Role of mitochondria in the switch mechanism of the cell death mode from apoptosis to necrosis--studies on rho0 cells

Detailed mechanisms of the switch of the cell death mode from apoptosis to necrosis remain to be solved, although the intracellular level of ATP and that of free radicals have been postulated to be the major factors involved in the mechanisms. In the present study menadione (MEN)-induced cell injury processes were studied using rho0 cells derived from human osteosarcoma 143B cells and parental rho+ cells co-treated with inhibitors of electron transfer chain of mitochondria or oligomycin, an inhibitor of ATP synthesis. Treatment of rho+ cells with 100 microM MEN induced apoptosis, which reached the maximum at 6 h, and was followed by an abrupt decrease thereafter, while necrotic cells (NC) increased continuously when they were judged by Annexin V and PI double staining. On the other hand, MEN induced apoptotic and necrotic changes much faster in rho0 cells compared to rho+ cells. The frequency to find apoptotic cells (AP) in the former cells was distinctly smaller than that to find NC judged by Annexin V and PI double staining. Electron microscopically, a major population of rho0 cells treated with MEN for 6 h consisted of intermediate cells, and a small number of AP co-existed. At 9 h of the treatment intermediate cells were exclusively seen, and AP were hardly detected. When parental rho+ cells were treated with MEN in the presence of oligomycin or oligomycin plus antimycin A both apoptotic and necrotic changes of the cells were distinctly accelerated. The intracellular level of superoxide in rho0 cells continuously increased after the MEN treatment, whereas that of ATP remained distinctly low before and after the MEN treatment compared to that in rho+ cells. These data suggest that the intracellular level of superoxide may be a key factor controlling the switch from apoptosis to necrosis.     

金丝桃素光动力作用诱导人鼻咽癌细胞凋亡

为了观察中药金丝桃素光动力作用对鼻咽癌细胞凋亡的影响,应用膜联蛋白AnnexinV-PI双染结合流式细胞仪,分析了中药金丝桃素光动力作用后,人鼻咽癌细胞株CNE2细胞发生凋亡和继发性坏死的比率。中药金丝桃素光动力作用实验组人鼻咽癌细胞株CNE2细胞发生凋亡和继发性坏死的比率分别增加到53.08%和6.77%,且均显著高于单纯光照射组、单纯金丝桃素光敏剂处理组和假照射组(P< 0.01),而单纯光照组、单纯金丝桃素光敏剂处理组和假照射组三对照组间无明显差异(P> 0.05)。中药金丝桃素光动力作用能有效诱导人鼻咽癌细胞株CNE2细胞凋亡的发生,这也可能是金丝桃素光动力作用杀伤鼻咽癌的重要机制之一。     

MPPA光动力作用诱导人鼻咽癌细胞凋亡的实验研究

为观察MPPa光动力作用对鼻咽癌细胞凋亡的影响,应用AnnexinV—PI双染结合流式细胞仪分析MPPa光动力作用后人鼻咽癌细胞株CNE2细胞发生凋亡和继发性坏死的比率。结果显示MPPa光动力作用实验组人鼻咽癌细胞株CNE2细胞发生凋亡和继发性坏死的比率分别增加到16.43 %和4.64 % ,且均显著高于单纯光照射组、单纯MMPa光敏剂处理组和假照射组(P <0 .0 1) ,而三对照组间无明显差异(P >0 .0 5 )。表明MPPa光动力作用能有效诱导低分化人鼻咽癌细胞株CNE2细胞凋亡的发生。这也可能是MPPa光动力作用杀伤鼻咽癌的重要机制之一。     

反义核酸药物癌泰得对乳腺癌细胞株的体外杀伤作用

目的探讨反义核酸药物癌泰得对乳腺癌细胞株的体外杀伤作用。方法1)MTT法测定不同浓度癌泰得对乳腺癌细胞株BT474的抑制率。2)Annexin/PI双染法,流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡比率。结果MTT法观察到癌泰得对BT474细胞的杀伤作用,流式细胞仪检测到BT474细胞凋亡率达16.82%,以晚期凋亡为主。结论癌泰得对BT474细胞有抑制作用,抑制率与浓度呈线性相关。     

