电解刻印

电解刻印早在六十年代初期,国外就开始对镂空模板的电解刻印工艺进行了试验研究。近年来随着电解刻印工艺的不断发展,以及要求刻印生产率的不断提高,电解刻印工艺也日益完善,逐步向自动化方向发展,并根据不同零件的要求,发展成多种形式的电解刻印机床。电解刻印的基本原理和主要特点 1.加工原理:电解刻印和电解加工一样,都是利用金属在电解液中产生阳极溶解的电化学反应原理。刻印时工件接直流电源的正极,电极接负极,两极间保持一定的电解间隙,在间隙中充以电解液。与电解加工不同的是电     

定间隙间歇送进电解加工的工艺特性分析

电解加工是一种特殊的制造技术,在制造业中有着广泛的应用。但加工精度不高是它的主要弱点。定间隙间歇送进电解加工提高电解加工加工精度的一种有效方法。分析了它的间隙特性,导出了有关的加工间隙的计算公式。采用试验建模的方法,建立了综合精度评价指标与数之间的定量表达式。分析了加工参数对加工精度的影响。     

叶片电解加工成形过程仿真与预测研究

电解加工工件成形过程仿真与监控是电解加工领域的研究热点.以发动机叶片为研究对象,在研究电解加工成形规律的基础上,主要分析间隙内电场的分布,和电解液流场因素的影响,对叶片的电解加工成形过程和最终型面进行了较精确地分析.通过对某型发动机叶片三维复杂曲面的预测分析和工艺实验结果进行的比较和分析,证明了该预测模型具有较高的精度.     

带双极电极的电解加工

如何降低加工间隙中气体密集度的问题,目前已引起电解加工行业的极大关注。这是因为加工过程中析出的气体,对于加工精度、生产率、耗电量以及表面质量等电解加工工艺特性,都将产生不良的影响。而加工间隙中气体浓度不均匀以及阴极附近的超高浓度乃是导致这种不良影响的主要原因。这样将使电解液的导电率降低和电流密度沿加工间隙通道长度的相应分配。当加工长尺寸     

电解加工工件成形过程仿真与预测系统研究

为提高电解加工自动化程度、更好地研究工件成形过程,在全面研究电解加工成形规律的基础上,结合UG软件平台开发了电解加工计算机辅助工件成形过程仿真与预测的软件系统.介绍系统的基本结构和组成,对加工间隙内实际电场分布进行分析,进而模拟出工件型面的形成过程.通过对某发动机叶片的工艺试验,验证了系统仿真预测的结果,试验结果表明开发的系统具有较高求解精度,对提高电解加工精度、实现电解加工自动化具有重要意义.     

混气电解加工模具型腔的试验

我国采用混气电解加工解决锻模型腔的加工问题,已有多年的历史。这种方法与仿形铣削相比较。具有效率高、光洁度好、钳工修磨量小等优点;但也有工艺装备复杂、加工参数不好掌握,阴极设计困难等缺点。洛阳拖拉机厂、长春汽车厂、北京内燃机总厂、南昌柴油机厂和北京机床研究所联合组成攻关小组,对生产中应用这项新工艺存在的一些问题进行了试验研究,目的在于探索混气电解加工的一些工艺规律,为进一步推广这项工艺和改进机床设备提供依据。 一、电解加工和混气电解加工 一、电解加工和混气电解加工 一般的电解加工设备(如图1)是由直流电源、泵…     

高转速螺旋电极微细电解钻削加工仿真及试验研究

航空发动机镍基合金叶片上的深小孔加工一直是航空制造业中难以解决的问题。介绍了一种用于深小孔加工的微细电解高效钻孔工艺。为了研究微细电解钻削加工过程中高转速螺旋微电极对深小孔加工精度和加工效率的影响规律,对加工间隙流场进行了仿真研究。仿真结果表明,一定转速下在电极表面所形成的绝缘气膜,可以极大减小甚至消除孔壁的二次电解作用,大幅提高加工精度;同时,加工区外的新鲜电解液因负压作用被强行压入加工间隙内,强化传质作用明显,可显著提高加工效率。最后,试验验证了以上仿真结论的正确性,表明微细电解高效钻削加工工艺在深小孔加工方面有着巨大的发展潜力和广泛的应用前景。     

