2009年泉州市H1N1流感监测及基因特性分析

目的 了解2009年泉州地区H1N1流感监测情况,分析泉州市H1N1流感病毒的HA和NA基因特征,探讨该病毒的遗传变异及分子特性.方法 对泉州市H1N1流感监测期间的病人咽拭子采用real-time RT-PCR方法检测病毒核酸,MDCK细胞培养进行病毒分离、鉴定,并提取其中2株代表性毒株病毒RNA;采用RT-PCR扩增病毒HA和NA基因,纯化产物进行核苷酸序列测定;用DNAStar Megalign软件进行序列分析.结果 1020份咽拭子中有200份为H1N1流感病毒核酸阳性,70份季节性流感病毒核酸阳性,其中53份为H3N2亚型,14份为H1N1亚型,3份为B型,并分离到29株甲型H1N1流感病毒株.HA基因经核苷酸序列测定显示,该毒株与北美流行株高度同源,由HA基因核苷酸序列推导的氨基酸系列与疫苗株A/Brisbane/59/2007相比,有22个位于抗原决定簇的氨基酸位点发生变异,但受体结合特异性仍为人样受体.NA基因耐药性位点分析,显示对达菲药物依然敏感.结论 2009年泉州市H1N1流感流行毒株与北美流行株高度同源,相对于疫苗代表株出现了HA蛋白抗原性的改变.     

一起甲型H1N1流感疫情病原检测及其HA与NA基因特性研究

目的 确认引起一起流感暴发疫情的病原,阐明该病原的血凝素基因(HA)和神经氨酸酶基因(NA)的特性.方法 疫情中最早出现流感样症状病例的咽拭子样本用real-time RT-PCR方法检测甲型H1N1流感病毒核酸,采用鸡胚分离法进行病毒培养,选取两病毒分离株进行HA和NA核苷酸序列测定,并进行基因特性分析.结果 此次流感疫情是由甲型H1N1流感病毒引起的,其HA和NA基因均与参比毒株的HA和NA基因高度同源,NA基因没有发生H274Y突变.结论 本研究的甲型H1N1流感病毒分离株为疫苗亲本株和中国分离株的类似株,对神经氨酸酶抑制剂类药物(如达菲)敏感.     

2009-2011年广东省甲型H1N1流感病毒血凝素基因的进化特征

目的 了解2009-2011年广东甲型H1N1流感病毒血凝素基因的HA1进化特征。方法 选取广东甲型H1N1流感病毒83株,提取病毒RNA,经RT-PCR反应扩增HA1并测序,测定的序列用生物信息软件分析,与GenBank中相关序列比较,并对推导的编码氨基酸序列进行进化分析。结果 2009-2011年广东甲型H1N1流感病毒HA1基因的进化速率是5.2× 10-3,高于人季节性H1N1病毒;变异氨基酸多数位于HA蛋白表面,其中部分位于抗原决定簇;在两例死亡病例分离株HA1的第222位氨基酸发生D222G/D222N变异。结论 遗传进化分析表明,甲型H1N1流感病毒发生了一定程度的变异,造成2011年初在广东的再次流行。HA1的第222位氨基酸变异可能与疾病的严重程度有关。     

流感及H5N1亚型禽流感病毒液相检测芯片的制备

目的 建立利用液相芯片技术检测甲、乙型流感和H5N1亚型高致病性禽流感病毒的方法,并对该方法进行评价。方法 对GenBank中甲型流感病毒的NP、乙型流感病毒的HA以及高致病性禽流感病毒（H5N1）的H5、N1基因片段序列进行同源性比对,根据保守序列,设计针对各基因的简并引物和寡核苷酸探针,制备探针偶联微球,将样本核酸多重PCR扩增产物与微球进行杂交,以Bio-Plex液相芯片检测系统进行芯片检测。结果 该方法可以对甲型流感病毒的NP基因、乙型流感病毒的HA基因以及高致病性禽流感病毒（H5N1）的H5、N1基因同时进行检测,病毒核酸的最低检出量为1pg,检测特异性高。结论 成功构建了甲、乙型流感病毒和H5N1亚型高致病性禽流感病毒液相芯片检测系统,为流感、禽流感的快速检测、诊断奠定了基础。     

