考虑可中断负荷合同的电力市场古诺均衡分析

作为电力需求响应的重要措施之一,可中断负荷管理在电力市场中已得到广泛应用。为了研究可中断负荷管理对电力市场均衡结果的影响问题,首先,给出了一个计入可中断负荷合同的电力市场需求模型。然后,建立了考虑可中断负荷合同的电力批发市场古诺均衡模型,并针对计入可中断负荷合同后均衡模型的非光滑性,提出了一种求解方法。最后,给出的算例分析来验证了模型方法的合理性,其中考虑了需求不确定性。研究表明,可中断负荷合同可以有效降低均衡市场价格及其波动性,特别是当需求不确定性相对较大或市场需求弹性相对较小时,这种效果更明显。而且可中断负荷合同中的中断阈值价格需要合理选取,以达到降低市场价格及其波动性的目标。     

电力市场日前N-1安全校正模型及算法

在电力市场环境下,系统的运行方式多变,发生输电安全阻塞的概率大为增加.针对当前具有合同电力与竞价电力的电力市场运行特点,提出了一种日前N-1安全校正的数学模型及算法.模型中以电厂与负荷的调整费用最小为目标函数,以线路在正常网络与N-1故障网络下线路潮流与断面潮流不越界及机组满足爬坡功率为约束条件.在目标函数中将发电功率中的竞价电力与合同电力分开,负荷功率中的可切除非重要负荷与重要负荷分开,对于不同类型的发电功率与负荷功率赋予不同的权重;在构造线路约束集时,采用实用的有效约束集方法减少约束线路数.省级电网算例验证了所提算法的正确性和有效性.     

电力市场下引入可中断负荷的研究

在介绍电力市场下引入可中断负荷概念介绍的基础上,分析了用户和电力企业的成本效益,研究了用户与电力公司之间的可选择远期合同,提出期权合同的合约电价和中断电价,为可中断负荷在电力市场下的实施提供理论基础。     

售电市场环境下计及可中断负荷的营销策略

售电市场的开放是中国电力市场下一步的改革方向。在竞争性的市场环境下,售电公司垄断被打破,售电方式将发生重大转变。分析了竞争性售电公司可能面临的新问题,基于心理学方法构建用户对售电公司及用电合同的选择行为模型,以均一电价和保底封顶实时电价为主,计及可中断负荷影响,为费率制定以及购电比例分配提供科学有效的计算方法,并通过算例分析了以可中断负荷为代表的附加服务类型对于售电公司营销策略的影响。     

基于失负荷价值的可中断负荷定价研究

可中断负荷管理能够削减峰荷保证电力系统安全运行,是缓解我国用电高峰期电力供应不足的有效方法。实施可中断负荷的关键是可中断电价的设计。基于投入产出法计算不同部门的电力经济价值,首先指出该电力经济价值为用电的平均价值;然后结合用户的电力需求曲线分析电力的边际价值和中断部分负荷时的消费者剩余损失;进而以该损失为依据设计可中断负荷电价,并设计了适合我国电力市场实际的可中断负荷合同模型,并给出给出可中断容量的最优选择模型。以我国2006年的投入产出数据和工业用户负荷数据为例证明所提方法的实用性。     

电力负荷管理系统的发展方向(二) 创新设计理念,研发满足时代要求的技术和产品

在电力供需基本平衡并略有富余后,特别是电力市场改革逐步深化,竞争性电力市场逐步建立的新形势下,对目前的电力负荷管理系统的功能定位、发展     

长期合约电力市场的竞价模型研究

论述了电力市场的合同交易机制,应用博弈论套用Stackelberg策略对合同市场建模求解。给出了电网、电力公司及独立发电厂制定合同电价和分配负荷模型,并举例验证了模型的可行性,给电力市场提供了参照,最后提出了模型的局限性和改进之处。     

