循环经济理性下的资源安全制度创新研究

循环经济是基于资源稀缺性理论产生并发展的,其思想可追溯至中国的远古时代,而有关循环经济的理论则是西方发达国家首先阐述并实践且取得了较好的经济社会效益.循环经济是后工业文明时代人类所能找到的最理想的经济发展形态,它的持续健康发展需要法律规范的明确指引与切实保障.我国的<循环经济促进法>于2008年8月29日经十一届全国人大常委会通过,于2009年1月1日正式施行.文章描绘了在<循环经济促进法>保障下的中国循环经济发展图景,以各行为主体的权利义务为基点,实现产业合理布局、区域循环有序与微观消费的生态和谐.基于资源稀缺性的理论背景与现实基础来探讨循环经济与资源稀缺性的互动关系模型,强调了边际收益与边际成本、私人边际成本与社会边际成本效应下循环经济的制度正当性.在互动关系模型的基础上,分别从社会各行动主体的行为惯性、制度安排与技术创新等方面探讨了循环经济模式下资源安全与经济社会可持续发展的理想建构.     

中国风电产业链的垂直结构研究

大力发展风电产业有利于降低碳排放,对于保持经济社会可持续发展具有重要意义.跟其他的产业一样,产业组织结构是影响风电产业发展速度的决定因素之一.产业组织理论认为,产业的垂直结构影响着产业资源的配置效率、产业利润的分配和下游企业的定价.本研究回答两个问题:①风电制造企业市场集中度与风电场的利润率之间的关系;②它们之间的关系还受到哪些因素的影响.本文从中国风电产业链的垂直结构入手,分析了风电设备制造市场的市场集中程度对风电场利润的影响.理论模型的推导结果表明风电设备制造企业的市场集中度和风电场的利润率之间呈负相关关系,且影响程度随风电场对风电设备需求弹性的降低而加强.因此,本文认为政府可以通过给予风电设备制造企业税收优惠、在风电制造业中实施必要的反垄断措施和制定并实施中国风电产业标准等措施,吸引新的企业进入风电设备制造市场,降低设备制造市场的市场集中度,增加风电场对特定风电设备的需求弹性.从而提高风电场的利润,加快风电产业的健康发展.     

通过可持续认证推动农林牧渔领域自然资源保护

1992年里约环境发展大会后可持续发展成为各国和各界的共识,但经历了二十年的发展,自然资源保护与可持续发展之间的矛盾仍然存在,特别是农林牧渔等领域自然资源的合理开发利用仍待进一步发展。我国作为国际农林牧渔产品的重要消费国和贸易国,在积极推动国内资源的可持续利用同时,也可以通过国际贸易在全球自然资源可持续利用中发挥积极作用。可持续认证作为应对资源保护与经济发展这一矛盾的较为有效的市场手段,经过近二十年的发展已经涵盖了农林牧渔领域的多个产品,在国际上的发展势头强劲,对于自然资源的保护和可持续利用发挥了对政府政策的补充作用。但可持续性认证在我国国内的企业和消费者中还没有得到广泛认识,其通过市场机制引导企业实践可持续经营、落实企业社会责任的作用在国内还没有得到有效的发挥。因此,本研究的目的是通过对可持续认证的分析,为在我国农林牧渔领域更好地发挥其市场推动力提出政策建议。本研究首先综述了可持续认证在国际上的发展历程、产生的影响,详细论述了森林、棕榈油、野生海产品等可持续认证已经在全球贸易中占有一席之地,并在欧美等较发达国家和地区获得了消费者的支持;其次,本研究对可持续认证在农林牧渔领域的进一步发展所面临的挑战进行了剖析,肯定了可持续认证在调动企业和消费者的积极性、推动农林牧渔领域资源保护方面的正面作用,也指出认证对资源保护的预期效果没有完全达到、同一产业内认证体系可靠性参差不齐,着重强调了可持续认证在发展中国家的发展面临的困难,使其对自然资源保护的应有效果受到影响。在此基础上,本研究分析了我国农林牧渔领域在资源利用方面面临的国际和国内压力,尤其是我国在国际贸易中举足轻重的地位和进口大宗产品产地的生态脆弱性使中国在全球资源的可持续利用和保护中可以发挥重要作用,论证了可持续认证在我国的推广有利于提升中国企业的国际形象、促进贸易杠杆发挥资源保护的撬动作用、保障企业在海外开发中的长期效益,同时也有利于我国国内自然资源的可持续利用,明确得出在我国农林牧渔领域推动可持续认证的必要性。本研究建议我国政府部门应关注农林牧渔领域可持续认证在国际和国内的发展,收集相关的信息和案例可用于相关的国际谈判和对企业的指导。同时政府应鼓励国内外认证体系在中国开展认证工作,并为同一产业中的不同体系创造公平的竞争环境。另外,政府应积极支持国内农林牧渔产业的企业、专家、协会等参与到国际认证体系的建立过程中,将中国可持续发展的良好操作范例或规范国际化。政府自身的消费行为对全社会有明确的引导作用,所以在政府采购中应优选可持续认证产品,引导企业加入可持续经营的实践。     