2015-2016年度中国甲型H1N1亚型流感病毒疫苗候选株的制备及鉴定CSCD

目的 为获得2015-2016年度中国流行的甲型H1N1亚型流感病毒疫苗候选株,制备流感病毒重配株并对其进行鉴定.方法 采用经典重配的方法,将H1N1亚型流感病毒流行株与H3N2亚型的鸡胚高产重配母本株（X-157株）在鸡胚上进行混合培养.用H3亚型的HA蛋白抗血清和X-157株全病毒抗血清对混合培养病毒进行阴性筛选.阴性筛选后HA滴度较高的病毒用Real-Time PCR法对表面蛋白基因型进行鉴定.对表面蛋白基因型正确的毒株用限制性内切酶酶切鉴定法鉴定其内部基因组成.进一步对HA和NA基因进行Sanger法测序,并用表面基因无氨基酸位点突变的毒株免疫雪貂,进行双向血凝抑制（Two-way hemagglutination inhibition test,HI）试验.结果 Real-Time PCR筛选出5株表面蛋白基因型正确的毒株.经内部基因鉴定其中4株为6＋2组成,1株为5＋3组成.5株重配株的HA和NA基因均未发生氨基酸位点突变.5株重配株HA滴度均维持在1 024以上.最终选取的12号重配株免疫原性良好,HI滴度达5 120,双向HI试验均通过.重配后疫苗株在鸡胚上的产量是重配前野毒株的64倍.结论 成功制备了2015-2016年度中国流行的甲型H1N1亚型流感病毒疫苗株,为疫苗贮备和疾病防控奠定了基础.     

2011-2014年青岛地区甲型H3N2流感病毒基因进化分析

目的 了解2011-2014年青岛地区人群甲型H3N2流感病毒流行株基因进化及抗原变异趋势.方法 选取2011-2014年间青岛地区流行的甲型H3N2流感病毒64株,提取病毒RNA,应用逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)扩增HA、NA、MP 3个基因片段,并进行序列测定,对各基因片段进行系统发育分析及基因和氨基酸位点变异分析.结果 HA进化树分析表明,甲型H3N2流感病毒基本上分为三大分支,并且每个分支与当年的疫苗株都不在同一分支上;HA1蛋白抗原决定簇共有8个位点发生了变化;NA蛋白酶活性中心及周围相关位点氨基酸组成保守,未检测到耐奥司他韦和扎那米韦的变异位点.M2蛋白均发生S31N突变.结论 2011-2014年青岛地区流行的H3N2流感病毒在持续不断地发生基因变异而产生抗原漂移;毒株全部为烷胺类药物耐药株,但对神经氨酸酶抑制剂敏感.     

无锡地区流感病毒病原学监测及H3亚型血凝素基因变异研究

目的 监测无锡地区2005年至2008年季节性流感型与亚型分布并了解2008年部分A/H3N2分离株血凝素(8A)基因变异状况.方法 无锡地区医院门诊流感样患者及集体单位聚集性流感样暴发患者采集鼻咽拭标本,接种MDCK细胞,采用标准抗血清鉴定阳性分离株型与亚型,并对2008年部分H3亚型流感病毒进行HA全基因测序,分析HA基因变异状况.结果 2005年至2008年9月,在无锡地区流感样患者中共分离到435株流感病毒,其中164株为A/H1N1亚型,80株为MH3N2亚型,B型191株.型与亚型有明显季节性分布强弱特征.H3亚型HA序列分析,无锡地区9株分离株与上海地区同期分离株接近,有很多序列相互穿插归属于进化树的同一分支,与WHO 2008-2009年疫苗推荐株相近.结论 近年无锡地区散发和局部暴发流感病毒感染仍主要为A/H1N1、A/H3N2和B型,A/H3N2 HA基因与上海地区同期分离株接近,与WHO 2008-2009年疫苗推荐株相近.     

