THBS2 特异性单克隆抗体的制备与鉴定

目的:制备THBS2特异性单克隆抗体并鉴定其特性,为临床应用奠定基础。方法:表达并纯化THBS2不同截断体片段的GST融合蛋白,经小鼠免疫、细胞融合及筛选,制备THBS2特异性单克隆抗体,然后对获得的单抗亲和力和特异性及在不同免疫学实验中的应用进行鉴定,最后采用免疫沉淀法对36例胰腺癌患者及20例正常人血清THBS2进行检测。结果:获得了10株杂交瘤细胞株,均能稳定分泌抗体;10株单抗经ELISA、Western blot和免疫沉淀证实均能特异性识别人THBS2,且发现THBS2在胰腺癌患者血清中的表达水平显著高于正常人(P0.000 1)。结论:成功制备获得了亲和力高、特异性好的抗人THBS2单克隆抗体,为血清THBS2的检测奠定了基础。     

TREM2单克隆抗体的制备及应用检测

目的：制备TREM2特异性单克隆抗体并对其特异性、亲和力及在免疫学检测中的应用进行鉴定,为TREM2的抗体药物研发奠定基础。方法：表达并纯化TREM2胞外段GST融合蛋白,用其作为抗原免疫小鼠,筛选抗血清效价较高的小鼠,经过细胞融合和单克隆筛选,制备TREM2的特异性单克隆抗体。对获得的单克隆抗体的特异性、亲和力及其在免疫学实验中的应用进行检测。结果：获得了29株TREM2单克隆抗体,其中的24株可与TREM2特异性结合;29株单抗与TREM2结合的EC50均在nmol以上;它们可分别在Western blot、免疫沉淀、流式细胞术和免疫荧光中用于对TREM2的特异检测。结论：成功制备并获得了亲和力高、特异性好的抗TREM2单克隆抗体,为TREM2靶点的成药性抗体开发奠定了基础。     

抗人双特异性蛋白磷酸化酶Dusp23单克隆抗体的制备及鉴定

目的制备高亲和力、高特异性的抗人双特异性磷酸化酶23（Dusp23）单克隆抗体,并对其生物学特性进行鉴定,为Dusp23功能的研究奠定基础。方法以纯化的原核表达Dusp23为免疫原,免疫BALB／c小鼠。待免疫小鼠血清效价满足融合需要,取其脾细胞与Sp2／0细胞融合,经多次筛选及克隆化建立可稳定分泌抗Dusp23单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞株,将细胞株打入BALB／c小鼠腹腔制备腹水,用ProteinG亲合层析柱纯化所得腹水获得纯化抗体,ELISA及Western—blot检测抗体的效价和亲和力,并用亚型鉴定试纸条鉴定单克隆抗体的亚型。利用纯化后的两株单克隆抗体对临床收集的肝癌组织标本进行免疫组化分析。结果筛选到2株（N012和N013）可以稳定分泌人双特异性磷酸化酶23（Dusp23）单克隆抗体的细胞株,并对其进行纯化和鉴定,两株杂交瘤细胞培养上清效价分别为1：5120和1：2560,腹水效价分别为1：25600和1：12800,以肝癌细胞HepG2和重组Dusp23蛋白为抗原,利用纯化后的两株抗体Western-blot鉴定结果均在预期位置出现阳性条带。两株杂交瘤细胞分泌抗体的亚型鉴定N012和N013均为IgG1型,轻链均为K型。两株抗体分别与临床肝癌组织标本免疫组化结果均为阳性。结论成功制备两株能特异性识别Dusp23的单克隆抗体,为进一步研究Dusp23的生物学功能,揭示其与肿瘤发生发展之间的关系奠定了基础。     

鼠抗人PD-L1单克隆抗体的研制和生物学活性鉴定

目的 研制鼠抗人PD-L1功能性单克隆抗体,并对其生物学活性进行鉴定.方法 以前期原核表达的人硫氧还原蛋白-（PD-L1）融合蛋白为免疫原免疫BALB/c小鼠,利用杂交瘤技术进行细胞融合,Western-Blot和酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）筛选阳性杂交瘤细胞,竞争抑制法ELISA实验鉴定抗体的特异性亲和力,小鼠腹水法作大量抗体制备.结果 获得4株能够稳定分泌特异性抗PD-L1抗体的杂交瘤细胞,经验证所分泌的抗体具有较强的特异性亲和力,经过大量抗体制备和纯化获得效价大于1∶32000的纯化抗体;同时获得1株能稳定分泌抗硫氧还原蛋白抗体的杂交瘤.结论 成功制备了鼠抗人PD-L1单克隆抗体,为下一步应用研究奠定了基础.     

