半闭弯尾姬蜂的寄主选择性及寄生对寄主发育和取食的影响

在24℃下研究了半闭弯尾姬蜂寄生对寄主幼虫龄期的选择性及对寄主生长发育、取食量的影响。结果表明，该蜂能寄生小菜蛾2-4龄的幼虫，但当2-4龄幼虫同时存在时，偏爱寄生2、3龄幼虫，对2、3、4龄幼虫的选择系数分别为0．37、0．44、0．19。该蜂对4龄幼虫的寄生能力随寄主日龄增大而下降。2-4龄小菜蛾幼虫被寄生后，总发育历期与预蛹期都比未被寄生的显著延长。当小菜蛾幼虫在2龄初被寄生后，总取食量比未被寄生的显著减少；但当幼虫在3、4龄初被寄生后，各龄的取食量与未被寄生的差异不显著。     

中红侧沟茧蜂成虫日龄及粘虫幼虫龄期对寄生效果的影响

室内研究了不同日龄中红侧沟茧蜂成虫对粘虫幼虫龄期的选择、寄主被寄生时的龄期对寄生蜂幼期发育历期和茧重的影响。结果表明：当寄主1～5龄幼虫同时存在时，该蜂可以寄生1—4龄幼虫，不寄生5龄；偏爱寄生2龄和3龄幼虫；对1、2、3和4龄幼虫的选择系数分别为0．21、0．31、0．27和0．21；寄主幼虫供寄生后，其寄生率随寄主幼虫供寄生时的龄期增大而下降。寄生于4龄寄主幼虫的蜂，其卵至结茧的历期显著长于寄生于2或3龄寄主幼虫的蜂；寄生4龄寄主幼虫所育出的蜂茧明显重于寄生于2或3龄寄主幼虫所育出的蜂茧。雌蜂日龄增加，寄生能力下降；但雌蜂日龄对寄生蜂子代卵至结茧的历期和茧重没有影响。     

寄生不同龄期草地贪夜蛾的斑痣悬茧蜂生长发育表现

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda(J. E. Smith),又称秋黏虫,是新入侵我国的外来物种。为探究本土天敌斑痣悬茧蜂寄生不同龄期草地贪夜蛾幼虫后的生长发育表现,本研究检测了斑痣悬茧蜂寄生2龄、3龄和4龄草地贪夜蛾幼虫后子代蜂幼虫发育历期、茧历期、羽化率、茧重、成蜂个体大小和成蜂寿命。结果表明,寄主龄期对子代蜂的幼虫发育历期、茧历期和成蜂寿命存在显著影响。与寄生4龄幼虫的子代蜂相比,寄生2龄和3龄幼虫的子代蜂幼虫发育历期分别平均延长了2.08 d(z=5.42,P0.05)和1.64 d(z=4.23,P0.05);寄生2龄幼虫的子代蜂茧历期平均延长了0.46 d(z=3.51,P0.05),但寄生4龄幼虫的子代蜂茧历期与寄生3龄幼虫的子代蜂茧历期无显著差异。4龄幼虫体内羽化的子代蜂成蜂寿命比在2龄和3龄幼虫体内羽化的子代蜂成蜂寿命分别平均延长了1.46 d(z=-2.60,P0.05)和1.68 d(z=-2.98,P0.05)。寄主龄期对子代蜂羽化率、茧重和成蜂个体大小无显著影响。随寄主龄期增大,子代蜂的发育速度加快,但寿命缩短。研究结果将为揭示斑痣悬茧蜂与寄主草地贪夜蛾的互作关系提供参考。     

菜蛾绒茧蜂的寄主选择性及寄生对寄主发育和取食的影响

研究了菜蛾绒茧寄生对寄主幼虫龄期的选择性及对寄主生长发育、取食量的影响。结果表明,该蜂能寄生小菜蛾各个龄期的幼虫,但当２－４龄幼虫同时存在时,偏爱寄生２、３龄幼虫,对２、３、４龄幼虫的选择系数分别为０．３７、０．３９、０．２４。该蜂对４龄幼虫的寄生能力随寄主日龄增大而急剧下降,对进入４龄并发育至该龄期４０％时间以上的幼虫不能寄生。产卵寄生的雌蜂比例也随４龄幼虫日龄增大而急剧下降。小菜蛾幼虫被寄主后     