俄罗斯出口关税调整对中国木材市场的影响

俄罗斯是中国最大的原木进口来源国,俄罗斯政府宣布从2010年1月起将原木出口关税从当前的6.5%增加到80%.本文通过建立中国区域木材市场模型,模拟了俄罗斯原木出口关税提高将对我国各地区的木材市场产生的数量影响.由模型得到的结论是:东北地区将受到的影响最大,森林资源的采伐压力会因为进口关税的大幅度提高而增加;中部地区的采伐量将增加约2%左右;而西部和南部地区的采伐数量几乎不变.从全国范围来看,我国采伐总量将增加3.23%.从地区间的贸易影响来看,中部地区的木材进口会流向东北地区,来弥补东北进口木材数量减少带来的影晌.据此,文章最后提出了相应的政策建议:进口渠道的多元化,保证国内的木材安全;相关政府部门应进一步为中国林业加工企业到俄罗斯投资提供便利和引导,从而进一步明晰产业分工格局;从俄罗斯进来的原木减少,应将大部分板材落地加工,促使地区木材产品结构调整和产业升级,逐渐改变单以加工锯材为主的产品结构.     

森林资源经济利用的政策模拟模型应用研究

林业政策在对森林资源的培育、保护和利用方面起相当大的作用.在市场机制作用的框架下林业政策的作用更多的是通过影响市场机制传递的产品和生产要素的价格信号,进而影响生产经营主体的收益成本预期及其决策行为,最终影响到对森林资源的培育、保护和利用的效果,因此分析和认清林业政策对林业发展的作用机制和影响效果有重要的意义.本文基于市场机制.以林业经济福利为目标,把森林资源培育的第一产业环节和以森林资源为原料的第二产业发展结合一起作为完整的产业链,构建一个林业的政策模拟模型.利用该模型,对木材价格、林业税费、信贷利率和采伐限额等林业经济政策的影响进行了定量分析,着重比较了林业产权制度改革前后政策变化所产生的效应,以及所具有的激励效果,从而认识林业政策的变动和调整如何影响政策目标,为政策的制定和对合理政策进行选择提供参考的依据.     

政府主导农地流转的价格机制及政策效应研究

为适应农村劳动力转移、解决今后谁来种粮、发展现代农业所衍生的政府主导农地流转现象,有其现实背景和政策逻辑,并能在短期内带来农地规模经营的正向预期。但现实中,很多时候政府行为很难"合意"其政策目标,这使得探究政府行为对农地流转市场和经营行为的影响及其政策效应具有农业供给侧结构性改革背景下的时代意义。基于此,本文依据全国11个国家现代农业示范区调研数据和资料,对政府主导行为对流转市场的分割、价格机制的作用,承包户询价逻辑的激励及短期平均成本的影响进行了分析,同时构建Translog形式成本函数,对政府主导和市场配置两种方式下的农地经营"成本弹性"进行了测度和估计。结果显示:1政府行为放大需求弹性诱致"地租乘数"促使流转价格溢价;2政府介入流转扭曲了流转市场供求关系,将原本市场配置下的供需均衡变为有利于"卖方垄断"的供需失衡;3承包户议价地位提升后基于"劳动力双重成本负担"的询价逻辑又助推了流转溢价的"棘轮效应";4依靠政府主导流转而非市场配置所形成的大规模农地经营,其成本弹性未显现可预期的小于1,即未出现规模效益与成本随规模扩张递减。政府行为与政策效应背离,有其深层次的认识误区及其行为逻辑谬误。表现在:一是错误认为推动农地规模流转可以实现农业规模经营是直接原因;二是执拗相信只要扩大农地经营规模就能提高劳动生产率是其主因;三是渴望借助农机替代劳动力进而实现规模效应和收益最大化,试图套用所谓的"工业化大生产理念"谋划农地经营是其动因所在;四是政府行为扰乱市场配置资源作用造成政策效应失灵。     

