利用SWAN模型计算的侧边界附近风浪场的变化特征

鉴于SWAN模型不能有效地模拟侧边界附近的风浪场,详细研究了在不同水深和风速情况下模型侧边界附近波要素,包括波高、周期、波向和波长的变化特征和失真范围。计算结果表明水深和风速的变化对于侧边界附近不同波要素的影响是不同的。在风速一定的情况下,失真范围随着水深的增大而增大。在水深一定的情况下,根据波高、周期和波长的相对误差所计算的失真范围与根据他们的绝对误差所计算的失真范围不同。随着风速的增大,根据相对误差所计算的失真范围减小;而根据绝对误差所计算的失真范围变化不大。随着风速的增大,波向的失真范围减小。研究了在水深变化的水域,包括太湖和淀山湖在内的侧边界附近的风浪场,结果表明如果计算范围不适当扩大确实会导致侧边界附近的风浪场失真。因此在利用SWAN模型模拟计算近岸或内陆湖泊风浪场时,需采取适当的措施以减小计算误差。     

波浪浅水变形的数值计算

本文给出缓慢倾斜海底上波浪浅水变形计算的数值模式。该模式取相对水深h/L_o=0.1为连结点,根据已知的初始波要素值,使用线性波理论和椭圆余弦波理论,分别计算因水深变浅引起的波高、波速和波长的变化。     

基于类海啸波型的岛礁水动力特性数值模拟研究

基于非静压单相流模型NHWAVE建立了高精度二维数值波浪水槽,采用日本2011年实测真实海啸波型系统研究了海啸波在岛礁上传播变形的规律,并且分析了波高、礁坪淹没水深和礁前斜坡坡度等因素对孤立波和真实海啸传播变形的影响。结果表明,相比孤立波,类海啸波的波长明显大于孤立波波长,在测点处引起的水面变化持续时间更长,同等波高情况下真实海啸波型比孤立波能够携带更多的能量,与岛礁的相互作用也更为复杂,在礁坪上形成的淹没水深约为孤立波的两倍。礁前斜坡坡度和礁坪淹没水深均对类海啸波的反射和透射系数有显著影响。随着礁前斜坡坡度的增加,反射系数和透射系数均逐渐增加。随着礁坪淹没水深的增加,反射系数逐渐减小,而透射系数逐渐增大。但是,反射系数和透射系数均随着入射波高的增加而逐渐减小。     

波浪浅水变形的数值计算

本文给出缓慢倾斜海底上波浪浅水变形计算的数值模式。该模式取相对水深h/L0＝0．1为连结点，根据已知的初始波要素值,使用线性波理论和椭圆余弦波理论，分别计算因水深变浅引起的波高、波速的波长的变化。     

热带气旋风场对海浪分布特征的影响

设计了一系列理想的数值实验,利用高分辨率的WAVEWATCHIII海浪模式定量分析热带气旋移动速度、强度、最大风速半径和热带气旋移动时的转向等风场细节因素对热带气旋下表面海浪分布特征的影响。实验结果表明,热带气旋移动速度、最大风速半径和热带气旋移动时的转向会影响海浪的空间非对称分布。最大风速半径增大会使最大有效波高的位置向后移动,而移动速度增大会使最大有效波高位置向前移动。移动速度增大会使右侧象限内的有效波高增大,左侧象限内有效波高减小。最大风速半径增大和强度增强使各象限内有效波高均增高。热带气旋的转向使各象限内有效波高增高,除了右后象限。这些风场特征对各个象限内海浪的平均波长、平均周期、平均波向、和波峰方向都有很重要的影响,尤其以左后象限最为显著。     

改进的波流相互作用Boussinesq方程

对于波流相互作用的Boussinesq方程,为了考虑水流作用所引起的平均水面变化,通过引入新的计算速度,使方程色散关系中的水深为考虑水流影响后的实际水深,并使方程色散精度达到了Padé[4,4]。通过计算潜堤强水流和裂流两种背景水流流场情况下的波浪运动特征,验证了该模型和数值方法的正确性。     

