Enhancement of the rootability of a structurally fragile tropical soil using gypsum and leguminous residues to increase the yield of maize

In humid tropical areas, a combination of factors related to soil conditions for root development contribute to decreased nutrient use efficiency. Our aim was to evaluate the combined effects of the application of gypsum and mulch from leguminous trees on rootability of root zone soil, root growth, phosphorus recovery efficiency and maize yield in a sandy loam soil prone to hardsetting. The experiment involved a randomized block design with four replications and six treatments: no residue or gypsum (control, C); leguminous residues (L); leguminous residues and 6 t/ha of gypsum (LG6); urea and 6 t/ha of gypsum (UG6); leguminous residues, urea and 6 t/ha of gypsum (LUG6); and leguminous residues, urea and 12 t/ha of gypsum (LUG12). Application of gypsum plus leguminous residues enhanced soil rootability, when applied to a tropical Arenic Hapludult, through the combined effects of increased porosity and decreased penetration resistance. These improvements facilitated root growth in deeper soil layers and greater nutrient uptake. Application of leguminous residues increased the input and retention of calcium in deeper layers. The use of large amounts of gypsum with leguminous residue, despite a significant increase in phosphorus uptake, did not result in a proportional increase in maize yield. Given the small differences in calcium content between the 6 and 12 t/ha gypsum treatments, applying a low dose of gypsum combined with leguminous residue, rather than administering a single large gypsum dose, is recommended for tropical sandy loam soils with low cation retention capacities.     

Film fully-mulched ridge-furrow cropping affects soil biochemical properties and maize nutrient uptake in a rainfed semi-arid environment

Abstract

This study evaluated the effects of plastic mulched ridge-furrow cropping on soil biochemical properties and maize (Zea mays L.) nutrient uptake in a semi-arid environment. Three treatments were evaluated from 2008 to 2010: no mulch (narrow ridges with crop seeded next to ridges), half mulch (as per no mulch, except narrow ridges were mulched), and full mulch (alternate narrow and wide ridges, all mulched with maize seeded in furrows). Compared to the no mulch treatment, full mulch increased maize grain yield by 50% in 2008 and 25% in 2010, but reduced yield by 21% in 2009 after low precipitation in early growth. Half mulch had a similar grain yield to no mulch in the three cropping years, suggesting half mulch is not an effective pattern for maize cropping in the area. Mulch treatments increased aboveground nitrogen (N) uptake by 21?34% and phosphorus (P) uptake by 21?42% in 2008, and by 16?32% and 14?29%, respectively, in 2010; but in 2009 mulching did not affect N uptake and decreased P uptake. Soil microbial biomass and activities of urease, β-glucosidase and phosphatase at the 0?15 cm depth were generally higher during vegetative growth but lower during reproductive growth under mulch treatments than no mulch. Mulching treatments increased carbon (C) loss of buried maize residues (marginally by 5?9%), and decreased light soil organic C (15?27%) and carbohydrate C (12?23%) concentrations and mineralizable C and N (8?36%) at harvest in the 0?20 cm depth compared with no mulch, indicating that mulching promotes mineralization and nutrient release in soil during cropping seasons. As a result of these biological changes, mineral N concentration under mulch was markedly increased after sowing in upper soil layers compared with no mulch. Therefore, our results suggest that mulched cropping stimulated soil microbial activity and N availability, and thus contributed to increasing maize grain yield and nutrient uptake compared with no mulch.     

不同灌溉模式下水分养分的运移及其利用

以玉米为试验材料通过人工控制水分的微区试验,比较了水肥异区交替灌溉与传统均匀灌溉条件下,水分与养分在200cm剖面上的动态迁移规律,并分析了不同灌水模式下的灌溉效率和肥料利用效率。结果表明,在低灌水量(450m3/hm2)水平下水肥异区交替灌溉,施肥区和灌水区之间存在水势梯度差异,NO3-N含量也有差异;灌溉效率和肥料利用效率均高于均匀灌溉。在高灌水量(900m3/hm2)水平下,水肥异区交替灌水与常规均匀灌水差异不显著,但养分离子发生了强烈的淋洗。收获后,交替灌溉的NO3-N残留量比传统灌溉要高,而水分残留量则相反。研究结果发现,交替灌溉在450m3/hm2时的产量与均匀灌溉在900m3/hm2时的产量相差并不大,即交替灌溉可节水一半。秸秆覆盖能影响060cm土壤水分运动,可减少土壤水分蒸发,但对玉米产量影响不大。     