基于资源稀缺度的企业循环经济创新与生存发展模型研究

循环经济概念下的资源稀缺已由传统经济下的含义扩展为生存与发展环境的稀缺。从资源稀缺的角度出发，在定义了资源稀缺度的基础上探讨并构建了企业适应力模型，得出企业只有进行循环经济创新才能在资源稀缺的情况下生存和发展的结论。在此基础上，给出了企业的战略行为模型。     

我国资源再生产业集群辨识研究

资源再生产业是解决资源危机、能源短缺和环境污染等问题的有效途径.近年来,我国资源再生产业发展迅速,在一些区域产业集群特征凸显.因此,本文采用产业集中度和区位商法,对我国资源再生产业在省域层面的集群情况进行定量分析.结果表明:我国资源再生产业集群特征非常明显,2007年产业集中度CR_4达到71.15%,广东、浙江和湖南三省已形成资源再生产业集群,2007年三省的区位商分别达到1.781、1.987、8.491;同时还发现重庆、湖北、天津、江苏、上海也初具集群雏形,为从产业集群角度探索我国资源再生产业发展模式提供依据.此外,在对广东、浙江和湖南三省产业集群进行深入分析和验证时还发现:广东、浙江模式与湖南模式具有明显不同,前者是再生资源禀赋和地方需求主导模式.而后者则是交易成本、区位交通优势和政府扶持共同作用的结果.     

我国水资源市场配置制度创新的探索

目前 ,水资源配置主要是政府行为 ,并且在思想上和实践中更加倚重于行政手段 ,并未重视对利益主体的经济激励 ,更没有积极引入有效的市场手段。在水资源日益稀缺、市场经济体制日益健全的新形势下 ,这种配置模式必须加以改革。本文认为市场在我国水资源配置的制度结构中应处于基础性的地位 ,政府应该从宏观上对水资源的配置进行合理的调配。1　水资源市场配置的基本理论1.1市场有效配置资源的内涵新制度经济学也认为 ,市场、政府和企业都是配置稀缺资源的制度安排 ,其中 ,市场处于基础性地位。科斯在《社会成本问题》中通过案例阐明 :“如果…     

资源型城市产业协同机会和能力评价研究

我国资源型城市在建设过程中为国家发展提供了大量的能源和原材料,但随着资源的耗费和受经济体制改革等因素的影响,资源型城市的发展遇到了前所未有的挑战.关注资源型城市的产业协同发展可以为资源型城市的可持续发展提供有益的借鉴.但如何发现并开展资源型城市产业协同项目尚缺乏有效的方法和途径.本文在重点关注开展产业协同影响要素的基础上,借鉴澳大利亚奎纳纳地区的产业协同实践和产业协同能力评价模型,通过国外产业协同机会确认模型的介绍,结合澳大利亚奎纳纳地区的三个产韭协同实践案例,分别介绍伴生产品协同和基本生产资料协同两种产业协同的主要实现方式.通过产业协同实现地区和产业的可持续发展.其主要的影响因素包括可行的技术、可靠的企业和运行许可.这些模型运用到实践均可促进我国资源型城市的良好发展.     

不同情境下桉树碳汇林最佳轮伐期分析

碳汇林具有碳汇价值和木材价值,最佳轮伐期是影响碳汇林收益的重要因素,但目前相关研究较少。以浙江省苍南县桉树碳汇林为研究对象,构建了同时考虑碳汇价值和木材价值的最佳轮伐期模型,并利用桉树生长模型,通过模拟计算,系统地分析了纳入模型的碳价格、贴现率、木材价格和劳动力价格等四个变量,在不同情境下,对碳汇林最佳轮伐期的影响。同时,探讨了上述变量对碳汇林收益净现值的影响。结果表明:当碳价格为55元/t、贴现率为5%、木材价格为700元/m3和劳动力价格为100元/工日时,桉树碳汇林最佳轮伐期为8年,单位面积收益净现值为99 053.80元/hm2,其中碳汇收益净现值只占8.60%;此外,碳价格、贴现率和木材价格对碳汇林最佳轮伐期负相关,而劳动力价格与碳汇林最佳轮伐期正相关。     

Co-Partnership in Forest Management: The Gwira-Banso Joint Forest Management Project in Ghana