纳秒脉冲微细电化学加工的理论及试验

根据电化学反应原理,探讨纳秒脉冲电化学加工的特点及其实现微细加工的机理.建立纳秒脉冲微细电化学加工的理论模型,并分析电解液浓度、加工间隙、脉冲参数和加工电压等因素对微细电解加工的影响作用.构建微细电化学加工系统,包括微细加工机床、纳秒脉冲电源、电解液循环系统、运动控制部分和加工检测部分.试验研究了超短脉冲的电压幅值和脉冲宽度对侧面加工间隙的影响,结果表明减小脉冲宽度和降低加工电压可以提高微细电解加工的精度.在自制的微细电化学机床上,实现工具电极和工件微结构的连续加工.将加工间隙控制在5 μm以内,加工出中间有20 μm×30 μm×30 μm棱台的微型腔和30 μm槽宽的十字形孔,分析加工起始点对成形精度的影响,并提出解决方法.试验证明纳秒脉冲微细电解加工可以很好地满足微机电系统(Micro electromechanical system,MEMS)微器件的加工要求.     

脉冲电流电解加工

电解加工就是利用金属在电解液中可以发生阳极溶解的原理,对工件加工成形的一种工艺方法,下面将电解加工及其应用加以介绍。 一、电解加工的优点 (1)在简单的直线运动进给下,用成形的阴极能加工出复杂的三维型腔、型面或型孔,如锻模、叶片和花键孔等。 (2)可加工各种金属材料,与被加工材料的硬     

线电极微幅振动电解线切割研究

通过线电极叠加轴向微振动促进加工间隙中的电解产物排除,改善线电极电解线切割的稳定性,提高加工效率。自行研制线电极微幅振动电解加工系统,阐述线电极微幅振动电解加工原理,建立加工间隙产物排除的数学模型,揭示线电极叠加轴向微幅振动是排除电解产物、更新电解液的有效途径之一,分析线电极叠加轴向微幅振动对加工稳定性、加工效率和加工精度的影响。针对线电极叠加轴向微幅振动和不叠加振动两种情况进行了对比试验,试验结果表明,振幅8μm、频率10Hz的振动参数有利于改善线电极电解线切割稳定性,提高加工效率。与不叠加振动相比,线电极叠加轴向微幅振动情况下,线电极电解线切割可以在较小的电压、脉冲宽度和较大的脉冲周期下稳定进行,有效地缩小切缝宽度,提高了加工精度。采用优化后的振动参数和加工参数,在不锈钢工件(0Cr18Ni9)上加工出12μm的微缝以及形状复杂的微渐开线齿轮和微螺旋结构。     

窄缝精密电解加工的实验研究

通过在理论上分析窄缝电解加工中片状电极和丝状电极对加工间隙和流场分布的影响,提出了采用小直径丝状电极提高加工精度和改善加工稳定性的方法。文中分别进行了片状电极和丝状电极之间、不同直径丝状电极之间的窄缝电解加工对比试验。结果表明,小直径丝状电极可以减小电解液流过电极丝产生的涡流死水区,改善加工区内的电解液更新和电解产物的排除,提高加工精度和加工过程的稳定性。     

Recent developments and research challenges in electrochemical micromachining (µECM)

Electrochemical machining (ECM) and especially electrochemical micromachining (μECM) became an attractive area of research due to the fact that this process does not create any defective layer after machining and that there is a growing demand for better surface integrity on different micro-applications such as microfluidics systems and stress free drilled holes in automotive and aerospace manufacturing with complex shapes. Electrochemical machining is a non-conventional machining process based on the phenomenon of electrolysis. This process requires maintaining a small gap (size of a few μm)—the inter-electrode gap—between the anode (workpiece) and the cathode (tool electrode) in order to achieve acceptable machining results (i.e. accuracy, high aspect ratio with appropriate material removal rate and efficiency). This paper presents different problematic areas of electrochemical micromachining (often referred to as electrochemical micromachining or μECM). The aim of this paper is to address the problems met by the μECM technology developers and to present the current state-of-the-art solutions.     

