颏下岛状皮瓣的临床应用

介绍应用颏下岛状皮瓣修复面部皮肤软组织缺损.应用颏下岛状皮瓣修复因创伤、瘢痕或痣切除所致面部皮肤软组织缺损10例,皮瓣面积最大者10cm×5cm,最小者5cm×3cm.10例皮瓣均完全成活,面部形态满意.颏下岛状皮瓣是修复面部皮肤软组织缺损的理想选择.     

外踝上逆行岛状皮瓣修复足背软组织缺损

目的 :外踝上逆行岛状皮瓣修复足背软组织缺损。方法 :对 5例足背软组织缺损的病例 ,采用外踝上逆行岛状皮瓣进行修复 ,最大面积 10cm× 7cm ,最小 5cm× 4cm ,平均 6cm× 5cm。结果 :5例皮瓣完全成活 ,随访 2个月～ 2年 ,皮瓣质地优良 ,外观及功能满意。结论 :外踝上逆行岛状皮瓣为一良好的岛状筋膜皮瓣 ,该皮瓣切取方便 ,血供丰富 ,不需牺牲主要动脉     

应用带腓血管的小腿外侧逆行岛状皮瓣修复足踝部软组织缺损

目的探讨带腓血管的小腿外侧逆行岛状皮瓣修复足踝部软组织缺损的临床应用及其疗效。方法2000-2003年,在对腓血管跨区关系显微解剖加以研究的基础上,应用带腓血管的小腿外侧逆行岛状皮瓣治疗足踝部软组织缺损12例,皮肤缺损面积最大为21 cm×10 cm,最小5 cm×8 cm,切取皮瓣最大24 cm×12 cm。结果术后皮瓣均完全成活,术后的外形平整美观,疗效好。结论带腓血管的小腿外侧逆行岛状皮瓣是修复足踝部软组织缺损的可靠而有效的方法。     

颞顶筋膜岛状瓣植入耳后乳突区预制扩张筋膜皮瓣修复面部皮肤软组织缺损

目的探讨一种较好的修复面部皮肤软组织缺损的手术方法。方法手术分两期进行。一期手术时,以颞浅动静脉为蒂,掀起颞顶浅筋膜岛状瓣,沿同侧发际线切开,在耳后乳突区皮下剥离,形成适当大小的囊腔,将颞顶筋膜瓣转移至囊腔内,适当固定,于筋膜瓣下放置皮肤扩张器;扩张完毕后,取出扩张器,以颞浅动静脉为蒂,掀起耳后乳突区预制岛状筋膜皮瓣,用于面部皮肤缺损的修复。结果自1999年以来,临床应用9例,其中面部黑痣2例,面部血管瘤2例,面部瘢痕5例。颞顶筋膜岛状皮瓣蒂长5.5~7cm,平均6.2cm,筋膜瓣面积4cm×3cm~7cm×7cm,平均5.7cm×4.9cm,预制筋膜皮瓣面积为5cm×5cm~8.0cm×7.5cm,平均6.4cm×6.1cm;术后皮瓣全部成活,供瓣区直接拉拢缝合者5例,另行皮片移植修复者4例。结论颞顶筋膜皮瓣血管蒂长,转移方便,血运丰富,耳后乳突区皮肤在质地、色泽、厚度等方面均与面部皮肤最为接近,是一种良好的修复面部皮肤软组织缺损的方法。     

胫后动脉皮支为蒂的逆行岛状皮瓣修复足部软组织缺损

目的探讨以胫后动脉皮支为蒂的逆行岛状皮瓣修复足部软组织缺损的临床应用效果和有关问题.方法应用胫后动脉皮支为蒂的逆行岛状皮瓣修复足部软组织缺损.缺损面积为3cm×4cm～8cm×12cm.设计的皮瓣面积为4cm×8cm～10cm×13cm.结果 6例患者皮瓣全部成活,创面Ⅰ期愈合,1例患者皮瓣远端小部分坏死,经换药处理后,创面Ⅱ期愈合,术后随访患者6～24个月,均取得满意效果.结论胫后动脉皮支为蒂的逆行岛状皮瓣血供充分,蒂长,皮瓣切取面积大,是修复足部软组织缺损的理想皮瓣.     

