不同相对截留分子量聚醚砜超滤膜精制黄连解毒汤效果的研究

目的 以黄连解毒汤(黄连、黄柏、黄芩和栀子)为研究对象,探讨采用不同相对截留分子量聚醚砜超滤膜处理后高分子物质和指标性成分变化规律以及药理作用差异,为优选黄连解毒汤超滤工艺研究提供依据.方法 逐级用pes-5w、pes-3w、pes-2w、pes-6k的超滤膜处理黄连解毒汤离心液,测定不同膜处理后渗透液和离心液中高分子物质(果胶和蛋白质)和药用指标性成分(栀子苷、黄芩苷、巴马汀和小檗碱)的质量分数及其对嗜铬细胞瘤(PC-12细胞)缺血缺氧的保护和改善作用.结果 随着膜相对截留分子量的降低.各级渗透液的高分子物质的质量分数不同程度地降低;指标性成分的质量分数除黄芩苷逐级降低外,其他都呈升高趋势;pes-3w的综合指标性成分质量分数最高;药理实验证明pes-5w渗透液对PC-12细胞缺氧缺血有很好的改善作用.结论 pes-Sw超滤膜既能有效去除非药用成分或药用性较差的物质,又能保留有效成分,适合于黄连解毒汤的精制.     

黄连解毒汤对神经细胞保护作用活性成分的筛选

目的:探讨黄连解毒汤及其主要成分小檗碱、黄芩苷、巴马汀、栀子苷对过氧化氢(H2O2)、谷氨酸(Glu)所致神经细胞损伤的影响.方法:制备H2O2,Glu损伤入神经母细胞瘤细胞(SH-SY5Y)、小鼠神经母细胞瘤细胞(Neuro-2a)模型,设正常对照、模型、黄连解毒汤、小檗碱、黄芩苷、巴马汀及栀子苷组,筛选浓度为7.812 5,15.625,31.25,62.5,125,250,500 mg·L-1,应用MTT法检测药物对损伤后细胞增殖的影响.结果:黄连解毒汤能够促进SH-SY5Y细胞增殖,适当浓度的栀子苷能够促进SH-SY5Y,Neuro-2a细胞增殖,并对H2O2,Glu损伤的SH-SY5Y细胞有保护作用,对H2O2损伤的Neuro-2a也具有保护作用.结论:栀子苷可能为黄连解毒汤对神经细胞保护作用的有效成分.     

黄连解毒汤全方和不同极性部位的活性筛选

目的:研究比较黄连解毒汤全方水提液体系、水提液体系经有机溶剂梯度萃取后不同极性部位中指标性成分的变化,通过药效学筛选,探讨黄连解毒汤改善脑缺血、益智作用的有效部位及其化学组成,为该方的精制分离提供实验依据。方法:黄连解毒汤全方经水煎煮得水提液(部位Ⅰ),水提液浓缩后以石油醚、乙酸乙酯和水饱和正丁醇梯度萃取,得到石油醚萃取物(部位Ⅱ)、乙酸乙酯萃取物(部位Ⅲ)、水饱和正丁醇萃取物(部位Ⅳ)、残留水层上清液(部位Ⅴ)、残留水层沉淀(部位Ⅵ),以栀子苷、黄芩苷、巴马汀、小檗碱、黄芩素和汉黄芩素6种成分为对照,应用RP-HPLC确定各萃取物中6种指标性成分的含量;选用鼠源肾上腺髓质嗜铬细胞瘤PC-12细胞活性跟踪筛选,MTT法测定黄连解毒汤及各萃取部位对低糖DMEM和氯化钴诱导的PC-12细胞缺糖缺氧损伤的影响。结果:部位Ⅴ中各指标性成分含量较高,且6种指标性成分的比例与部位Ⅰ相似;部位Ⅰ,Ⅴ对PC-12细胞的缺糖缺氧损伤保护作用明显。结论:部位Ⅴ为黄连解毒汤改善脑缺血、益智作用的有效部位。     