ALA-PDT在耐药白血病细胞株HL-60/ADR中的实验研究

目的:本研究观察5-氨基乙酰丙酸介导的光动力疗法(ALA-PDT)对耐药白血病细胞株HL-60/ADR的诱导凋亡作用.方法:以耐药白血病细胞株HL-60/ADR为实验模型.实验分为4组,对照组、单纯ALA组、单纯光照组及ALA PDT组.用MTT法检测细胞的存活率,瑞特染色观察细胞形态学改变,用双染法检测细胞凋亡率,并用共聚焦激光显微镜观察凋亡细胞的特征.结果:ALA PDT组光照后瑞特染色可见凋亡改变;MTT法显示细胞存活率明显下降,24h为(48.67±8.14)%,48h进一步降低至(22.23±6.07)%,两者比较差异有统计学意义;流式细胞仪检测显示细胞凋亡率3h、4h和24h分别为(6.35±1.40)%、(8.07±1.87)%和(57.66±7.55)%,与对照组相比差异有统计学意义;LSCM观察AnnexinV-FITC单阳性及AnnexinV-FITC/PI双阳性细胞均具有典型的凋亡特征,而单纯ALA组、单纯光照组及对照组则无上述改变.结论:ALA-PDT能灭活耐药白血病细胞株HL-60/ADR,主要通过诱导凋亡的方式实现的,并呈一定的时间依赖性.     

An ultrastructural study on the effect of streptozotocin on the islets of Langerhans in mice

The ultrastructural changes in the morphology of the islets of Langerhans in response to streptozotocin were studied in the mice pancreas. Male white albino CSI mice were given a single intravenous injection of 75 mg kg(-1) body weight streptozotocin, and were sacrificed at different time intervals up to 48 h following the treatment. Their pancreases were excised and randomly processed for electron microscopic examination. Hyperglycaemia and glucosuria were detected 8 h after treatment, became remarkably high at 24 h and persisted then after. Light and electron microscopic examination of the islets of Langerhans from treated mice revealed an early chromatin aggregation and cytoplasmic vesiculation in the central B cells during the first 2 h of treatment. Nuclear shrinkage and pyknosis with swelling of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum were evident 8 h later, and lysis of B cells occurred 12 h after treatment. The morphology of A and D cells at the margin of the islets and in between B cell debris looked perfectly unaltered. Macrophage infiltration among lytic B cells was seen 24 h after drug administration, which contained clear and large phagocytic vacuoles. The necrobiotic and phagocytic figures disappeared from the pancreatic sections of 48 h treated mice, and the islets were smaller in size and consisted entirely of intact A and D cells with occasional degranulated B cells. No features of apoptosis were ever recorded, and the exocrine pancreatic tissue was protected from the effect of streptozotocin. In conclusion, the present study illustrates the sequence of morphological changes that occurs in the islets of Langerhans of mice after streptozotocin administration. It also confirms that streptozotocin at a high single dose in mice produces a specific necrosis of B cells with no evidence of apoptotic figures as another mechanism of cell death.     

LPS诱导的胸腺细胞凋亡对瘦素的抑制作用

要提高声表面波(SAW)气体传感器的测量精确度,温度补偿是主要难题.目前有许多补偿方法,但其效果不佳.采用软件方法进行温度补偿的研究在国内外已成热点,但选用神经网络对声表面波气体传感器进行温度补偿罕见报道.该文以西北工业大学研发的声表面波CO气体传感器为研究对象,通过理论分析和实验,得到了声表面波CO气体传感器的温度特性曲线.提出了一种利用BP人工神经网络对声表面波CO气体传感器温度误差进行修正的新方法.计算机仿真和试验结果表明,该法能有效改善传感器的输出特性,且速度快,精度高,鲁棒性强,便于用硬件实现,具有较高的推广应用价值.     

实验性急性出血坏死性胰腺炎时肝脏的病理形态学观察及肝细胞的凋亡

目的：从实验性急性出血坏死性胰腺炎(AHNP)早期开始动态观察大鼠肝组织的病理形态学变化,研究肝细胞凋亡的发生情况。方法：胰胆管内逆行注射5％的牛磺胆酸钠,建立大鼠急性出血坏死性胰腺炎模型,通过光镜及电镜观察肝组织的病理形态学变化,用原位末端标记法(TUNEL法)测定大鼠肝细胞发生凋亡的情况。结果：诱导AHNP3h后大鼠肝细胞出现气球样变性,随着疾病的发展损伤加重,肝细胞发生坏死,炎性细胞浸润,并有血栓形成;肝细胞在诱导3h后出现凋亡,且随时间延长,凋亡的数目也增多,肝细胞出现凋亡和坏死并存的现象。     