无锡地区流感病毒病原学监测及H3亚型血凝素基因变异研究

目的 监测无锡地区2005年至2008年季节性流感型与亚型分布并了解2008年部分A/H3N2分离株血凝素(8A)基因变异状况.方法 无锡地区医院门诊流感样患者及集体单位聚集性流感样暴发患者采集鼻咽拭标本,接种MDCK细胞,采用标准抗血清鉴定阳性分离株型与亚型,并对2008年部分H3亚型流感病毒进行HA全基因测序,分析HA基因变异状况.结果 2005年至2008年9月,在无锡地区流感样患者中共分离到435株流感病毒,其中164株为A/H1N1亚型,80株为MH3N2亚型,B型191株.型与亚型有明显季节性分布强弱特征.H3亚型HA序列分析,无锡地区9株分离株与上海地区同期分离株接近,有很多序列相互穿插归属于进化树的同一分支,与WHO 2008-2009年疫苗推荐株相近.结论 近年无锡地区散发和局部暴发流感病毒感染仍主要为A/H1N1、A/H3N2和B型,A/H3N2 HA基因与上海地区同期分离株接近,与WHO 2008-2009年疫苗推荐株相近.     

无锡地区流感病毒病原学监测及H3亚型血凝素基因变异研究

目的 监测无锡地区2005年至2008年季节性流感型与亚型分布并了解2008年部分A/H3N2分离株血凝素(8A)基因变异状况.方法 无锡地区医院门诊流感样患者及集体单位聚集性流感样暴发患者采集鼻咽拭标本,接种MDCK细胞,采用标准抗血清鉴定阳性分离株型与亚型,并对2008年部分H3亚型流感病毒进行HA全基因测序,分析HA基因变异状况.结果 2005年至2008年9月,在无锡地区流感样患者中共分离到435株流感病毒,其中164株为A/H1N1亚型,80株为MH3N2亚型,B型191株.型与亚型有明显季节性分布强弱特征.H3亚型HA序列分析,无锡地区9株分离株与上海地区同期分离株接近,有很多序列相互穿插归属于进化树的同一分支,与WHO 2008-2009年疫苗推荐株相近.结论 近年无锡地区散发和局部暴发流感病毒感染仍主要为A/H1N1、A/H3N2和B型,A/H3N2 HA基因与上海地区同期分离株接近,与WHO 2008-2009年疫苗推荐株相近.     

无锡地区流感病毒病原学监测及H3亚型血凝素基因变异研究

目的 监测无锡地区2005年至2008年季节性流感型与亚型分布并了解2008年部分A/H3N2分离株血凝素(8A)基因变异状况.方法 无锡地区医院门诊流感样患者及集体单位聚集性流感样暴发患者采集鼻咽拭标本,接种MDCK细胞,采用标准抗血清鉴定阳性分离株型与亚型,并对2008年部分H3亚型流感病毒进行HA全基因测序,分析HA基因变异状况.结果 2005年至2008年9月,在无锡地区流感样患者中共分离到435株流感病毒,其中164株为A/H1N1亚型,80株为MH3N2亚型,B型191株.型与亚型有明显季节性分布强弱特征.H3亚型HA序列分析,无锡地区9株分离株与上海地区同期分离株接近,有很多序列相互穿插归属于进化树的同一分支,与WHO 2008-2009年疫苗推荐株相近.结论 近年无锡地区散发和局部暴发流感病毒感染仍主要为A/H1N1、A/H3N2和B型,A/H3N2 HA基因与上海地区同期分离株接近,与WHO 2008-2009年疫苗推荐株相近.     

深圳市2008-2009年A型H1N1季节性流感病毒神经氨酸酶抑制剂耐药性监测

目的 对深圳市2008-2009年分离到的H1N1季节性流感病毒神经氨酸酶(NA)抑制剂的耐药性进行监测.方法 根据原始临床样本的采集时间,按周抽取了55株2008-2009年分离到的H1N1季节性流感病毒,对其NA片段进行全长测序,选取WHO推荐的疫苗株和部分国内外分离到的H1N1季节性流感病毒作为参考株,运用Mega3.1软件进行种系发生树的构建、耐药相关位点及糖基化位点的分析.结果 对NA片段的序列分析发现2008年有2株(7.1%)出现了H275Y突变,但是2009年则有25株(92.6%)出现了该突变.提示H275Y达菲耐药突变株成为了2009年深圳市社区传播的优势株.同时还发现了一株Q136K变异株,显示对乐感清出现耐药.分子进化分析结果显示,H275Y变异成为了毒株在系统进化树上分布的主要依据.所有的深圳株NA片段上潜在的糖基化位点序列保守.结论 大量H275Y达菲耐药株的出现提示在今后的工作中应当密切关注流感病毒的耐药进展,进一步加强其耐药机制的研究.