皮神经伴行血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣的临床应用

目的 :探讨皮神经伴行血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣的临床应用。方法 :使用前臂外侧皮神经伴行血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣修复腕掌、腕背及虎口部皮肤软组织缺损 5例。腓肠神经伴行血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣修复小腿远端、足跟足背皮肤软组织缺损 10例。皮瓣切取面积 5 cm× 5 cm～ 15 cm× 9cm。结果 :15例皮瓣 ,13例完全成活。1例皮瓣远端边缘 0 .5 cm坏死 ,经换药后愈合。 1例皮瓣坏死 ,创面植皮后愈合。结论 :皮神经伴行血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣血供可靠 ,切取简便、安全 ,不牺牲主要血管 ,是修复四肢皮肤软组织缺损较好的方法之一     

四肢带皮神经营养血管蒂岛状皮瓣的临床应用

目的探讨四肢各类型皮神经营养血管蒂岛状皮瓣修复组织缺损的临床效果.方法临床分别应用了5种皮神经营养血管蒂岛状皮瓣修复皮肤、软组织缺损8例的实践.皮瓣最大面积15cm×10cm,最小面积3.5cm×2.5cm.结果8例皮瓣均成活良好,创面Ⅰ期愈合,经6～12月随访,效果满意.结论四肢带皮神经营养血管蒂岛状皮瓣血供可靠,不牺牲主要血管,是修复四肢皮肤软组织缺损的一种好方法.     

应用腓肠神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣修复组织缺损15例

目的 探讨应用腓肠神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣修复小腿下段、足踝部软组织缺损的临床效果.方法 临床应用15例,其中修复小腿下段软组织缺损3例,修复足背部缺损5例,修复足跟部及足踝部皮肤软组织缺损共7例.切取皮瓣面积5 cm × 5cm～16 cm×8 cm.结果 15例皮瓣术后全部成活,创面Ⅰ期愈合.全部病例均得到随访,肢体功能恢复满意,外观满意.结论 腓肠神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣是修复足踝部、小腿下段等处皮肤软组织缺损比较理想的方法.     

应用腓肠神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣修复组织缺损15例

目的 探讨应用腓肠神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣修复小腿下段、足踝部软组织缺损的临床效果.方法 临床应用15例,其中修复小腿下段软组织缺损3例,修复足背部缺损5例,修复足跟部及足踝部皮肤软组织缺损共7例.切取皮瓣面积5 cm × 5cm～16 cm×8 cm.结果 15例皮瓣术后全部成活,创面Ⅰ期愈合.全部病例均得到随访,肢体功能恢复满意,外观满意.结论 腓肠神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣是修复足踝部、小腿下段等处皮肤软组织缺损比较理想的方法.     

足跟部皮肤软组织缺损的皮瓣修复

目的　总结应用多种轴型岛状皮瓣修复足跟部皮肤软组织缺损的效果。方法　采用足底内侧岛状皮瓣、胫后动脉逆行岛状皮瓣转移或“桥式”交腿移位、逆行腓肠神经营养血管岛状皮瓣、足中段邻近皮瓣等形式 ,修复足跟部皮肤软组织缺损 14例。皮瓣切取范围 5cm× 5cm～ 16cm× 10cm。结果　皮瓣全部成活 ,未发生血管危象 ,创面Ⅰ期愈合。随访 6个月～ 11年 2个月 ,14例外观功能均恢复良好 ,皮肤质地接近正常 ,负重后无溃疡和骨髓炎复发。结论　足跟部为负重区 ,对皮肤软组织缺损修复要求较高 ,以质地接近的轴型皮瓣或逆行岛状皮瓣修复效果较好     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.