寄主植物对半闭弯尾姬蜂寄主选择行为的影响

研究了半闭弯尾姬蜂对白菜和甘蓝上寄主的选择性 ,以及白菜和甘蓝经不同处理所产生的挥发物对该蜂寄主选择的作用。结果表明 :当白菜和甘蓝上小菜蛾幼虫密度相等时 ,半闭弯尾姬蜂对白菜上小菜蛾幼虫的寄生数明显高于甘蓝 ;在对挥发物的行为反应观察中 ,半闭弯尾姬蜂对白菜 小菜蛾复合体的选择性大于甘蓝 小菜蛾复合体 ,对被小菜蛾损伤的白菜植株的选择性也大于被小菜蛾损伤的甘蓝植株 ;而该蜂对两种蔬菜的完整植株或机械损伤植株之间则无明显的选择性。     

寄主龄期和温度对管侧沟茧蜂寄生的影响

就管侧沟茧蜂对寄主龄期的选择、生殖能力、成蜂寿命及后代性比进行了研究。结果表明，管侧沟茧蜂偏爱寄生粘虫的1～2龄幼虫，3龄以上幼虫很少被寄生。对1、2、3龄幼虫的选择系数分别为0．42、0．54、0．05。管侧沟茧蜂羽化当天就能交配寄生，在19～25℃条件下单雌平均寄生30头幼虫，最多89头；雌蜂平均寿命6d，最长13d；后代雌雄性比为1：1．02～1：1．27。     

麦蛾卵龄对玉米螟赤眼蜂寄生选择及后代质量指标的影响

比较了麦蛾卵龄对亚洲玉米螟赤眼蜂寄生以及其后代羽化率、雌蜂率、寿命和生殖力等质量指标的影响。研究结果显示,在仅供给单一卵龄寄主卵的条件下,玉米螟赤眼蜂对发育48 h以后的麦蛾卵寄生率显著降低,但在蜂卵比1:40的条件下,对卵龄48~84 h的麦蛾卵仍有不低于68.61%的寄生率,对卵龄84~96 h的麦蛾卵寄生率可达57.53%,表现出较好的寄生能力。在同时供给赤眼蜂不同卵龄寄主卵使其有选择寄生的条件下,玉米螟赤眼蜂对发育60 h以后的麦蛾卵寄生选择性显著下降,在总蜂卵比1:80的条件下,对卵龄60~72 h,卵的寄生比例达到总寄生卵数的9.13%,显著低于对卵龄低于36 h的3组卵的寄生比例,而对卵龄72~84 h、84~96 h两组卵的寄生比例则进一步降至6.46%和3.39%,显著低于卵龄60 h以内的所有处理组。对玉米螟赤眼蜂后代质量指标的测定结果显示,寄生不同卵龄麦蛾卵的赤眼蜂在试验条件下羽化率均高于95%,且处理间没有显著差异;寄生在卵龄2~12 h和12~24 h麦蛾卵内羽化的赤眼蜂雌蜂率分别为71.94%和71.40%,显著低于卵龄48 h以上各组卵内的羽化的赤眼蜂78.45%~79.79%的雌蜂率;随着寄主卵龄的增长,所羽化的赤眼蜂成蜂寿命呈下降趋势,且寄生卵龄高于60 h,寄主卵发育羽化的赤眼蜂成蜂平均存活时间降至5.3 d以下,显著低于卵龄2~12 h组6.4 d的存活时间;寄生在不同卵龄麦蛾卵上羽化的玉米螟赤眼蜂雌蜂生殖力没有显著差异。研究结果表明,玉米螟赤眼蜂对麦蛾卵的龄期有较广的选择适应性。     