Abstract：

Objective To analyze neuraminidase(NA) inhibitor resistance of seasonal H1N1 influenza A viruses isolated in Shenzhen during 2008 to 2009. Methods The NA gene of these viruses were sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis of the sequences was performed with Mega3. 1 software. Results In 2008, most isolates of the seasonal H1 N1 virus were susceptible to neuraminidase inhibitors, but the H275Y mutation in the neuraminidase gene region associated with high-level oseltamivir resistance had been detected in 92.6% of the strains isolated in 2009. Furthermore, a strain with Q136K was found, which showed the resistance to Zanamivir. Conclusion In the light of emerging resistance, close monitoring and understanding of the nature and dynamics of resistance mutations in influenza virus should be a priority.     

Rapid discrimination of oseltamivir-resistant 275Y and -susceptible 275H substitutions in the neuraminidase gene of pandemic influenza A/H1N1 2009 virus by duplex one-step RT-PCR assay

Pandemic influenza A/H1N1 2009 (A/H1N1pdm) virus caused significant outbreaks worldwide last year (2009). A number of oseltamivir-resistant A/H1N1pdm viruses possessing an H275Y substitution in the neuraminidase (NA) protein were reported sporadically in several countries, including Japan, but they were sensitive to zanamivir and did not spread in the community. In this study, to monitor rapidly and simply oseltamivir-resistant A/H1N1pdm viruses possessing H275Y, a duplex one-step RT-PCR assay (H275Y RT-PCR assay) was developed based on an endpoint genotyping analysis method. H275Y RT-PCR assay evaluated using several subtypes/types of influenza A and B viruses and other respiratory pathogenic viruses and shown to have high sensitivity and high specificity. Forty-four clinical specimens were tested after RNA purification using the H275Y RT-PCR assay, resulting in one clinical specimen being found to contain a virus possessing the H275Y mutation. Seventy-three clinical isolates were then tested with the H275Y assay by using clinical isolates in the cultured supernatants of cells directly, without RNA purification, and the results were consistent with the NA sequencing. Since the H275Y RT-PCR assay could detect the H275Y mutation in clinical isolates without RNA purification, as well as a H275Y mutated virus in clinical specimens after RNA purification, the assay was considered a powerful tool for surveillance screening of oseltamivir-resistant A/H1N1pdm virus activity.     

Molecular characterization of the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 isolates collected in the 2015-2016 season and comparison of HA mutations detected in Turkey since 2009

Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 pandemic virus causing the 2009 global outbreak moved into the post-pandemic period, but its variants continued to be the prevailing subtype in the 2015-2016 influenza season in Europe and Asia. To determine the molecular characteristics of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 isolates circulating during the 2015-2016 season in Turkey, we identified mutations in the hemagglutinin (HA) genes and investigated the presence of H275Y alteration in the neuraminidase genes in the randomly selected isolates. The comparison of the HA nucleotide sequences revealed a very high homology (>99.5%) among the studied influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 isolates, while a relatively low homology (96.6%-97.2%), was observed between Turkish isolates and the A/California/07/2009 vaccine virus. Overall 14 common mutations were detected in HA sequences of all 2015-2016 influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 isolates with respect to the A/California/07/2009 virus, four of which located in three different antigenic sites. Eleven rare mutations in 12 HA sequences were also detected. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all characterized influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 isolates formed a single genetic cluster, belonging to the genetic subclade 6B.1, defined by HA amino acid substitutions S84N, S162N, and I216T. Furthermore, all isolates showed an oseltamivir-sensitive genotype, suggesting that Tamiflu (Oseltamivir) could still be the drug of choice in Turkey.     

