SDC电解质致密化研究

以共沉淀-喷雾干燥法制备的Ce0.8 Sm0.2 O1.9(SDC)粉体为原料,模压成型后高温烧结获得SDC电解质陶瓷片.研究模压成型过程中加压时间、压力大小以及烧结温度对烧结体致密度的影响,利用XRD和SEM分别对不同烧结温度获得的烧结体结构和表面形貌进行分析.研究表明,压力30MPa、加压时间30min后获得的坯体,随着烧结温度的升高,烧结体致密度呈上升趋势,烧结温度达到1450℃时进入烧结后期,烧结体具有较高的致密度.此外,通过测定烧结过程中坯体收缩率,对SDC电解质陶瓷片的烧结动力学进行了研究,从而确定SDC电解质致密化的烧结温度为1300～1500℃.     

8YSZ陶瓷成型与烧结工艺的优化

为了改善8YSZ陶瓷的力学性能,以8YSZ双粒度粉体为研究对象,对其进行干压成型、无压烧结实验。对成型压力、保压时间及黏结剂用量等成型工艺参数进行了优化;利用正交实验对烧结方案进行了设计,讨论了烧结温度、升温速率、保温时间、烧结方式等烧结工艺参数对8YSZ陶瓷烧结性能和力学性能的影响,并优化出其烧结工艺参数。结果表明:选取PVA加入量10%(质量分数)、成型压力10MPa、保压时间30s的成型工艺参数,可压制出相对密度为54.9%的陶瓷坯体;选取烧结温度1500℃,保温时间4h,升温速率5℃/min,烧结方式裸烧的烧结工艺参数,可制备出相对密度为98.3%,抗弯强度为100.3MPa的8YSZ陶瓷。     

基于激光选区烧结的煤系高岭土多孔陶瓷的制备及其性能

以煤系高岭土为原料,采用激光选区烧结(SLS)技术制造复杂结构的多孔陶瓷,研究SLS工艺参数和烧结温度对煤系高岭土多孔陶瓷性能的影响。利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)表征煤系高岭土多孔陶瓷的物相组成和显微形貌。结果表明:煤系高岭土/环氧树脂E12复合粉末SLS成型效果良好;当激光功率为5W,扫描速率为2000mm/s,扫描间距为0.13mm,单层层厚为0.15mm时,陶瓷素坯可获得最佳的成型质量,其尺寸误差(Z方向),相对密度和抗弯强度分别为10.43%,37.89%和0.984MPa。随着烧结温度的升高,煤系高岭土多孔陶瓷的收缩率和抗弯强度逐渐增大,而显气孔率则逐渐减小;当烧结温度为1450℃时,煤系高岭土多孔陶瓷具有较高的显气孔率和抗弯强度,分别为44.55%和6.1MPa。煤系高岭土多孔陶瓷的主晶相为莫来石,具有典型的三维网络骨架结构。     

纳米钛酸钡粉体的制备和烧结动力学研究

以四氯化钛、八水合氢氧化钡和氨水为原料,首先制备出氢氧化钛凝胶,然后以乙醇为溶剂,采用两步沉淀法在低温常压下合成了立方相纳米钛酸钡粉体.研究了反应温度、反应物浓度和反应时间对粉体物相和粒径的影响,利用XRD和TEM对粉体进行了表征.实验结果表明,在低于80℃的反应温度下可以制备出粒径＜20nm、结晶性能良好且形貌规则的纳米钛酸钡粉体.此外,以合成的粉体为原料,以热膨胀仪为测试手段,对钛酸钡陶瓷的烧结动力学进行了研究.结果表明,陶瓷的烧结温度为1150～1250℃,在1250℃的烧结温度下保温2h,陶瓷坯体的相对密度约93%,室温介电常数约4020.     

亚微米级α-Al2O3坯体的恒速升温烧结行为

研究了平均粒径为300nm的α-Al2O3坯体的恒速烧结曲线,观察了升温速率对烧结密度的影响,得到了两种升温速率条件下,烧结体相对密度之差与温度的关系.通过对两种升温速率条件下样品致密化速率与相对密度关系曲线的比较可知,样品最大致密化速率均出现在相对密度73%左右,与升温速率无关.     