黄连解毒汤抗原代皮层神经元缺氧缺糖损伤的活性部位筛选

目的观察黄连解毒汤(Huanglian Jiedu Decoction,HJD)各部位和指标性成分对大鼠原代皮层神经元缺氧缺糖(oxygen-glucose deprivation,OGD)再灌注损伤的保护作用。方法采用大孔吸附树脂法分离制备30%、50%、75%和95%乙醇的洗脱物(HJDFE30、HJDFE50、HJDFE75和HJDFEg5),采用反向高效液相色谱(reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography,RP-HPLC)法测定各部位中指标性成分的含量。建立连二亚硫酸钠诱导的大鼠原代皮层神经元OGD再灌注损伤模型,运用四甲基偶氮唑盐(methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium,MTr)比色法,观察HJD的4个部位(HJDFE30、HJDFE50、HJDFE75和HJDFE95)和7个指标性成分对神经元活性的影响。结果 HJDFE30主要含有栀子苷;HJDFE50主要含有黄芩苷、巴马汀、小檗碱和汉黄芩苷;HJDFE75主要含有黄芩苷、小檗碱、黄芩素和汉黄芩素。原代皮层神经元OGD 20 min再灌注1 h后,细胞活性降低(P0.01),HJD、HJDFE30、HJDFE50和HJDFE75可提高神经元存活率(P0.05,P0.01)。各指标性成分栀子苷、黄芩苷、黄芩素、巴马汀、汉黄芩苷和汉黄芩素均可提高神经元存活率(P0.05,P0.01)。结论 HJDFE30、HJDFE50和HJDFE75对大鼠原代皮层神经元OGD损伤具有保护作用,是HJD的活性部位。栀子苷、黄芩苷和黄芩素是HJD的主要有效成分。     

黄连解毒汤有效成分对缺氧/复氧时脑微血管内皮细胞的保护作用

目的:研究栀子苷、黄芩苷和小檗碱对大鼠脑微血管内皮细胞的保护作用。方法:建立离体大鼠脑微血管内皮细胞缺氧/复氧损伤模型,用1.024,0.512,0.256,0.128,0.064,0.032,0.016,0.008μmol.mL^-1栀子苷,0.224,0.112,0.056,0.028,0.014,0.007,0.003μmol.mL^-1黄芩苷和0.192,0.096,0.048,0.024,0.012,0.006,0.003μmol.mL-1小檗碱分别作用于正常组和模型组细胞。细胞活性用MTT比色法检测。结果:0.128,0.064,0.032μmol.mL^-1栀子苷,0.028,0.014,0.007μmol.mL-1黄芩苷和0.024,0.012,0.006μmol.mL^-1小檗碱能够比较理想的保护缺氧4 h复氧12 h损伤的大鼠脑微血管内皮细胞。结论:适当浓度的栀子苷、黄芩苷和小檗碱等黄连解毒汤主要成分可以保护脑微血管内皮细胞。     

黄连解毒汤化学成分及其神经细胞保护作用研究

目的 研究黄连解毒汤的化学成分,并探索该复方及其代表性成分的神经细胞保护作用.方法 运用大孔树脂、硅胶、C18反相硅胶、Sephadex LH-20制备液相等色谱技术对黄连解毒汤进行化学成分的分离;应用UV、MS、NMR等技术对所得化合物的结构进行鉴定;并运用体外神经细胞保护的药理模型,对黄连解毒汤和其中京尼平苷、小檗碱、黄芩苷进行了神经保护作用的筛选.结果 从黄连解毒汤中分离鉴定了19个化合物,分别为小檗碱(1),巴马亭(2),黄芩苷(3),黄芩素(4),汉黄芩素(5),千层纸素A(6),京尼平苷(7),鸡屎藤次苷甲酯(8),京尼平-1-O-β-D龙胆双糖苷(9),6'-O-对香豆酰京尼平龙胆双糖苷(10),黄柏内酯(11),蔗糖(12),D-甘露醇(13),粘毛黄芩素Ⅲ(14),栀子苷(15),羟异栀子苷(16),Jasminosides B(17),藏红花酸(18),5-羟基吡啶-2-甲酸甲酯(19);研究了黄连解毒汤和其中主成分京尼平苷、小檗碱、黄芩苷对PC12细胞和原代神经元细胞的损伤保护作用.结论 化合物15 ～ 19为首次从该复方中分离得到,5-羟基吡啶-2-甲酸甲酯在组成该复方的四种单味药中均未见报道;神经细胞保护实验结果表明黄连解毒汤和其中京尼平苷、小檗碱、黄芩苷单体均具有神经细胞保护作用趋势,但没有统计学显著性.     