Characterization of oseltamivir‐resistant influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses in Taiwan in 2009–2011

The early isolated swine‐origin influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses were susceptible to oseltamivir; however, there is a concern about whether oseltamivir‐resistant influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses will spread worldwide as did the oseltamivir‐resistant seasonal influenza A(H1N1) viruses in 2007–2008. In this study, the frequency of oseltamivir resistance in influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses was determined in Taiwan. From May 2009 to April 2011, 1,335 A(H1N1)pdm09‐positive cases in Taiwan were tested for the H275Y mutation in the neuraminidase (NA) gene that confers resistance to oseltamivir. Among these, 15 patients (1.1%) were found to be infected with H275Y virus. All the resistant viruses were detected after the patients have received the oseltamivir. The overall monthly ratio of H275Y‐harboring viruses ranged between 0% and 2.88%, and the peak was correlated with influenza epidemics. The genetic analysis revealed that the oseltamivir‐resistant A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses can emerged from different variants with a great diversity under drug pressure. The ratio of NA/HA activities in different clades of oseltamivir‐resistant viruses was reduced compared to those in the wild‐type viruses, indicating that the balance of NA/HA in the current oseltamivir‐resistant influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses was interfered. It is possible that H275Y‐bearing A(H1N1)pdm09 virus has not yet spread globally because it lacks the essential permissive mutations that can compensate for the negative impact on fitness by the H275Y amino acid substitution in NA. Continuous monitoring the evolution patterns of sensitive and resistant viruses is required to respond to possible emergence of resistant viruses with permissive genetic background which enable the wide spread of resistance. J. Med. Virol. 85:379–387, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Molecular characterization of the glycoprotein genes of H5N1 influenza A viruses isolated in Israel and the Gaza Strip during 2006 outbreaks

Highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza A viruses (AIV) have caused outbreaks among domestic poultry and wild aquatic birds in many Asian, European, and African countries since 1997. In March 2006 an avian H5N1 influenza A virus was isolated from poultry in Israel. In the present study we molecularly characterized the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes of eleven H5N1 viruses isolated from domestic poultry in Israel and Gaza in March–April 2006. Phylogenetic analysis of the HA and NA genes showed that the Israeli and Gazian viruses were closely related to viruses isolated in Egypt in 2006.     

Epidemiology and full genome sequence analysis of H1N1pdm09 from Northeast China

Pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 virus (H1N1pdm09) was a novel tri-assortment virus that emerged in Mexico and North America in 2009 and caused the first influenza pandemic in the 21st century. This study investigated the prevalence pattern and molecular characteristics of H1N1pdm09 in three continuous years from April 2009 to March 2012 in populations of Tianjin, Northeast China. Totally, 3,068 influenza viruses (25.4 %) were detected from 12,089 respiratory specimens. Among them, 41.4 % (1,269/3,068) were H1N1pdm09 positive. 15.1 % (192/1,269) severe respiratory infection cases were H1N1pdm09 positive. H1N1pdm09 was the predominant prevalence subtype in October 2009–March 2010 (69.1 %, 930/1,346) and October 2010–March 2011 (42.1 %, 220/523). Eight isolated H1N1pdm09 viruses from severe infection/death cases in three different years were selected to sequence the whole genome through splicing the sequences following 46 PCRs. HA sequences of seven H1N1pdm09 isolates from mild infection cases were detected. Phylogenetic analysis showed that HA, NA, M, NP and NS genes of H1N1pdm09 viruses gathered together with swine influenza A (H1N1), whereas PB2 and PA genes originated from avian influenza virus, and PB1 gene originated from human seasonal influenza virus. Identity analysis indicated that all the genes were highly conserved. Compared with vaccine strain A/California/07/2009(H1N1), the maximal mutation gene was HA (0.7–2.6 %), then NA (0.6–1.7 %), last one was M (mutation rate 0–0.6 %). More site substitutions were observed in 2011 isolates than in 2009 and 2010 isolates of HA (p = 0.002), NA (p = 0.003) and PA (p = 0.001) proteins. The amino acid substitution rates were varied among eight gene segments, ranging from 7.39 × 10^?4 for PB2 to 7.40 × 10^?3 for NA. The higher d _N / d _S rates were observed in HA, PA and NS segments in H1N1pdm09 in Tianjin. Three HA amino acid site substitutions occurred at the HA receptor-binding sites and antigenic determinant, including S179N and K180T (located at antigenic site Sa) in A/Tianjinhedong/SWL44/2011(H1) and A/Tianjinjinnan/SWL41/2011(H1), and D239N (located at antigenic site Ca) in A/Tianjinninghe/SWL49/2009(H1). Antigenic drift may have occurred in H1N1pdm09 with time. No oseltamivir-resistance site substitution was observed at 275 and 295 sites. Amino acid residue site at 31 in M2 protein was N in all 8 isolates, which suggested that H1N1pdm09 was resistant to amantadine.     