BPD-MA光动力作用对膀胱癌细胞凋亡及bcl-2蛋白表达的影响

目的:研究激光活化BPD-MA光动力诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡及其可能机制。方法:应用流式细胞仪分析BPD-MA光动力作用后细胞凋亡及免疫组化染色检测凋亡相关蛋白bcl-2蛋白表达水平。结果:激光活化BPD-MA光动力实验组人膀胱癌细胞株BIU-87凋亡发生率达26.11±2.59%,与对照组相比,差异非常显著性(P<0.01);光动力作用后膀胱癌细胞线粒体相关调控蛋白bcl-2表达显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:激光活化BPD-MA光动力作用具有诱导人膀胱癌细胞株BIU-87凋亡的生物效应,而线粒体相关调控蛋白bcl-2表达水平的降低可能是激光活化BPD-MA光动力诱导人膀胱癌细胞株BIU-87凋亡的重要机制之一。     

He-Ne激光照射引起小鼠胸腺细胞早期凋亡的实验研究

用Ｈｅ－Ｎｅ激光照射引起离体小鼠胸腺细胞凋亡,利用流式细胞计定量检测ＡｎｎｅｘｉｎＶ－ＦＩＴＣ或Ｒｈ１２３和ＰＩ双标记早期凋亡的胸腺细胞,利用透射电子显微镜对凋亡细胞作形态观察。发现激光照射６０ｍｉｎ（光剂量为４７．６９４～５１．８２２Ｊ／ｃｍ２）,细胞早期凋亡明显增加,随着照射时间延长,光剂量增加,细胞早期凋亡百分率也随之增加,表明胸腺细胞经激光照射后,早期凋亡细胞膜上磷脂酰丝氨酸由质膜内侧外翻至质膜的外表面;同时线粒体功能损失,其跨膜电势下降。     

光敏化BPD-MA后膀胱癌细胞凋亡的研究

为了研究光动力抑癌作用机制,采用流式细胞仪和TUNEL法检测激光光敏化BPD-MA后人膀胱癌细胞株BIU-87细胞凋亡的发生状况.激光光敏化BPD-MA后人膀胱癌细胞株BIU-87组细胞凋亡发生率明显增高,许多细胞核呈棕黄色,高倍镜下可见细胞核内有大量棕褐色颗粒,与阳性对照中凋亡细胞核的特征相符合,而对照组此种细胞少见.TUNEL阴性对照中细胞核均呈蓝色.结果表明,激光激活BPD-MA光动力作用明显诱导人膀胱癌细胞株BIU-87细胞发生凋亡,这可能是其抑癌作用机制之一.     

肝细胞凋亡的超微结构观察

通过对肝细胞凋亡动态变化过程的电镜观察,揭示细胞凋亡与肝脏疾病的关系。选择２８例肝脏病变标本及６例正常肝脏标本,应用透射电镜观察细胞凋亡的超微结构变化。结果显示肝细胞凋亡具有一般细胞凋亡的超微结构变化,又具有其特殊形态学特征。应用电镜手段进行细胞凋亡研究有助于从更深的层次对细胞凋亡的形态学的认识。肝细胞凋亡的动态平衡失调与肝脏疾病的发生发展有密切的关系。     

雷公藤内酯醇通过介导热休克蛋白27的表达诱导Hut78细胞凋亡

目的：探讨雷公藤内酯醇（Triptolide,TP）诱导皮肤T细胞淋巴瘤Se’zary综合征Hut78的凋亡及机制。方法：采用MTT法检测Hut78细胞的增殖抑制率,Annexin V-FITC/PI双染流式细胞术检测Hut78细胞的凋亡率,Westernblot检测Hut78细胞中小分子热休克蛋白27（HSP27）的表达。结果：雷公藤内酯醇可诱导Hut78细胞凋亡（P〈0.01）,雷公藤内酯醇干预组,HSP27的表达被抑制。用p38MAPK特异性抑制剂SB203580干预后,雷公藤内酯醇诱导Hut78细胞凋亡率下降,HSP27的表达被抑制效应减弱。结论：雷公藤内酯醇可诱导Se’zary综合征细胞Hut78凋亡,该作用与抑制HSP27的表达密切有关,同时该作用可被p38MAPK特异性抑制剂SB203580显著抑制,提示p38MAPK信号通路也参与雷公藤内酯醇介导的Se’zary综合征细胞株Hut78中HSP27的表达。     