The involvement of local communities, as well as the private sector and the government in forest management is now an important principle of tropical forestry policy and practice and a major component of most international forestry aid programmes. This paper present an analysis on the Joint Forest Management Project initiated by two timber companies (Ghana Primewood Products Ltd and Dalhoff Larsen & Horneman) in collaboration with local people in Gwira-Banso of Ghana. Conditions required for enhancing responsibility for and commitment to local forest management, and for an effective local participatory process were also analysed. The study began with the premise that incentives and good communication will enhance participation in joint forest management.The assumption was valid and the results from the survey showed that five broad issues prioritised by respondents to be essential for co-partnership in forest management are communication, financial support, tree planting, multiple land use and benefit sharing. The Project enjoys a great deal of support from the local community, but a number of factors make the continued support of local people a challenging task, including questions of immediate livelihood sources and tenure arrangements. Although this participatory forest management has been implemented over a relatively short period, there is evidence that government and private sectors can successfully involve local people in sustainable management of the forests.     

Causal relationships between African mahoganies exports and deforestation in Ghana: policy implications

When exploiting forest resources, the resource use must be sustainable if its use is to support its function in the natural ecosystem. The African mahogany, a prized timber species, is widely exploited, raising policy concerns about the management of forest resources to meet the social, economic, and ecological needs of present and future generations. This paper explores, for the purpose of policy implication, the relationship between the exportation and deforestation of African mahoganies. The analysis employed a Granger causality test within the error correction model to evaluate the direction of causality between African mahoganies exports and deforestation in Ghana. The results suggested that in the short run, there was significant (P < 0.01) unidirectional causality from African mahoganies exports to deforestation. However, there was no directional causality from deforestation to mahogany exports. Thus, mahogany extraction and logging in general are among the major factors contributing to deforestation in Ghana. The general assessment of historical trends in the extraction levels of the two main genera of African mahoganies revealed that Entandrophragma cylindricum and Khaya ivorensis have been the most exploited species over the years. Improvements in, and the enforcement of, existing forest institutions and incentives, as well as related policies, could minimise the rate of deforestation not only of the African mahogany but also in timber logging, thus stemming forest degradation and deforestation in the country.     

Involving local farmers in rehabilitation of degraded tropical forests: some lessons from Ghana

The role of community-based plantation development in forest rehabilitation and poverty alleviation is a pressing issue for the government of Ghana. In this paper, we present an analysis of the prospects of a community-based plantation using taungya systems and indigenous trees as means to forest rehabilitation and livelihood improvement in Ghana. The project management strategies, communication process and incentive mechanism and their impact on local participation are discussed with the aim to recommending a mechanism through which local farmers can best be involved in rehabilitation of degraded sites in the future in Ghana. Data were collected through a survey using personal interviews of 431 farming households and ten key informants from ten communities living in scattered hamlets in and around forests reserves. The results show a high rate of local participation in project tree planting activities. Four years after the project’s initiation, about 250 ha of plantations had been established using twelve priority indigenous and one exotic species and farmers had indicated improvement in their farming practices and availability of food and forest products. Restoring forest quality as a timber resource and associated values, getting money, food stuff and timber and non-timber for domestic use, and having access to fertile land for farming were the top three issues prioritised by respondents as motivational factors for engaging in the project activities. Overall, this project demonstrates that reversing tropical forest degradation is possible. For this we need local involvement in tree domestication combined with activities that addresses livelihood needs and environmental concerns. This case also demonstrates the prospects of utilising indigenous tree species, not only exotic species that dominated tree planting in the past, for plantations and landscape rehabilitation in Ghana. Readers should send their comments on this paper to BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue.     

中国省域森林公园旅游产业竞争力的时空演化特征及影响因素

分析我国各省森林公园旅游产业竞争力演变及其影响因素，有助于为处于不同发展阶段和不同发展水平的省份提供产业竞争力方面的指导。首先构建我国港澳台外31省（市、自治区）森林公园的旅游产业竞争力指标体系，然后计算各省旅游产业竞争力得分并分析其时空演变特征，最后采用分位数回归研究影响森林公园旅游产业竞争力空间差异的主要因素。结果表明：中国森林公园旅游产业平均竞争力值较低，区域差异较大，呈现东部向中西部递减的状态；2004~2014年期间西部各省森林公园旅游产业竞争力进步较小，主要原因是受到“短板效应”的制约，表现为西部各省在产业效益方面与东、中部省份存在较大差距；中国的森林公园存在东北和东南两个高层次旅游产业竞争力集聚中心，并存在逐渐向周边地区扩散，带动周边省份提升发展的趋势；回归表明，国家扶持力度、管理投入、资源禀赋、经济基础、品牌效应和交通便利性会在不同分位点上对各省森林公园旅游产业竞争力产生影响。森林公园旅游产业竞争力在不同分位点上影响因素的差异为有针对性的提高各地区竞争力提供了良好的参考。     