基于药效学试验的黄连解毒汤大孔树脂精制工艺筛选

目的:研究比较黄连解毒汤水提取液体系经大孔树脂精制后的药理活性及化学组成变化,探讨中药复方树脂精制工艺的优选原则,为中药复方的精制分离提供实验依据。方法:选用目前市售的10种不同极性的聚苯乙烯型大孔树脂对黄连解毒汤全方水提取液体系进行精制,采用鼠性肾上腺髓质嗜铬细胞瘤PC-12细胞活性跟踪筛选,MTT法测定全方水提取物及各大孔树脂精制物对低糖DMEM和氯化钴诱导的PC-12细胞缺糖缺氧损伤的影响。以RP-HPLC确定全方水提取物及各大孔树脂精制物中6种指标性成分———小檗碱、巴马汀、黄芩苷、黄芩素、汉黄芩素、栀子苷的含量。结果:经过X-5型大孔树脂精制后的黄连解毒汤水提取物能更好的保留原有复方各成分的比例,且药效作用与黄连解毒汤原方水提取液保持一致。结论:该研究为黄连解毒汤的临床用药剂型改进和实现工业化生产奠定了实验基础。     

基于方证对应理论的黄连解毒汤肠道吸收分析

目的:基于方证对应理论研究正常和脑缺血病理状态下黄连解毒汤中指标成分肠吸收情况的差异性,探讨临床对症治疗脑缺血疾病的合理性。方法:以黄连解毒汤中盐酸小檗碱、黄芩苷、栀子苷为检测指标,建立在体单向肠灌流模型,考察不同浓度黄连解毒汤在正常和脑缺血大鼠的肠吸收情况。结果:与正常组比较,不同浓度黄连解毒汤中盐酸小檗碱、黄芩苷、栀子苷在脑缺血模型组大鼠不同肠段的肠吸收均有一定程度增加,其中盐酸小檗碱在十二指肠、空肠有显著性增加;黄芩苷在全部肠段的肠吸收均有显著性增加;栀子苷在空肠、回肠、结肠有显著性增加。结论:黄连解毒汤主要药效成分在脑缺血大鼠的肠道吸收情况优于正常组,为该复方临床对症治疗脑缺血疾病的合理性提供实验依据,体现了中医方证对应理论。     

黄连解毒汤中9种主要成分在大鼠脑组织中分布特征研究

目的建立灵敏、准确、可靠的小檗碱、小檗红碱、药根碱、巴马汀、黄芩苷、汉黄芩素、千层纸素A、京尼平苷和栀子黄素B在大鼠海马、皮层、纹状体和脑脊液组织中高效液相色谱-串联质谱联用(HPLC-MS-MS)分析方法,用于黄连解毒汤中9种主要成分在大鼠脑组织中分布研究。方法优化黄连解毒汤中9种主要成分及内标克拉霉素和氯霉素的质谱检测条件,确定分析条件并对方法学进行考察。正常大鼠ig给予黄连解毒汤,末次给药1 h后采集脑脊液、海马、皮层和纹状体样品,经处理后将该方法用于9种成分的测定。结果小檗碱、药根碱、巴马汀、黄芩苷、汉黄芩素、千层纸素A、栀子黄素B在1～250 ng/mL呈现良好的线性关系(r~20.99),小檗红碱在1～500 ng/mL具有良好的线性关系(r~2=0.991 2),京尼平苷在5～500 ng/mL具有良好的线性关系(r~2=0.999 5);各成分的日内、日间精密度RSD均小于12.94%,准确度均在-12.71%～6.91%;提取回收率均在88.02%～106.70%,基质效应均在88.92%～105.10%;短期、冻融循环和长期稳定性RSD均小于12.51%。各成分在海马、皮层和纹状体中的含量为小檗碱黄芩苷京尼平苷小檗红碱巴马汀汉黄芩素药根碱千层纸素A栀子黄素B;各成分在脑脊液中的含量为京尼平苷小檗碱小檗红碱巴马汀黄芩苷栀子黄素B药根碱汉黄芩素千层纸素A。结论该方法可用于大鼠脑组织中小檗碱、药根碱等9种成分含量的同时检测,并可用于这9种成分在大鼠脑组织分布研究,为探究黄连解毒汤治疗脑部疾病的物质基础提供依据。     

不同大孔树脂组合精制黄连解毒汤复方水提液的吸附-解吸动力学比较研究

目的:优选精制黄连解毒汤复方水提液的最佳大孔树脂组合,为黄连解毒汤的临床用药剂型改进和实现工业化生产奠定实验基础.方法:选择X-5,S-8,HPD100,AB-8 4种大孔树脂进行6种组合,进行静态吸附和解吸试验.HPLC比较各组水提液精制前后栀子苷、黄芩苷、巴马汀、小檗碱、黄芩素、汉黄芩素6种指标性成分含量的动态变化.结果:不同大孔树脂组合对黄连解毒汤中不同成分的吸附率均接近100%,但解吸率存在较大差异.结论:综合比较,组合6得到的各指标性成分含量较高,可作为精制黄连解毒汤复方水提液的最佳大孔树脂组合.     