Mulch effect on successive crop yields and soil carbon in Tonga

Intensification of crop production in Tonga has resulted in a move to mechanical soil preparation, often with a rotary hoe, and a consequent loss in both chemical physical fertility. An experiment was conducted on a clay loam soil (Typic Argiudoll) on the Forestry Vaini Research Station, Tongatapu Island, Tonga, to investigate the effect of a once‐off application of mulch on yield and quality of watermelon, maize and capsicum grown in rotation over a 1‐yr period. The treatments applied were a nonmulched control, transparent plastic and 200‐mm‐thick applications of locally available coconut sawdust, guinea grass and mature coconut fronds. The fresh fruit yield of watermelon in all the mulch treatments was 7.3–18.1% higher than in the nonmulched control. There was no significant effect of thick vegetative mulch on maize grain dry matter yield; however, the maize yield was significantly lower in the transparent plastic mulch than in the other treatments. The capsicum marketable fruit yield in the following crop was increased by 49–73% in all the vegetative mulch treatments compared to the non‐mulched control. The higher crop yields with the vegetative mulch were attributed to the measured lower soil temperatures and higher soil moisture in these treatments. There was no effect of mulch on soil total N (TN), but soil total C (TC), soil labile C (LC) and the carbon management index (CMI) were increased.     

西辽河平原覆膜和浅埋对滴灌玉米生长的影响

为对比研究覆膜和浅埋对滴灌玉米生长的影响,以西辽河平原为研究区,设置膜下滴灌与浅埋滴灌2种灌溉方式和高、中、低3种灌溉水平,对滴灌玉米生长指标、根系分布、耗水量及产量等进行分析,寻求适宜试验区玉米高效节水灌溉模式。结果表明:(1)平均叶面积指数膜下滴灌较浅埋滴灌处理高13%～20%。膜下滴灌根系在30 cm土层内分布均匀,浅埋滴灌根系分布较膜下滴灌深10 cm。(2)膜下滴灌总耗水量较浅埋滴灌低9%,节水效果明显。(3)平水偏枯年膜下滴灌处理产量高于浅埋滴灌7%～15%,平水偏丰年膜下滴灌处理的产量低于浅埋滴灌处理6%～19%(p0.05)。(4)中水处理产量高,水分生产率最大,为最佳灌水处理。(5)对不同研究区通过多年平均降雨量和当年降雨预报推算生育期降雨量,对于268.32 mm的地方推荐使用膜下滴灌更佳,灌溉定额为186.1 mm,灌水7次。降雨量268.32 mm的地方推荐使用浅埋滴灌更佳,灌溉定额为228.0 mm,灌水8次。研究结果可为试验区及类似地区玉米高效灌溉生产提供理论依据。     

免耕覆盖还田下玉米秸秆氮素的去向研究

采用田间微区试验,以15N标记的玉米秸秆为研究对象,研究了免耕覆盖还田下玉米秸秆氮素经过4个生长季后的作物累积利用率、在土壤(0~60 cm)的残留率以及损失情况。试验共设2个处理:TS1为第1年15N标记秸秆覆盖还田,此后秸秆不还田;TS2为第1年15N标记秸秆覆盖还田,此后每年以非标记秸秆还田。结果表明:经过4个生长季后,两个处理间的玉米籽粒、秸秆的累积产量及总氮素吸收量的差异均不显著。在TS1处理中,秸秆氮素在籽粒和秸秆中的累积回收率分别为14.2%和6.7%,并分别高于TS2处理的12.4%和5.8%。与作物的累积回收率相比,更多的秸秆氮素被保持在土壤中。在TS1和TS2处理中,秸秆氮素在土壤中的残留率分别为40.9%和73.8%,而损失率分别为38.6%和8.1%。与TS1处理相比,TS2处理中较高的土壤微生物生物量碳和氮以及较低的矿质态秸秆氮的含量,说明连续秸秆还田在一定程度上提高了最初还田秸秆氮素在土壤中的微生物固持并降低了秸秆氮素的淋失风险,从而显著提高秸秆氮素在土壤-植物系统中的总回收率。因此,在温带农田生态系统中,长期的免耕结合秸秆覆盖还田可促进秸秆氮素的积累,这对提高和保持土壤氮素含量和稳定性具有重要的意义。     

Weed growth and crop yield responses to tillage and mulching under different crop rotation sequences in semi‐arid conditions