H9N2禽流感病毒一步法双重荧光RT-PCR检测方法的建立

目的 建立一种可同时检测禽流感病毒H9N2的HA和NA基因一步法双重荧光RT-PCR方法.方法 针对H9N2禽流感病毒的HA和NA基因保守区,设计相应的特异性引物以及探针,优化检测体系及反应条件,建立一步法双重荧光定量RT-PCR方法.对该方法的灵敏度、特异性、稳定性进行验证与评估,并对家禽粪便标本进行应用检测,以单重实时荧光RT-PCR方法作为参照,检测结果不一致的样本采用测序进行验证.结果 该方法特异性强,与H1、H3、H5、H7亚型禽流感病毒、鸡新城疫及鸡传染性支炎病毒均无交叉反应,对HA和NA基因的最低检出限分别可达50拷贝/μL和25拷贝/μL,组间与组内的变异系数在0.20 ～0.79％之间.对82份粪便标本进行检测,H9N2禽流感病毒的阳性率为8.14％ (7/82),与单重实时荧光RT-PCR法检测结果一致.结论 该方法特异性强、灵敏度高、稳定性好,可应用于临床禽流感样本的检测.     

Molecular evolution of the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza viruses in Sendai, Japan, during 2009–2011

Analyzing the evolutionary pattern of the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 strain in different regions is important for understanding its diversification. We therefore conducted this study to elucidate the genetic variability and molecular evolution of the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 strains that circulated during the 2009–2010 and 2010–2011 influenza seasons in Sendai, Japan. Nasopharyngeal swab specimens were collected from patients with influenza-like illnesses who visited outpatient clinics in Sendai City, Japan, from September 2009 to April 2011. A total of 75 isolates were selected from September 2009 to April 2011 to analyze the genetic changes in the entire hemagglutinin 1 (HA1) segment of the HA gene and the neuraminidase (NA) gene based on sequence analysis. Bayesian coalescent Markov chain Monte Carlo analyses of HA1 and NA gene sequences were performed for further analysis. High sequence identities were observed for HA1 and NA in influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, displaying 99.06 and 99.33 % nucleotide identities, respectively, with the A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccine strain A/California/07/2009. The substitution rates of nucleotides for HA1 in the 2009–2010 and 2010–2011 were 1.5 × 10^?3 and 1.6 × 10^?3 substitutions per site per year, respectively. Phylogenetic tree analysis demonstrated that Sendai isolates were clustered into global clade 7, which is characterized by an S203T mutation in the HA1 gene. Moreover, two distinct circulation clusters were present in the 2010–2011 season. Mutations were present in antigenic or receptor-binding domains of the HA1 segment, including A141V, S143G, S183P, S185T, and S203T. The Bayesian skyline plot model illustrated a steady rate for the maintenance of genetic diversity, followed by a slight increase in the later part of the 2010–2011 season. Selection analysis revealed that the HA1 (position 197) and NA (position 46) sites were under positive selection; however, no known mutation conferring resistance to NA inhibitors such as H275Y was observed. The effect on control of the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus, including vaccine strain selection, requires continuous monitoring of the strain by genetic surveillance.