竹红菌乙素光动力对人舌鳞癌Tca8113细胞杀伤作用的初步研究

目的：本文是用实验的方法,初步探讨中药光敏剂竹红菌乙素（HB）在光动力（PDT）作用下,对体外人舌鳞癌Tca8113细胞的杀伤作用。方法：常规培养、选取对数生长期人舌鳞癌Tca8113细胞,用含有竹红菌乙素（HB）浓度分别为0μM、0．25μM、0．5μ／M、1μM、2μM的RPMI-1640培养液孵育细胞4h后,经470nmLED定制多光源半导体激光光照处理（PDT）,能量密度设置分别为0J／CM^2、1J／CM^2、2J／CM^2、3J／CM^2、4J／CM^2。PDT处理后细胞继续孵育24h后,分别在光学显微镜和荧光显微镜下观察细胞形态学变化,并用甲基噻唑四唑法（MIT法）检测竹红菌乙素（HB）对细胞的抑制作用。并分别在激光照射6h及24h后,用流式细胞仪测定细胞凋亡率。结果：经PDT处理后细胞在光学显微镜及荧光显微镜下均可观察到细胞坏死和凋亡样改变;在一定浓度范围和光照能量密度范围内,竹红菌乙素（HB）在PDT作用下对人舌鳞癌Tca8113细胞生长增殖的抑制和诱导凋亡作用与药物浓度和能量密度成正相关变化。结论：竹红菌乙素（HB）在光动力（PDT）作用下,对人舌鳞癌Tca8113细胞具有显著的杀伤作用,并在一定范围内呈浓度剂量和光剂量正相关依赖性。     

ALA联合HPD光动力学治疗对S180腹水瘤细胞的影响的研究

目的 :通过细胞学水平研究确定ALA配合小剂量HPD激光光动力疗法促使肿细胞死亡及凋亡的光敏药用药剂量及与二者单独使用的差别方法 :以不同剂量的ALA(40 μg/ml、80 μg/ml、16 0 μg/ml)、HPD(2 .5 μg/ml、5 μg/ml、10 μg/ml)、二者联合与S180腹水瘤细胞一起培养 ,随后以 6 30nm半导体激光 2 0 0mW /cm2 ,照射肿瘤细胞 ,照射 2 0分钟 ,及与不用光敏剂单照激光、单用光敏剂不照光、不用光敏剂不照激光空白对照组比较。以流式细胞仪及倒置微镜观察促使肿瘤细胞凋亡或死亡的差别 ,寻找促使肿瘤细胞凋亡或死亡的最小合适剂量。结果 :ALA4 0 μg/ml配合HPD2 .5 μg/ml与S180腹水瘤细胞同时培养 ,6 30半导体激光 2 0 0mW /cm2 ,照射 2 0分钟组从形态学观察及流式细胞仪测定是能达到较佳的细胞凋亡的最小用光敏剂剂量。单纯ALA -PDT组中能达到小鼠S180腹水瘤细胞明显凋亡的最小剂量是ALA(80 μg/ml) ,单纯HPD -PDT组中能达到小鼠S180腹水瘤细胞明显凋亡最小剂量是HPD(5 μg/ml)。结论 :ALA4 0mg/kg配合HPD2 .5mg/kg ,6 30半导体激光2 0 0mW /cm2 ,照射 2 0分钟是能达到小鼠S180腹水瘤细胞明显凋亡的最小光敏剂剂量。     

温度及药物对肿瘤细胞影响的超微结构研究

本实验应用透射电镜观察不同温度以及不同温度加温度加抗肿瘤药物（嘧福绿）作用下的人卵巢癌细胞超微结构的变化,探讨热疗与化地肿瘤细胞作用的机理。实验结果表明,在高温下细胞代谢降低,肿瘤细胞的形态发生一系列恶性变化,且高热可能诱导肿瘤细胞的凋亡;热中化疗的协同作用则能加速肿瘤细胞的凋亡,使细胞的能量代谢更低,随着作用时间的延长,最终导致细胞死亡。     