Who is importing forest products from Africa to China? An analysis of implications for initiatives to enhance legality and sustainability

Global forest product value chains are increasingly subject to regulatory requirements, such as legality and sustainability certification. For African forest products, a shift in the export destinations of forest products towards China, the leading timber product manufacturer, has raised concerns that social and environmental product and process standards are declining. Aggregate drivers of this shift have been documented, yet there has been little enterprise-level analysis of Chinese actors in African timber imports based in China. This paper provides an initial analysis, highlighting implications for existing and emerging regulatory initiatives. Data show that although an increasing number of Chinese private enterprises is engaged in African timber imports, import volumes remain concentrated among a small number of geographically clustered private and state-owned firms. Government-led schemes are beginning to address timber legality concerns. But given China’s growing domestic market for finished wood products, sustainability certification requirements driven by the US and EU will not be sufficient to ensure improved sourcing by Chinese firms.     

Pulp industry and environment in Indonesia: is there sustainable future?

The global demand for wood is set to increase significantly over the next two decades. The growth is to be particularly pronounced in the Asia Pacific, and timber plantations are expected to be a major source of wood fiber. Indonesia is taking steps to meet the global demand for wood by expanding its pulp production and timber plantations. However, there are concerns about the environmental trade-offs of this expansion. The pulp sector continues to rely on natural forests for timber. The size and productivity of timber plantations are uncertain because of unreliable data. The employment and poverty alleviation potential of the pulp sector are overstated. The pulp sector continues to attract large-scale foreign capital due to high returns on undervalued timber from natural forest. However, environmentally and socially, it is a high-risk investment. The pulp sector in Indonesia can be environmentally sustainable and economically profitable, but the conversion of natural forest must be stopped; the use of non-forest land for plantations must be maximized; and smallholder tree-growing schemes must be made simpler and more attractive. Careful revision of the pulp growth targets and greater investor due diligence are needed to ensure a more sustainable future.     

中国各省区资源优势与经济优势比较研究

分析了中国31个省、直辖市、自治区包括水资源、耕地资源、森林资源、气候资源、能源资源和矿产资源在内的基础资源优势度。对非物质性的气候资源采用气候资源综合指数法予以评价。将绝对丰度和相对丰度进行线性加权以比较基础资源优势度。中国资源优势差异明显。云南、内蒙古、四川、新疆、黑龙江、贵州等省份资源优势明显,由于资源组合状况良好,云南省资源优势最明显。上海、天津、北京、江苏、海南、浙江等省市资源优势不明显,其中上海市最弱。对资源优势与经济优势进行了对比研究。经济优势较明显的省份资源优势往往并不好,而资源优势较明显的省份经济优势却很微弱。经济发展重心与资源赋存重心显著错位。经济优势不仅受资源分布的限制,同时还受到劳动力、资金、技术和市场等条件的影响。资源价值补偿机制不健全等也是造成这种错位的原因之一。最后提出资源丰富地区如何发挥资源优势,而经济较发达地区如何降低或解除资源约束的相关建议。     

The role of remittances and decentralization of forest management in the sustainability of a municipal-communal pine forest in eastern Guatemala

At the national scale, forest cover in Guatemala declined at an annual rate of 1.2% during the past quarter century because of settlement that removed primary forests in the northern region of the country; however, the majority of the population of Guatemala still resides in the densely populated central highlands and has extracted timber and fuelwood from adjacent forests for centuries. Using baseline data recorded in 1987 and 1996, this article reexamined the sustainability of a municipal-communal pine forest in San José La Arada, a municipality in eastern Guatemala. The pine forest declined from the period 1987 to 1996 because of overextraction of timber and fuelwood. Forest structure and forest use were reexamined from the period 1996 to 2007 to test the hypothesis that the forest continued to decline. Forest characteristics such as stand density, basal area, tree height, and evidence of forest use were measured to replicate the procedures from previous work at the study area. To understand changes in forest structure and forest use in the context of the rise in remittances and the introduction of decentralized forest governance that emerged since 1996, a household survey was conducted in two adjacent villages. Forest structure improved from 1996 to 2007. From 1996 to 2007, forest characteristics such as stand density, basal area, tree height, and forest regeneration improved and evidence of forest use decreased in the municipal-communal pine forest. The influence of large amounts of remittances from the United States and other regions of Guatemala to households in the adjacent villages and the decentralization of forest governance largely explains the shift toward forest sustainability in San José La Arada.