原位反应结合碳化硅多孔陶瓷的制备与性能

以碳化硅(SiC)和氧化铝(Al₂O₃)为起始原料、石墨为造孔剂, 通过原位反应结合工艺制备SiC多孔陶瓷. XRD分析表明多孔陶瓷的主相是SiC, 结合相是莫来石与方石英; SEM观察到多孔陶瓷具有相互连通的开孔结构. 坯体在烧结前后具有很小的尺寸变化, 线收缩率约在±1.5%内. 多孔陶瓷的开口孔隙率随烧结温度和成型压力的增大而减小, 随石墨加入量的增加而增大; 而体密度具有相反的变化趋势. 随着石墨粒径的增大, 多孔陶瓷的孔径分布呈现双峰分布. 抗弯强度随烧结温度和成型压力的增大而增大, 随石墨加入量的增大而减小. 于1450℃保温4h烧成的样品在0～800℃的平均热膨胀系数为6.4×10^-6/K. 多孔陶瓷还表现出良好的透气性、抗高温氧化和耐酸腐蚀性, 但耐碱腐蚀性相对较差.     

醇-水溶液加热法制备ZrO2粉体的成型与烧结

本文研究了醇-水溶液加热法所得纳米ZrO2粉体的成型与烧结行为.研究结果表明:粉体的成型密度随粉体的煅烧温度升高而增加.在450MPa压力下等静压所得的素坯呈半透明状,表明素坯的结构非常均匀,气孔小且分布窄.这种半透明的素坯的烧结性能极佳,在1150℃/2h条件下,相对密度可达97.5%,大大低于普通ZrO2粉体的1600～1700℃的烧结温度.对不同升温速度的烧结结果表明:升温速度为5℃/min和2℃/min时,在相同烧结条件下所得坯体的密度无明显区别,说明粉体中的Cl-离子含量很低,坯体内外的温差很小.     

液态硅树脂对氧化铝基陶瓷型芯性能的影响

航空发动机上的叶片是航空发动机的"心脏"部件,叶片性能的好坏对航空发动机的性能起决定性作用。高性能空心叶片的制备对生产综合性能高的陶瓷型芯提出了更高的要求。以球形氧化铝粉末为基体材料,液态硅树脂为粘结剂,利用干压法制备陶瓷型芯素坯并使用管式电炉在空气气氛中烧结。系统研究了不同烧结温度和液态硅树脂含量对陶瓷型芯相组成、显微组织和烧结性能的影响。结果表明,添加液态硅树脂对陶瓷型芯抗弯强度、线性收缩率、显气孔率和体积密度影响显著。相同烧结温度下,陶瓷型芯样品线性收缩率和抗弯强度随液态硅树脂量的增大而增大,而显气孔率和体积密度则相应减小。当液态硅树脂质量分数为0.8%时,陶瓷型芯显气孔率和体积密度变化最为稳定,线性收缩率也能保证良好的尺寸精度;当烧结温度为1550℃时,抗弯强度达到最大值50.76 MPa。     

利用主烧结曲线和Arrhenius曲线确定TiO_2陶瓷表观激活能

表观烧结激活能是研究陶瓷烧结机理的一个非常重要参量。采用纳米金红石相TiO2陶瓷坯体在空气中进行无压烧结,加热速率分别为1,2,5℃/min,用热膨胀仪记录试样收缩率,阿基米德法测量烧结体相对密度,分别用主烧结曲线法和Arrhenius法计算表观烧结激活能。结果表明:用主烧结曲线得到的激活能是一个定值,而用Arrhenius法得到的激活能是一个变化的值,激活能是相对密度的函数,随相对密度的增加而减小,且激活能和相对密度的变化趋势分成两段,当相对密度大于85%时,激活能随相对密度的增加而减小比小于85%时要快,这意味着在烧结过程中,控制烧结的扩散机制可能发生了变化。     

升温速率对Y-α-sialon陶瓷致密化及微观结构的影响

根据Y-Si-Al-O-N相图设计Y2O3掺杂α-sialon陶瓷的组成,采用热压烧结方法在1900℃保温30min制备了设计成分为Y0.4Si9.8Al2.2O1.0N15的sia-lon陶瓷,研究了升温速率对陶瓷致密化过程、物相组成以及微观结构的影响规律。结果表明,所制备的陶瓷相组成均为α-sialon;不同升温速率陶瓷的致密化过程曲线变化趋势相同,但随升温速率增大向高温区平移,收缩的起止温度和峰值收缩速率均随升温速率增大而增大;快速升温有利于提高晶核密度,抑制柱状晶发育,柱状晶的尺寸和长径比随升温速率增大而减小。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.