新型张力腿式储油处理平台的动力响应分析

针对目前小油田早期生产中存在的不足,提出一种适用于浅水海域的新型张力腿式储油处理平台,该平台主要由储油箱、浮箱、吸力桩、系泊链和甲板结构构成,具备原油处理和储存功能。应用非线性时域耦合分析法,研究了有义波高、平均波周期、水深对该平台的运动响应和系泊链张力的影响。计算结果表明,波高对平台动力响应有较大影响,有义波高每增加0.4 m,平台水平位移相应增加0.408 m,而系泊链力随有义波高的增加呈准线性增大;波周期对平台水平运动影响显著,平均波周期从6.5 s逐级变化至8.5 s时,最大水平位移自3.760 m渐增至5.467 m,而波周期对系泊链力影响较小,变化率一般小于10%;该新型平台对水深大于20 m的浅水海域有良好的动力特性,而对水深小于20 m的海域却表现异常。因此,该新型张力腿式平台能满足水深不小于20 m浅海区的油田早期生产需要。     

直墙前破波波浪力──对修正过的Gota方法的探讨

对被重新修正后的Goat在墙波压力计算方法进行了分析，主要是对其无因次波浪力随基床肩宽和相对波高的变化进行分析，结果发现，Goat法计算的无因次波浪力随基床肩宽的变化，有一最不利肩宽，此不利肩宽与相对波高无关；在同一水深条件下，Goat法计算的无因次波浪力随相对波高的增大而增大。此两点与试验数据不符。     

风作用下孤立波在珊瑚礁上传播变形机制数值模拟研究

基于二维不可压缩两相流模型建立了数值风浪水槽,采用SST k-ω雷诺时均湍流模型,研究了风作用下孤立波在珊瑚礁上的传播变形规律。将计算结果与实验数据对比,证明了该两相流模型计算孤立波在珊瑚礁上传播的准确性,并进一步分析了不同风速对珊瑚礁上孤立波传播变形的影响。结果表明：风的作用会使波面发生随机脉动特征。当地波高随风速的增大而增大;当地波高关于风速的变化梯度随入射波高的增大而增大。风的作用会加快孤立波的传播并且使孤立波提前发生破碎;孤立波开始破碎的位置随风速的增大向远离礁坪的方向移动。反射系数随风速的增大而增大;反射系数关于风速的变化梯度随入射波高的增大而减小;透射系数随风速的增大呈增大趋势。平底区波峰剖面同一水深处的水平流速随风速的增大而增大;且一定的风速不改变水平流速沿水深的变化梯度。有风时波面上方的矢量密度和大小均明显高于无风时且与风速呈正相关,并且波峰上方气流不再循环。随着风速的增大,水气交界面附近的正涡量和负湍流剪应力减小,负涡量和正湍流剪应力增大。水体动能、势能和总能达到高值的时间随风速的增大而减少;水体动能、势能和总能随风速的增大而增大,并且风速对水体动能的相对影响大于势能。     

珊瑚礁地形上破碎波高试验研究

破碎波高是珊瑚礁地形上波浪演化的重要参数之一,对工程安全和海岸变形具有重要影响。通过二维波浪水槽,对珊瑚礁地形上破碎波高进行试验研究,分析破碎波高随波陡、礁坪水深以及礁前斜坡坡度的变化。研究表明,相对破碎波高随相对礁坪水深的增大而增大,随入射波陡的增大而减小,但礁前斜坡坡度对相对破碎波高的影响并不明显。通过引入相对礁坪水深,将经典的破碎波高计算公式拓展至珊瑚礁地形上破碎波高的计算。该公式计算值与前人的试验值进行对比验证,吻合较好。研究成果可为工程实践和数值模拟提供参考与借鉴。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.