电力市场和过渡期电力系统可中断负荷管理(二)--可中断负荷运营

重点介绍可中断负荷的运营情况,这是关系到其能否发挥作用的重要因素。对电力市场和过渡期电力系统两种情况给予分析。首先介绍了在电力市场中以电价为核心的可中断负荷实行方式,包括中断合同类型、期权定价以及负荷侧参与市场竞价的情况;然后阐述了过渡期系统可中断负荷的中断条件、优化调度、实施障碍等;最后提出了该领域急需研究的问题。     

美国部分州可中断负荷合同

1 可中断负荷的相关概念 在电力供应紧张时期,可中断负荷是削峰的主要方式,它是根据电力公司和用户双方事先的合同约定,在电网峰荷时段由系统调度人员向用户发出请求信号,经用户响应后中断部分供电负荷的一种方法。可中断负荷可以等效为增加了系统备用容量,并且能够平稳系统负荷,提高电力系统运行的经济性和可靠性,削弱电力市场中市场势力的影响,抑制价格尖峰。可中断负荷可以广泛应用于冶金、水泥、造纸和纺织等工业用户。     

创新设计理念,研发满足时代要求的技术和产品

在电力供需基本平衡并略有富余后,特别是电力市场改革逐步深化,竞争性电力市场逐步建立的新形势下,对目前的电力负荷管理系统的功能定位、发展方向及产品创新等,都提出了新的要求.     

电力市场中的远期合同交易

世界范围的电力工业市场化运营为市场参与者带来了前所未有的市场风险。作为一种有效的风险管理工具和交易手段,电力远期合同,包括结合期权交易思想的可选择远期合同,在竞争的电力市场中得到了广泛的应用,并正朝类似于期货交易的方向发展。文中简要介绍了电力市场中的几种远期合同交易,对远期合同交易的风险建模理论,以及远期合同市场对现货市场的影响机制的研究现状进行了综述。     

A development of an equilibrium analysis model between electricity retailers under competitive environment

This paper provides a novel equilibrium model for analyzing behaviors of the electric retailers under competitive environment. In the deregulated electricity retail market, the retailers purchase the electricity power and sell it to consumers at the competitive prices. According to their risk attitudes, the retailers optimize the selling prices and the purchase allocation between a day‐ahead market and forward contracts. Without the regulation, an equilibrium by those selfish decision‐making processes of multiple retailers would cause an adverse impact on the electricity market and also the power system. From stable and economical viewpoints, it is important to analyze the unfavorable equilibrium. The selfish behaviors of retailers are modeled as an equilibrium problem with equilibrium constraints in this paper and formulated as a mixed integer linear programming problem to obtain a generalized Nash equilibrium by commercial solvers efficiently. Through computational examples, the proposed model and formulation are validated.     

Experience with the Nord Pool design and implementation

The electricity industry of the Nordic countries went through a major restructuring during the 1990s. A wholesale market with significant competition has been established. Nord Pool was established in 1993 as a Norwegian electricity exchange, and extended its trade to Norway and Sweden in 1996. It thus became the world's first multinational exchange for trade in electric power contracts, and presently it is the only truly international electricity market. There is one market operator, and there are five system operators. Each country has its own regulatory agency. There are no general cross border tariffs. In 2001, power contracts worth nearly NOK 412 billion, about 55 billion Euro, were cleared by Nord Pool, and the combined volume of contracts traded was 2769 TWh, that is more than seven times the physical consumption. An open market with a common framework has made the Nordic market the most liquid electricity market in the world. Three of the countries have full retail market access. Since deregulation of the electricity industry started, restructuring has taken place in all countries resulting in mergers and acquisitions. There is an ongoing concentration of ownership in the wholesale market, and the concentration of the production side causes concern.     

Effects of long-term contracts on firms exercising market power in transmission constrained electricity markets

The electricity markets with only few large firms are often vulnerable to less competitive behaviors than the desired. The presence of transmission constraints further restrict the competition among firms and provide more opportunities for firms to exercise market power. While it is generally acknowledged that the long-term contracts provide good measures for mitigating market power in the spot market (thus reducing undesired price spikes), it is not even more clear how effective these contracts are if the market is severely limited due to transmission constraints. In this paper, an analytical approach through finding a Nash equilibrium is presented to investigate the effects of long-term contracts on firms exercising market power in a bid-based pool with transmission constraints. Surprisingly the analysis in this paper shows that the presence of long-term contracts may result in the reduced expected social welfare. A straightforward consequence of the analysis presented in this paper will be helpful for the regulators in Korea to reconsider offering vesting contracts to generating companies in the near future.     