棉铃虫齿唇姬蜂寄主识别行为的研究

棉铃虫齿唇姬蜂室内寄生行为观察发现，无选择条件下，处女蜂对棉铃虫和斜纹夜蛾幼虫的寄生偏爱强于甜菜夜蛾，第3次遭遇，雌蜂对棉铃虫、斜纹夜蛾和甜菜夜蛾幼虫的累计产卵刺探率分别为73．3％、70％和30％；产卵经历能显著增强雌蜂对最优寄主和次优寄主的寄生能力；雌蜂不具同种识别过寄生能力，具一定自身识别过寄生能力，但时效期短于8h。雌蜂对混合种群的寄生选择研究发现，寄生蜂对斜纹夜蛾幼虫的寄生率显著高于甜菜夜蛾幼虫，分别为91．0％和76．3％；雌蜂对3日龄、4日龄和5日龄斜纹夜蛾幼虫的寄生率分别为71．7％、67．8％和63．4％，三者之间差异不显著，均显著高于对6日龄幼虫的寄生率（30．4％）。     

棉铃虫齿唇姬蜂的饲养及生物学特性

对棉铃虫齿唇姬蜂室内饲养及相关生物学特性的研究结果表明：可用斜纹夜蛾幼虫作为该蜂室内人工繁殖的最适宜寄主。当该蜂寄生不同日龄的斜纹夜蛾幼虫时,其发育历期无显著差异;寄生率随寄主日龄的增加而降低;茧重随日龄的增加而增重;成虫羽化率无明显差异;获茧率以4日龄寄主最高,为55．3％;以3～5日龄寄主幼虫繁育的成蜂寿命最长。齿唇姬蜂在26℃下的平均产卵量为92．7粒,成蜂绝大部分在光照期羽化。在4～26℃范围内,温度愈低,成蜂寿命愈长。     

低温贮藏对半闭弯尾姬蜂蛹和成虫生长发育的影响

半闭弯尾姬蜂是小菜蛾幼虫的优势寄生蜂，低温贮藏是实现半闭弯尾姬蜂规模化生产和应用的重要环节。本文研究在4℃低温条件下，蛹和成虫贮藏5、10、15、20、25、30 d对半闭弯尾姬蜂生长发育的影响，不处理为对照。结果表明：随着蛹期低温贮藏时间的延长，成虫羽化率、寄生率逐渐降低，蛹贮藏5、10 d对成虫的羽化率及寄生率较高，分别在81.50%～83.50%和38.43%～39.02%，贮藏15～30 d后成虫的羽化率和寄生率显著低于对照；随着成虫低温贮藏时间的延长，其存活率、寄生率及其子代羽化率逐渐降低，成虫低温贮藏5 d对其存活率、寄生率及其子代羽化率较高，分别为95.75%、38.05%、86.00%，贮藏10～25 d后成虫的存活率、寄生率及其子代羽化率显著低于对照，贮藏30 d后成虫存活率最低，为9.67%，不能寄生。本文研究表明，半闭弯尾姬蜂在繁殖和田间释放过程中，蛹低温贮藏10 d内，成虫低温贮藏5 d内较理想。     

影响寄生蝇寄主选择性因素研究进展

寄生蝇是许多农林害虫的重要寄生性天敌之一,同时也是控制害虫种群动态发展的一个重要因子。本文分析了多年来国内外对寄生蝇寄主选择影响因素的相关文献,对影响寄生蝇对寄主的选择因素进行了总结和评述。明确了影响寄主选择性的因素较多,共分为5大类。其中寄主的运动、表皮的物理因素、龄期、信息化合物及寄生蝇的学习能力和环境因子等是影响寄生蝇对寄主选择率的主要因素。这些研究对于更好地保护和利用天敌有着极为重要的意义。     

Further observations on the use of fungicides to control Peronosclerospora sacchari (T. Miyake) Shirai and K. Hara in sugarcane in Papua New Guinea