鼠抗人S100A9 天然蛋白单克隆抗体的制备与鉴定

目的:探索以白细胞为免疫原的鼠抗人白细胞天然蛋白单克隆抗体(monoclonal antibodies,mAbs)制备与克隆筛选鉴定方法,制备鼠抗人S100A9 天然蛋白单克隆抗体,并鉴定抗体性质。方法:用健康人外周血白细胞免疫小鼠,利用B淋巴细胞杂交瘤技术制备mAbs,通过免疫细胞化学法对杂交瘤细胞进行非特异性阳性筛选,有限稀释法进行亚克隆,应用免疫沉淀鄄质谱法进行mAb 特异性鉴定,通过Western blot 进行细胞株筛选,小鼠体内诱生腹水法制备单抗,亲和层析法纯化,ELISA 间接法测定效价及亲和力,Western blot 进行特异性鉴定及交叉反应性分析,免疫组化染色人乳腺癌石蜡切片。结果:获得免疫细胞化学检测阳性多克隆细胞35 孔,分泌鼠抗人S100A9 蛋白单克隆抗体细胞株11 株,优选1 株制备腹水并纯化鉴定抗体,抗体效价为1 3.18 105 ,亚类为IgG1,轻链为kappa 链,抗体纯度达95%以上,亲和力常数3.54 108 L/ mol,与S100A8的交叉反应率为0.12%,与S100A12 和S100A13 几乎无交叉反应,组化染色识别人乳腺癌组织中的S100A9 蛋白。结论:成功制备鼠抗人S100A9 天然蛋白单克隆抗体,该单抗具有高效价、较高亲和力和高特异性,能为其应用于免疫组化检测S100A9蛋白的表达提供依据。     

一对高亲和力抗人肌钙蛋白Ⅰ单克隆抗体的制备及鉴定

目的 获取抗人肌钙蛋白Ⅰ（cTnI）的单克隆抗体（McAb）.方法 以人cTnI作为抗原,免疫Balb/c小鼠,通过杂交瘤技术制备了抗人cTnI高亲和力、高特异性单克隆抗体.随后采用间接ELISA法测定抗血清效价,用protein G亲和纯化法纯化抗体,抗原竞争ELISA法鉴定抗体亲和力,SDS-PAGE法鉴定纯度,Western blotting鉴定抗cTnI单克隆抗体的特异性,竞争ELISA法分析抗原结合位点.结果 筛选出9株稳定分泌抗cTnI的单抗杂交瘤细胞株,其中A3、A9两株免疫球蛋白亚类均为IgG2a,分泌的抗体纯度高,与CK-MB、cTnT无交叉反应,效价均为：1：1024000,亲和力分别为4.21×10^8mol/L、1.07×10^8mol/L,抗原结合位点不同.结论 成功制备出了一对高亲和力、高特异性抗人cTnI单克隆抗体.     

抗人PD-L1 单克隆抗体制备及其在肿瘤病理诊断中的意义

目的:研制用于肿瘤临床诊断的高亲和力、高特异性的抗人PD-L1单克隆抗体。方法:用重组人PD-L1胞外段蛋白为免疫原免疫BALB/c小鼠,通过杂交瘤技术和间接ELISA筛选,鉴定获得可稳定分泌抗人PD-L1单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞株;通过SDS-PAGE、间接ELISA等方法鉴定其亲和力、效价、纯度及亚型;用Western blot检测肿瘤细胞(OV2008、C13等);用免疫组化(ICH)检测膀胱癌、黑色素瘤肿瘤组织芯片病理组织的PD-L1表达水平。结果:共获得4株单克隆抗体,其中Ab3亲和力高、特异性强,其效价和亲和常数分别为4. 1 ng/ml、7. 85×10~9M~(-1),与PD-L2无交叉反应,可识别肿瘤细胞中的天然PD-L1; ICH结果表明,Ab3抗体能特异性检测出膀胱癌和黑色素瘤组织中PD-L1表达水平的高、中、低。结论:获得一株可分泌高亲和力、高特异性的抗人PD-L1单抗的杂交瘤细胞株,可用于膀胱癌和黑色素瘤组织的PD-L1表达水平的检测。     