嵌入磁路的电解加工技术

为提高电解加工精度,基于磁场和电场相互作用原理,设计了两种镶嵌磁路的阴极。分析了磁场对双电层液相3种传质方式的影响,提出将多极内封闭渐变磁路和多极外封闭渐变磁路组合后嵌入电解加工装置的方法。试验表明,沿阴极体周边均匀镶贴永磁体的阴极,加工时磁力线与电解液流动方向正交,可消除分股束流、空穴, 改善电解加工流场,改善工件表面粗糙度;顺阴极轴向在阴极头内嵌入永磁体,加强了反应物质向加工区传质的速度,提高了集中蚀除的能力,可有效减轻杂散腐蚀。对电解套料沿阴极内壁采用多极内封闭渐变磁路镶贴永磁体;对非铁异形孔加工,为进一步加强间隙磁场,可采用在阴极外表面镶嵌多极外封闭渐变磁路,在工件外套一多极内封闭渐变磁路形成组合磁场。     

Cutting tool wear monitoring for reliability analysis using proportional hazards model

Electrochemical machining (ECM) is an important technology in machining difficult-to-cut materials and to shape free-form surfaces. In ECM, material is removed by electrochemical dissolution process, so part is machined without inducing residual stress and without tool wear. To improve technological factors in electrochemical machining, introduction of electrode tool ultrasonic vibration is justifiable. This method is called as ultrasonically assisted electrochemical machining (USAECM). In the first part of the paper, the analysis of electrolyte flow through the gap during USAECM has been presented. Based on computational fluid dynamic methods, multiphase, turbulent and unsteady electrolyte flow between anode and cathode (under assumption that cavitation phenomenon occurs) has been analysed. Discussion of the obtained solutions is the base to define optimal conditions of electrolyte flow in case of USAECM process. The second part of the paper is connected with experimental investigations of USAECM process. Classic experimental verification of obtained results in case of machining is extremely difficult, but influence of the ultrasonic vibration can be observed indirectly by changes in technological factors (in comparison to machining without ultrasonic intensification), whereas results of numerical simulation give possibility to understand reason and direction of technological factors changes. Investigations proved that ultrasonic vibrations change conditions of electrochemical dissolution and for optimal amplitude of vibration gives possibility to decrease the electrode polarisation.     

Wire electrochemical machining using reciprocated traveling wire

Wire electrochemical machining (WECM) is a cutting process in which the workpiece acts as an anode and the wire as a cathode. WECM is typically used to cut plates and exhibits a great advantage over wire electro-discharge machining, namely, the absence of a heat-affected zone around the cutting area. The enhancement of WECM accuracy is a research topic of great interest. In WECM, the homogeneity of the machined slit has a decisive influence on the machining accuracy. This is the first study in which the integration of pulse electrochemical machining (ECM) and a reciprocated traveling wire electrode was used to improve the homogeneity of this slit. The experimental results show that the combination of pulse ECM and a reciprocated traveling wire electrode could enhance the accuracy of WECM and that generally a low applied voltage, pulse duty cycle, and electrolyte concentration; an appropriate traveling wire velocity; and a high pulse frequency and feeding rate enhance the accuracy and stability of WECM. Finally, a microstructure with a slit width of 177 μm, with a standard deviation of 1.5 μm, and with an aspect ratio of 113 was fabricated on a stainless steel substrate measuring 20 mm in thickness.     