浅析电力计划管理系统

随着经济的发展,电网规模逐渐扩大,电力供需形势和社会用电结构发生巨大的变化,特别是网厂分开后。发、供电企业以独立经济实体进入电力市场,发、供电量计划制定和执行,直接关系各自企业经济利益,成为电力市场能否实现“三公”调度的关键。主要介绍了电网计划管理系统结构设计和系统配置,阐述了系统信息处理流程,从合同电量分配、日竞价计划等方面给出了发电计划编制及优化算法。     

电力差价和约的实现策略

在电力市场中,占发电份额较大的发电公司可以通过减少发电量,致使电价上升,从而获得比多发电情况下更多的利润.但发电总量减少,社会需求得不到满足,并可能造成整个电力系统的不稳定,因此,采取相应对策,限制发电公司市场力的发挥,有着重大的意义.其中差价和约就是很好的措施之一.文中,首先建立了电力差价和约市场的模型,并分析了发电、购电公司的策略行为,在此模型的基础上分析了在不同发电成本函数情况下,差价和约对电量的影响,最后结合算例,证明了分析结论的正确性.     

市场力指标组态作用下的发电企业报价带研究

在电力市场复杂多变的市场环境下, 对于参与报价的发电企业来说, 对自身在市场中所处的竞争地位的估计具有重要的经济意义。发电企业通过全面综合地对市场中各个参与者或者单独对自身各种竞争力指标的估计, 分析得出自己在市场中竞争的地位, 从而进行相应合适的报价。不同市场力指标反映不同的竞争因素。从发电企业的角度, 对HHI, DHHI, MRR, Lerner, MPC 五种市场力指标进行分类分析, 分为报价事前分析和报价事后分析。最后综合多种因素分析得出一个衡量市场力的综合指标, 该指标的大小范围同时也决定了发电企业的报价范围———报价带, 发电企业可以根据报价带进行有优势的报价, 并举例说明对发电企业市场竞争力的分析要充分考虑多方面因素, 综合评估才能得出科学判断。     

基于实时电价的电力市场远期合同

作为一种有效的风险管理工具和交易手段，基于实时电价和期权思想的电力市场远期合同在竞争的电力市场中充分体现了其优越性。这种合同不仅给市场参与者提供了在发电量或负荷变化时获利的机会，同时回避了由于实时市场价格的波动给双方带来的风险，分析表明期权交易模式是电力市场较成熟的模式，合约双方可以利用期权交易更好地防范和控制风险。     

Multi-Area Power Generation Dispatch in Competitive Markets

In competitive electric energy markets, the power generation dispatch optimization is one of the most important missions among generation companies-how to respond to the markets, dispatch their units, and maximize profits. This paper proposes an approach to incorporate power contracts, which include call and put options, forward contracts, and reliability must-run contracts, into multi-area unit commitment and economic dispatch solutions. The proposed solution algorithm is based on adaptive Lagrangian relaxation, unit decommitment, and lambda-iteration methods. The problem formulation consists of three stages: 1) the incorporation of the power contracts, 2) the multi-area unit commitment, and 3) the multi-area economic dispatch. The proposed algorithm has been successfully implemented, and its testing results on modified IEEE test cases are promising.     

Cost-based models for the power-reserve pricing of frequency control

One of the tasks of the system operator (SO) is to control the frequency of the system within defined limits. In order to do this, the SO has to provide enough power reserves which can be provided on the basis of bilateral contracts or on the relevant competitive market. In this paper, several methods for the power-reserve pricing of frequency control are presented. These methods are well suited to small power systems, where an insufficient number of potential bidders makes an ancillary-services market difficult to organize. The proposed pricing methods are meant for estimating the annual costs for power-reserves provision when these reserves are provided on the basis of bilateral contracts. The proposed pricing methods are applied to the Slovenian power system.