抗CMG2单克隆抗体的制备及其初步应用

目的制备鼠抗人毛细血管形态发生基因2(CMG2)单克隆抗体,并将其初步应用于胃癌组织和细胞系中CMG2表达的检测。方法重组表达CMG2胞外区肽段,免疫Balb/c小鼠,常规制备杂交瘤细胞,通过间接ELISA方法筛选目标克隆,制备小鼠腹水并经蛋白A亲和纯化获得相应抗体。间接ELISA法鉴定抗体的亚类类型及亲和力;抗原竞争性抑制实验鉴定抗体的特异性。用候选抗体建立流式细胞术、免疫荧光、免疫印迹及免疫组织化学方法,初步应用于胃癌组织和细胞系中CMG2表达的检测。结果共获得3株针对CMG2胞外区的杂交瘤细胞株,其中以8F3单克隆抗体的亲和力和特异性最好,亚型为Ig G1。8F3单抗能用于胃癌细胞株CMG2表达的流式细胞术和免疫荧光检测以及胃癌组织的免疫组织化学检测。结论成功制备出高效价高特异性的鼠抗人CMG2单克隆抗体,为CMG2的基础和临床应用研究提供了有用工具。     

hK6单克隆抗体制备及在胃和乳房肿瘤组织中的初步应用

目的:原核表达人组织激肽释放酶6(human kallikrein 6,hK6),采用杂交瘤技术制备其单克隆抗体,建立免疫组织化学方法,检测hK6在胃癌、乳腺癌组织中的表达情况.方法:通过原核表达hK6融合蛋白免疫BALB/c小鼠,采用杂交瘤技术制备特异性单克隆抗体,并用间接ELISA、SDS-PAGE及Western-blot鉴定抗体,protein A agarose亲和层析柱纯化抗体,并以此抗体建立免疫组织化学方法检测人胃癌、乳腺癌组织中hK6表达情况.结果:成功筛选出4株高分泌型特异性杂交瘤细胞株,其制备抗体可与hK6融合蛋白发生特异性结合;免疫组织学显示,hK6主要分布在胃癌细胞胞浆中,成阳性表达,而在癌旁胃黏膜中成阴性表达;在乳腺癌组织中定位于胞浆,成弱阳性表达,癌旁组织成阴性表达.结论:成功制备了高纯度、特异性的抗hK6单克隆抗体;该抗体为深入研究hK6功能和建立高特异性、高敏感性检测组织和体液中hK6的方法奠定基础.     

肝癌候选标志物HCCR单克隆抗体的制备和鉴定

目的:制备肝癌候选标志物HCCR蛋白的单克隆抗体(mAb).方法:重组表达HCCR-1167-360蛋白用于动物免疫,用含有HCCR蛋白抗原表位YLGTRR的重组蛋白(Ep-HCCR)检测血清抗体效价及筛选阳性克隆.通过ELISA、Western blot、免疫荧光和免疫组化方法鉴定制备的HCCR抗体的性质.结果:获得1株分泌HCCR抗体杂交瘤细胞株,通过ELISA方法测定抗体的亲和力常数为5.4×106L/mol;Western blot结果显示,该抗体能特异识别肝癌HepG2细胞中HCCR-1和HCCR-2蛋白;免疫荧光检测显示,HCCR蛋白主要分布在细胞质和细胞膜中;免疫组化检测到肝癌组织中有HCCR蛋白表达但在正常组织中没有.结论:成功制备了1株抗HCCR特异性mAb,为建立基于HCCR的肝癌检测方法奠定了基础.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.