Comparative pharmacokinetic investigation on baicalin and wogonoside in type 2 diabetic and normal rats after oral administration of traditional Chinese medicine Huanglian Jiedu decoction

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Huanglian Jiedu decoction (HLJDD) is used traditionally in China for the treatment of diabetes mellitus in clinical practice, which has been proved to be effective. The purpose of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetic characteristics (especially the area under the curve, AUC) of baicalin and wogonoside in type 2 diabetic rats after oral administration of HLJDD extract and to explore its possible mechanism.

Materials and methods

HLJDD extract and Radix scutellariae extract were prepared and the contents of baicalin and wogonoside contained in two extracts were assayed with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Type 2 diabetic rats were induced by high fat diet and intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. Pharmacokinetics of baicalin and wogonoside in type 2 diabetic and normal control rats after oral administration of HLJDD extract or Radix scutellariae extract were investigated. Pharmacokinetics of baicalin in type 2 diabetic and normal rats after oral administration of pure baicalin was also investigated.

Results

The pharmacokinetic parameters (especially AUCs) of baicalin and wogonoside in type 2 diabetic rats after oral administration of HLJDD extract were remarkably different from those in normal rats. And the alterations of the AUCs of baicalin and wogonoside in type 2 diabetic rats after oral administration of Radix scutellariae extract were similar to those after oral administration of HLJDD extract. Moreover, the increase of the AUC of baicalin in type 2 diabetic rats after oral administration of pure baicalin was similar to that after oral administration of HLJDD extract or Radix scutellariae extract.

Conclusion

The pharmacokinetic behaviors of baicalin and wogonoside (especially the systemic exposure [AUCs] of baicalin and wogonoside) were significantly altered in type 2 diabetic rats after orally administrated HLJDD extract. And the increased AUCs of baicalin and wogonoside in type 2 diabetic rats after oral administration of HLJDD extract resulted from neither the effects of other herbs contained in HLJDD nor the effects of other components contained in Radix scutellariae. It might result from the effects of the pathological status of type 2 diabetes mellitus.     

Huang-Lian-Jie-Du-Decotion induced protective autophagy against the injury of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion via MAPK-mTOR signaling pathway

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Huang-Lian-Jie-Du-Decotion (HLJDD, Hwangryun-Hae-Dok-Decotion in Japan), an ancient antipyretic and detoxifying traditional Chinese medicine formula, was reported to have protective effect on ischemic stroke.

Aim of the research

To investigate the therapeutic effect of HLJDD on ischemic stroke and explore its mode of action.

Material and methods

A model of ischemic stroke in the rat was established after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) followed by reperfusion. Rats were assigned randomly to groups of control, sham, transient ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), and three treatment groups by HLJDD at 2.5, 5.0, 10.0 mg/kg. The neurological deficit, the cerebral infarct size, morphology abnormality, biochemical parameters were examined, and the levels of relevant proteins were determined by immunoblotting analysis to evaluate the protective effects of HLJDD on ischemic stroke and explore the underlying mechanism.

Results

Compared with I/R group, HLJDD significantly ameliorated neurological deficit and histopathology changes, decreased infarct area, and restored the levels of biochemical indicators including nitric oxide (NO), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), glutathione disulfide (GSSG), total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), Cu/Zn-SOD, Mn-SOD and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX). HLJDD also notably elevated the levels of microtubule-associated protein1 light chain 3 (LC3), Beclin-1, and other autophagy related genes (Atgs), promoted the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK), protein kinase B (Akt), 3-phosphoinositide-dependent kinase (PDK1), and inhibited the activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), c-Jun N-terminal protein kinases (JNK), p38, phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN).

Conclusion

HLJDD showed neuroprotective effects on ischemic stroke, at least in part to the induced protective autophagy via the regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signals. This Akt-independent protective autophagy is favorable in the treatment of stroke, avoiding unfavorable side-effects associated with the inactivation of Akt. The efficacy of HLJDD on ischemic stroke and its safety warranted by its long-term clinical use in traditional Chinese medicine favored further study to develop HLJDD as an effective therapeutic agent to treat ischemic stroke.     