超短脉冲电流微细电解加工技术研究

利用电化学腐蚀方法,在自制的电解加工机床上连续实现微细工具电极的制作和工件的加工,通过试验研究了超短脉冲的电压幅值和脉冲宽度对侧面加工间隙的影响。结果表明,减小脉冲宽度,降低加工电压,可以提高微细电解加工的精度。利用优化的加工参数,进行了微小孔加工、微细直写加工以及成形电极微细加工的实验。     

Micro wire electrochemical machining with an axial electrolyte flow

Micro wire electrochemical machining is a useful technique to produce high-aspect-ratio slit micro-structures. To improve processing stability, the axial electrolyte flow is adopted to renew electrolytes in the machining gap. A wire electrochemical micro-machining system with an axial electrolyte flow unit is developed. A mathematical model of tool feed rate is presented. To investigate the influence of electrolyte flow on processing stability and machining efficiency, comparative experiments were carried out. The influence of applied voltage and electrolyte concentration on machining accuracy is studied and the parameters such as electrolyte flow rate and applied voltage are optimized. Low initial machining gap is applied to decrease the stray current machining in the initial machining period. With the optimal parameters, the high-aspect-ratio micro spline and curved flow channel with the slit width of 160?μm have been fabricated on 5-mm-thick stainless steel (0Cr18Ni9). The width of the slit is uniform and the aspect ratio is 31.     

基于有限元数值方法的电解加工工件型面的预测

采用有限元数值算法求解加工间隙中的电场分布，考虑间隙内流场和非线性电解液的影响，对最终的阳极工件型面进行预测。对某型发动机叶片三维复杂曲面进行了预测计算，并与其工艺试验结果进行比较，证明预测模型具有较高的精度。     

Design of effective plate-shape electrode in ultrasonic electrochemical finishing

This research provides a process of ultrasonic aided electrochemical finishing using a low-cost electrode with high efficiency. It requires no expensive special-purpose equipment or high material removal as the conventional ECM does. It offers fast improvement of the surface roughness of the workpiece and is a new area in ECM. In the current study, the electrochemical finishing is classified into electrochemical smoothing and electrobrightening, higher electrical current is not required when an effective plate-shape electrode is used to reduce the response area. This process can be used for various turning operations including profiling, form turning, and flute and thread cutting. Through simple equipment attachment, electrochemical smoothing and electrobrightening can follow the cutting on the same machine and chuck. The controlled factors include the chemical composition and concentration of the electrolyte, the initial gap width, and the flow rate of electrolyte. The experimental parameters are the current density, rotational speed of the workpiece, on/off period of pulsed current, frequency and power level of ultrasonics, and the electrode geometry. Smaller end radius and smaller angle of declination are associated with higher current density and provides larger discharge space and better polishing effect. The electrode of inclined plane with slant discharge flute performs the best. The average effect of the ultrasonics is better than the pulsed current while the machining time needs not to be prolonged by the off-time. It was also found that electrobrightening after precise turning needs quite a short time to make the workpiece smoothing and bright, and the electrochemical smoothing saves the need for precise turning, making the total process time less than the electrobrightening.     

Electrochemical machining analysis on grid cathode composed of square cells

During the electrochemical machining (ECM), the cathodes designed by the existing methods are mainly unitary cathodes, which can be only used to produce the workpieces with the same shapes. However, there are few researches on designing cathodes for machining the different workpieces with the different surfaces. This paper presents the grid cathode composed of the square cells to produce the workpieces with different shapes. Three types of the square cells, 2.5 mm′2.5 mm, 3 mm′3 mm, and 4 mm′4 mm, are utilized to construct the plane, the slant, and the blade cathode. The material of the cathode and the anode is CrNi 18 Ti 9 , and the ingredient of electrolyte is 15% NaCl and 15% NaNO 3 . The machining equilibrium machining current and time are acquired and analyzed, the machining process and the workpiece quality are compared between using the grid cathode and the unitary cathode. Moreover, the machining errors on the workpiece surface are measured and analyzed, and the error reasons are traced and discussed to obtain the better surface quality of the workpiece. The experiment and analysis results show that the grid cathode can be used to manufacture the workpieces with complex shapes in certain range of the error. The workpiece quality improves with the size of the square cell being reduced, and if the square element is small enough, the workpiece quality is almost equal to the one machined by the unitary cathode. The proposed research realizes a single cathode machining the different workpieces with the different surfaces.