or rivers which cross the fault zone and date from late Pleistocene have been left-laterally offset systematically, resulting in a sinistral displacement ranging 0.93~4.53km. By constructing the digital elevation model (DEM) for the three sites of typical deformed morphologic units, we measured the heights of fault scarps and left-lateral displacements of different gullies forming in different times, and the result shows that BEFT is dominated by left-lateral strike-slip with thrust component. We realign the bended channels across the fault at BET01 site and obtain the largest displacement of 67m. And we propose that the abandon age of the deformed fan is about 120ka according to the features of the fan. Based on the offsets of channels at BET01 and the abandon age of deformed fan, we estimate the slip rate of 0.56mm/a since late Quaternary. The Tianshan Mountains is divided into several sub-blocks by large faults within the orogen. The deformation in the interior of Tianshan can be accommodated or absorbed by relative movement or rotation. The relative movement of the two sub-blocks surrounded by Boa Fault, Kaiduhe Fault and BETF is the dominant cause for the left-lateral movement of BETF. The left-lateral strike-slip with reverse component of BETF in late Quaternary not only accommodates the horizontal stain within eastern Tianshan but also absorbs some SN shortening of the crust.     

Activity Feature of Kazkeaerte Fault Zone in the Late Quaternary

ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＫａｚｋｅａｅｒｔｅｆａｕｌｔｚｏｎｅａｂｏｕｔ 1 0 0ｋｉｌｏｍｅｔｅｒｓｌｏｎｇ (Ｆｉｇ .1 ) ,ｉｓｔｈｅｅａｓｔｅｒｎｌｉｍｂｏｆｔｈｅｌａｔｅｓｔｄｅｆｏｒ ｍａｔｉｏｎｂｅｌｔｏｆｔｈｅｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎｍａｒｇｉｎｏｆＰａｍｉｒｓ (ＣｈｅｎＪｉｅ ,ｅｔａｌ,1 997) .Ｍａｎｙｍｏｄｅｒａｔｅｌｙｓｔｒｏｎｇｅａｒｔｈ ｑｕａｋｅｓｏｃｃｕｒｒｅｄａｌｏｎｇｔｈｉｓｚｏｎｅ (ＦｅｎｇＸｉａｎｙｕｅ ,ｅｔａｌ,1 987) .ＴｈｅｌａｔｅＱｕａｔｅｒｎａｒｙｄｅｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ…     

山西长治断裂的基本特征与第四纪活动性研究

实地调查表明,山西长治断裂由三段组成,南段和中段为西倾正断层,北段为东倾正断层,总体走向北东25o,长达65km,控制着附近山地与第四纪山间盆地的构造演化和地貌发育;第四纪早期,断裂发生强烈的垂直差异活动,最大垂直活动幅度可达400m左右;第四纪晚期,断裂活动性明显减弱,中段仍有活动,至少发生过两期活动,第—期活动发生于距今10.88万年左右或以后、1.49万年以前,第二期活动发生于距今1.49万年以后,垂直错距0.65m。     

畹町断裂晚第四纪活动与水系构造变形

畹町断裂位于滇西中缅交界地带,蚌冬以西走向近EW,以东走向NE,倾向N和NW,全长170km。最新考察发现,沿断裂新活动的断层地貌明显,表现为清晰的断层三角面、平直的断层槽地、断层陡崖、线性山脊、多级跌水等。断裂对第四纪盆地有着明显的控制作用,畹町、曼海等盆地呈串珠状沿断裂展布。龙镇大桥等地第四纪断层及高家寨洪积扇位错等揭示出畹町断裂切错了晚更新世堆积层,被错堆积层热释光年龄为(17.60±1.49)ka～(38.24±3.25)kaBP,表明断裂在晚第四纪有过明显活动。蚌冬一带怒江沿断裂展布,主河道被左旋位错了约9.5km并形成"发卡"型拐弯;公养河等6条河流及其支流均沿断裂发育,局部或整体河段受断裂控制明显,说明这些河段是在断裂新活动后沿断裂破碎带追踪侵蚀形成的。沿断裂多处可见水系同步左旋位错现象,如平子亭—公养河间有11条小溪同步左旋位错,中山—万马河一线有10余条水系表现出同步左旋位错。位错量可分为40～50m、90～100m、200～250m、300～400m和600～1100m5个量级;梳状水系发育。水系左旋位错、阶地及洪积扇等位错现象表明,断裂在晚第四纪以水平左旋走滑为主,滑动速率为1.7～2.2mm/a.。沿断裂曾发生多次中强地震,被认为是1976年龙陵7.3、7.4级地震的余震,但它们不是沿发震断层———龙陵-瑞丽断裂呈带状分布,而是集中于龙陵-瑞丽断裂与畹町断裂间南北长55km、东西宽32km的广阔区域。因此,推断这些余震的发生是龙陵-瑞丽断裂与畹町断裂相继活动所致。