改良游离细胞扫描电镜制样方法适用于凋亡细胞观察

利用常规游离细胞扫描电镜制样方法制备的凋亡细胞样品,镜下凋亡检出率较低,细胞容易脱落变形,不能满足观察要求。本文采用200μmol／L双氢青蒿素作用前列腺癌PC-3细胞48h,诱导细胞凋亡;通过改良的制样方法制样并观察凋亡细胞超微结构。结果显示,凋亡细胞和凋亡小体阳性率明显提高,细胞贴附紧密、分布均匀,凋亡细胞超微结构比透射电镜更直观形象。     

ALA光动力学治疗对C6胶质瘤细胞凋亡的影响

目的:通过细胞学水平研究不同剂量ALA光动力学治疗对C6胶质瘤细胞细胞凋亡的影响。方法:以不同剂量的ALA(10μg/ml、20μg/ml、40μg/ml、80μg/ml、160μg/ml)与C6胶质瘤细胞一起培养,随后以630nm半导体激光200mW/cm2,照射肿瘤细胞,照射20分钟,及与不用光敏剂单照激光、单用光敏剂不照光、不用光敏剂不照激光空白对照组比较。以流式细胞仪及倒置微镜、电镜观察促使肿瘤细胞凋亡或死亡的差别,寻找促使肿瘤细胞凋亡或死亡的最小合适剂量。结果:对照组没有细胞凋亡,ALA-PDT组随着剂量的增加细胞凋亡数增加。尤其晚期凋亡数明显增加,用药剂量增加至40μg/cc才能达到活细胞少于50%,即使剂量增加到160μg/cc,还是有19.7423的活细胞存在。结论:单纯用ALA激光PDT治疗不能达到完全将肿瘤细胞杀灭,ALA40mg/kg激光光动力学治疗才能得到明显的治疗效果。     

ALA联合HPD光动力学治疗鼠S180肉瘤研究

目的通过鼠肿瘤动物模型确定ALA配合小剂量HPD激光光动力疗法促使肿细胞死亡及凋亡的疗效及光敏药物最佳用药剂量。方法以不同剂量的ALA口服(20μg/ml、40μg/ml、60μg/ml)、HPD2.5μg/ml静脉注射、24小时后,以630nm半导体激光250mW/cm2照射,每光斑照射20分钟剂量,照光前及照光后不同时间以肉眼、肿瘤大小测定、病理、电镜、流式细胞仪观察单纯ALA-PDT、HPD-PDT、二者配合的疗效差别并与未作光动力学治疗的空白对照组模型作比较,寻找最佳的光敏药物配合的剂量。结果ALA20-40μg/ml口服配合HPD2.5μg/ml静脉注射作半导体630nm激光250mW/cm2照射20分钟组光动力学治疗组,从形态学观察,肿瘤大小测定、病理、电镜、流式细胞仪观察是能达到较佳的肿瘤坏死变性、细胞凋亡、肿瘤消失的最小用光敏剂剂量。结论ALA20-40mg/kg配合HPD2.5mg/kg,630半导体激光250mW/cm2,照射20分钟是能到小鼠S180肉瘤肿瘤模型光动力学治疗最佳疗效的最小光敏剂剂量。     

Changes in physicochemical properties of microtubules lead to the formation of a single spherical structure of mitochondrial assembly enveloping nuclear chromatins

Treatment of 143B cells with microtubule-active drugs (MADs) including taxol, nocodazole and colchicine induced distinct structural changes, such as rounding of the cells with perinuclear clustering of mitochondria, when the cells were treated for up to 10 h. When the incubation time with MADs was longer than 10 h, multinuclear cells appeared, and their population increased with time. In this study perinuclear clustering of mitochondria i.e. mitochondria encircling the aggregated chromatin of the nucleus that had lost the nuclear membrane was detected. This observation was distinct from that reported in the literature. Mitochondria were aligned in a few lines; the occurrence of mitochondria in even a single line is an extreme case, resulting in one plane of section for electron microscopy. Three-dimensional reconstructions of confocal microscopic images of mitochondria revealed that they were assembled as a spherical structure. The majority of the cells with perinuclear clustering of mitochondria remained intact for up to 24 h. Mitochondria were observed to be clustered around the nucleus in the orthodox configuration or in some cases they were moderately condensed, as observed electron microscopically. Annexin V and PI double staining of cells showed that more than 90% of cells were viable. In the case of treatment with taxol, membrane potential of mitochondria per cell was well maintained although it was moderately lowered in the case of treatment with nocodazole. Taking into consideration the previous data reported from our laboratory, the present results may assist in elucidation of the behaviour of mitochondria during the dividing processes of mammalian cells, which is yet to be clarified.