黄连解毒汤调控单核、巨噬细胞及泡沫细胞分化的实验研究

目的观察黄连解毒汤体内调控载脂蛋白E基因敲除（ApoE^-/-）小鼠外周血单核细胞亚型分化,黄连解毒汤含药血清体外调控巨噬细胞和泡沫细胞亚型分化的作用。方法将15只ApoE^-/-小鼠随机分为ApoE^-/-普食组、ApoE^-/-高脂组及ApoE^-/-高脂加中药治疗组,每组5只,分别给予普食及高脂饮食4周。5只C57BL/6野生型小鼠作为野生普食对照组,ApoE^-/-高脂加中药组给予黄连解毒汤5 g/（kg·d）灌胃,其他组给予等量纯净水灌胃。4周后流式细胞仪检测外周血单核细胞亚型。另选30只SD大鼠给予黄连解毒汤5 g/（kg·d）灌胃,每12 h 1次,共5次,制备黄连解毒汤含药血清。采用5%黄连解毒汤含药血清对体外原代骨髓衍生的巨噬细胞（bone marroW-derived macrophage,BMDM）和泡沫细胞分化进行干预,流式细胞仪检测巨噬细胞和泡沫细胞表面受体CD206表达（CD206^＋M2型）比例;实时定量PCR检测巨噬细胞和泡沫细胞M1型因子Nos2和M2型因子Arg1的表达。结果 ApoE^-/-小鼠高脂饮食喂养4周后,外周血炎症型单核细胞（Ly6C^high）比例增高;黄连解毒汤干预可显著降低炎症型单核细胞比例（P〈0.05）。与对照血清比较,5%黄连解毒汤含药血清可显著增加CD206＋M2型BMDM的比例（P=0.034）。实时定量PCR结果 显示,含药血清可上调巨噬细胞M2亚型基因Arg1的表达水平（P〈0.05）,抑制巨噬细胞M1亚型基因Nos2的表达水平（P=0.017）。在ox-LDL促进M2型泡沫细胞分化的基础上,黄连解毒汤含药血清可进一步提高CD206＋M2型泡沫细胞比例及Arg1的表达（P〈0.01）。黄连解毒汤含药血清抑制Th1因子作用下的M2型泡沫细胞向M1型逆转,显著提高Arg1表达水平,降低Nos2表达水平（P〈0.01）。结论黄连解毒汤能降低高脂导致的ApoE^-/-小鼠外周血炎症性单核细胞亚群比例;黄连解毒汤含药血清体外促进M2型巨噬、泡沫细胞分化。黄连解毒汤可能通过调节?     

Huang-Lian-Jie-Du-Decoction modulates glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion in diabetic rats

Aim of the study

Huang-Lian-Jie-Du-Decoction (HLJDD), a well-known Chinese herbal formula, has been used for diabetic treatment. The purpose of the study was to investigate whether HLJDD affected glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 (7–36) amide level in diabetic rats.

Materials and methods

Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats were treated with HLJDD at low dose (2 g/kg/day) or high dose (4 g/kg/day). After 5-week treatment, GLP-1 (7–36) amide level and insulin level in portal vein and tissues stimulated by oral glucose load were measured by ELISA kits. The proglucagon gene expression in intestinal tracts and the proliferation of intestinal L cell and pancreatic beta cell were measured using RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry techniques, respectively.

Results

It was found that 5-week HLJDD treatment attenuated alteration of glucose level and insulin level in plasma and tissues of diabetic rats induced by STZ, accompanied by improvement of diabetic syndrome. 5-week HLJDD treatment increased GLP-1 (7–36) amide level in portal vein plasma and distal ileum. Further studies showed that 5-week HLJDD treatment increased the mRNA level of proglucagon gene in distal ileum, promoted pancreatic beta cell and intestinal L cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner.

Conclusion

All the results indicated that HLJDD exerted its anti-diabetic effects partly via modulating GLP-1 (7–36) amide level.     

Network pharmacology-based approach to investigate the mechanism of Huang-Lian-Jie-Du-Decoction for treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus

Background: Although the benefits of Huang-Lian-Jie-Du-Decoction (HLJDD) on type 2 diabetes mellitus are noted, the material base and action mechanism remain unknown. This paper aim is to reveal the material base and action mechanism of HLJDD against type 2 diabetes mellitus in a system pharmacology framework. Methods:The compounds in HLJDD were first retrieved from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology database and analysis platform. Once retrieved, they were fed into the SwissTargetPrediction database to predict the interacting targets. Meanwhile, a human expression profile dataset was analyzed in the Gene Expression Omnibus database, and subsequently, the differentially expressed genes were compared to the HLJDD-related targets. We conducted a protein-protein interaction analysis, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis, and Gene Ontology analysis to identify the potential active compounds and targets. Lastly, to verify the binding affinities of those compounds and targets, we performed molecular docking. Results: We obtained 15 key compounds, such as quercetin, epiberberine, and berberine, and 10 hub genes, such as IκB kinase-β and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha. The top 10 enriched pathways were also found to be tightly related to type 2 diabetes mellitus, including insulin resistance and FoxO signaling pathway. Moreover, all the key compounds were found to bind well to the hub genes. Particularly for the target of IκB kinase-β, 11 out of 15 compounds bound to it with energies of相似文献   

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