Abstract

Many biologists perceive organisms as constantly evolving and therefore consider the host plant ranges of biological control agents as labile. Host plant ranges are thus likely to undergo adaptive change should environmental conditions change, for example following successful biological control. As a consequence, the introduction of biological control agents against weeds is considered by many to be an inherently unsafe practice with non‐target plants at risk of attack. However, despite the introduction of over 600 insect species from one geographic region to another for biological weed control during this century, there are relatively few documented cases of changes in host plant range. Purported instances are discussed in relation to behavioural and genetic concepts. It is concluded that apparent additions to the host range can, in all of the cases examined, be explained in terms of established behavioural concepts of pre‐adaptation, threshold change resulting from host deprivation, and effects of experience (learning). The inappropriateness of the often‐used term host shift’ to describe these cases is demonstrated, and it is concluded that evidence from biological weed control contradicts some aspects of ecological and evolutionary theory.     

豌豆彩潜蝇的发生危害及对寄主的选择性

2004年对扬州地区露地蔬菜上的豌豆彩潜蝇寄主种类及危害程度进行了调查,采用五点取样法共查到豌豆彩潜蝇的蔬菜寄主6科23种,主要分布在菊科、十字花科、豆科和葫芦科等的蔬菜上,其中以莴苣、花椰菜、豌豆、油菜、蚕豆受害最为严重;选择性田间调查和室内试验证明,莴苣是豌豆彩潜蝇最嗜好寄主.根据不同蔬菜上的豌豆彩潜蝇发生危害动态分析了豌豆彩潜蝇在自然条件下对寄主的选择性.     

Plant phylogeny determines host selection and acceptance of the oligophagous leaf beetle Cassida rubiginosa

BACKGROUND

Predicting the host range of biocontrol agents is important for the safe and effective implementation of biocontrol of weeds. In this study, we examined the phylogenetic pattern of host selection and acceptance by the biocontrol beetle, Cassida rubiginosa. The beetle was released in New Zealand for control of Cirsium arvense, its primary host plant, but has potential to attack many Cardueae (thistles and knapweeds) species. We conducted a series of no-choice and choice experiments and modelled the responses of Cassida rubiginosa in relation to phylogenetic distance from Cirsium arvense.

RESULTS

The olfactory recognition (single odour) and preference (two odours) of the beetle showed a significant phylogenetic relationship. These relationships showed a high degree of correlation with 66.9% of the variation in olfactory recognition and 82.8% of the variation in olfactory preference explained by phylogeny. Where the beetle could contact plants, under no-choice conditions there was no phylogenetic pattern to host plant acceptance. However, under choice conditions, phylogenetic distance was a strong predictor of feeding and oviposition preference. These relationships showed a high degree of correlation, with 63.4% of the variation in feeding preference, and 89.0% of the variation in oviposition preference, explained by phylogeny.

CONCLUSIONS

As far as we are aware, this is the first demonstration of an herbivorous insect that exhibits a phylogenetic pattern to olfactory host plant selection. Host plant utilisation by Cassida rubiginosa in New Zealand will be mostly restricted to Cirsium and Carduus species, with minimal potential for impact on other Cardueae weeds. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

枣实蝇产卵选择习性研究

通过枣实蝇产卵选择习性研究,发现枣实蝇喜欢产卵于枣果的背阴面及底部,其产卵孔周围呈现凹陷或瘤状凸起症状,且对不同品种枣果的产卵选择性不同,‘鸡心枣’、‘骏枣’对枣实蝇的抗性大于‘梨枣’、‘灰枣’和‘相枣’;枣果受伤害程度越重,产卵量就越少;不同大小的枣果均受到危害,且以中型果受害最为严重;随枣果成熟度的增加其产卵量逐渐减少,且不产卵于完全红的枣果上。同时枣实蝇对枣、海棠果、青杏、番茄、葡萄等不同寄主的产卵选择性均存在显著性差异,但更喜欢产卵于枣果。胁迫性寄主试验中不同寄主果实的产卵量存在显著差异,但枣果与杏之间的产卵量差异不明显,而且枣实蝇可以在杏果中化蛹并羽化。     

棉铃虫雌成虫对16种植物的产卵偏好性及幼虫取食后的生存表现

为研究棉铃虫成虫寄主偏好性和幼虫取食后生存表现之间的关系,明确两者在决定寄主过程中的作用,我们测定了交配后的棉铃虫雌成虫对16种植物(棉花、玉米、大豆、花生、番茄、辣椒、茄子、烟草、黄瓜、胡萝卜、西芹、杨树、月季、菠菜、包菜、大葱)的产卵偏好性和幼虫取食这些植物嫩叶后的存活和发育情况。棉铃虫雌成虫选择在烟草、茄子、棉花、胡萝卜、番茄、辣椒、玉米、西芹、大豆和花生等10种植物上产卵,但只有取食西芹、烟草、番茄、大豆、棉花和胡萝卜等6种植物叶片的初孵幼虫能够完成幼虫阶段的生长发育、化蛹并羽化,且取食植物嫩叶的幼虫的存活率、发育历期、蛹期和蛹重均差于取食人工饲料的幼虫。以上结果表明,棉铃虫雌成虫产卵寄主与其幼虫取食寄主之间存在并非一一对应的关系,幼虫的生存表现限定了棉铃虫的寄主范围。     

棉蚜唾液腺蛋白 armet 基因的克隆及表达特性分析

armet是一种水溶性唾液蛋白,在蚜虫取食过程中具有重要作用。本研究结合棉蚜的转录组分析结果,以注释的armet基因转录本作为参考,克隆得到棉蚜的armet基因(GenBank登录号KY612465)。armet基因的开放阅读框为522bp,编码173个氨基酸。在其氨基酸序列的N端具有一个由21个氨基酸组成的信号肽。在其氨基酸序列的C-末端具有内质网滞留信号KDEL。运用RT-qPCR分析棉花型棉蚜和黄瓜型棉蚜的时间表达谱,结果表明,armet基因的表达量在除3日龄成蚜外的各个时期均稳定表达,在两种专化型棉蚜中表达量相当,说明armet基因可能在棉蚜整个生命活动过程中均起重要作用。分别将棉花型棉蚜和黄瓜型棉蚜转接到西葫芦Cucurbita pepo L.后,通过荧光定量PCR检测armet基因在转接寄主前后表达量的变化,结果显示armet基因在转接第2代3日龄黄瓜型成蚜中的表达量显著高于转接前,在其他转接试验中转接前后表达量有变化,但未达到显著水平,说明armet基因在不同专化型棉蚜寄主转接试验的成、若蚜中发挥不同作用。     

Asymptomatic weeds are frequently colonised by pathogenic species of Fusarium in cereal‐based crop rotations

Several Fusarium species cause harmful cereal diseases, such as fusarium head blight and crown rot, which, during pathogenesis, may result in significant grain yield and quality losses. Several species of agricultural weed are believed to be alternative and reservoir hosts for Fusarium spp.; however, studies have not comprehensively evaluated those weed species in cropping systems that may harbour these fungi. The objective of this study was to determine weed species in cereal‐based crop rotations that are asymptomatically colonised by Fusarium spp. We sampled all species of weed present in fields that were managed under six different crop sequences in 2015 and 2016. The study yielded 2326 single‐spore isolates of Fusarium spp. derived from various organs of asymptomatic weeds. Isolates were identified morphologically and then confirmed using PCR with species‐specific primers and/or sequencing of tef1α gene fragments. Isolates of nine Fusarium spp. were obtained from 689 of the 744 individuals collected that represented 56 weed species. Each weed species harboured at least one species of Fusarium, and >80% were colonised by 3–9 Fusarium spp. In total, we identified 27 dicotyledonous weed species that were previously undocumented as Fusarium hosts and 251 new weed × Fusarium species combinations were revealed. Consequently, there is a greater risk of negative Fusarium impacts on cereal crops than was previously thought. We suggest effective weed management and inversion soil tillage may help mitigate these impacts.