Conservation agriculture (CA) is thought to reduce weed pressure from the third year of adoption, when recommended practices are followed. Weed growth and crop yield were assessed during the third and fourth year of maize–cowpea–sorghum rotation, second and third year of maize–cowpea rotation and first and second year of maize monocropping on a clay loam soil at Matopos Research Station (annual rainfall, 573 mm) following recommended CA management practices. Each experiment had a split‐plot randomized complete block design with mouldboard plough (CONV), minimum tillage (MT) with ripper tine and planting basins as main‐plot factor and maize residue mulch rate (0, 2 and 4 t/ha) as a subplot factor, with threefold replication. All subplots were surface mulched and weeded by hoe at the same time. We hypothesized that under MT weed growth would be considerable with maize monocropping but from year 3 of CA, weed growth would decrease and crop yield increase relative to values from unmulched CONV. Minimum tillage increased weed growth in 2nd year of maize monocropping. Under the maize–cowpea rotation, the considerable weed growth in planting basins was likely due to the large intrarow spacing and poor light competiveness of the cowpea variety. Mulch contributed to weed growth being suppressed by up to 36% under CA in the maize–cowpea–sorghum rotation relative to unmulched CONV. When planted on the same date, crop yield did not differ between CA and unmulched CONV. Maize–cowpea–sorghum rotation grain yield (3143 kg/ha) was double that under monocropping , probably due to improvements in soil physical and chemical conditions.     

Effect of colored plastic mulch on growth,yield and nutrient status in cucumber under shade house and open field conditions

The aim of this study was to realize whether soil mulching, with different plastic mulch colors, is a suitable practice under shade house (SH) conditions for the culture of cucumber. To do so, cucumber was cultured mulched or not with black, blue, red or white-on-black plastic films under SH, and contrasted against mulched cucumber in open field (OF). Red mulch produced the highest shoot dry weight per plant and bare soil the lowest. However, it was the white mulch which produced the highest commercial yield per plant. Contrastingly, bare soil plants produced the lowest commercial yield. SH plants two folded photosynthetic rates compared to OF plants. Mulch color mainly impacted leaf phosphorus (P) and magnesium (Mg) content while the SH affected nitrogen (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg). Our results confirm that soil mulching, and shading positively impact the cucumber yield and quality but also show that soil mulching under SH enhances cucumber crop.     

微咸水膜下滴灌不同灌水下限对盐碱地土壤水盐运移及玉米产量的影响

为了研究盐碱地上微咸水膜下滴灌不同灌水下限对土壤水盐运移和玉米产量的影响,在长胜试验站开展了微咸水膜下滴灌玉米的大田试验。试验采用负压计指导灌溉,控制滴头下20cm深处的土壤基质势下限分别为-10,-20,-30,-40kPa,每个处理重复3次,按随机区组布置。结果表明:膜下滴灌湿润体形状在垂直于滴灌带的滴头所在竖直剖面上近似为半椭圆形,随着灌水下限的增大,湿润层土体含水率增大;玉米根部附近均出现盐分低值区,膜外表层均出现盐分高值区;-20kPa和-30kPa灌水下限适中,既能较充分淋洗膜内表层土壤盐分,又不会造成微咸水中的盐分滞留累积;在玉米生育期内,膜内、膜外地下100cm土体均积盐;-10kPa和-20kPa下限处理对应的湿润体垂直深度约为60cm;玉米收获后,地下100cm土体均积盐,需要进行秋浇或春汇,大量淋洗土壤盐分,保证耕地盐分不逐年累积;试验条件下,玉米产量随着灌水下限的降低而减少。     

Effects of Different Irrigation Regimes and Mulches on Yield and Macronutrition Levels of Drip-Irrigated Cucumber Under Open Field Conditions

ABSTRACT

The effectiveness of different mulch types on fruit yield, leaf-nutrient composition, and normal plant growth parameters was investigated in order to maximize water use efficiency (WUE) in cucumber grown under water stress. Treatments were (1) bare soil + water stress (WS), (2) bare soil + unstressed (control, C), (3) black polyethylene mulch + water stress (BPM + WS), (4) wheat straw mulch + water stress (WSM + WS), and (5) wheat straw mulch plus black polyethylene mulch + water stress (WSM + BPM + WS). Seasonal crop evapotranspiration was between 492 and 960 mm. Seasonal irrigation water amounts were 965 and 485 mm for the C and WS treatments, respectively. The WUE ranged from 3.40 to 5.78 kg m^?3, while irrigation water-use efficiency (IWUE) was between 3.39 and 6.08 kg m^?3. IWUE and WUE were increased under WS treatments with mulching compared with the control treatment, as mulching significantly reduced the amount of irrigation water required. Both BPM and WSM improved the fruit yield, fruit size, plant dry matter, total leaf area, and chlorophyll and nutrient concentrations in leaves under the stressed treatments, while these two mulches in combination (BPM + WSM) caused further increases in these parameters. This study confirms that limiting soil evaporation with mulches is a key action to take to save irrigation water and to improve WUE and IWUE. Because use of drip irrigation with mulching can increase WUE, this strategy might be used for vegetable production in semi-arid regions where irrigation water is limited.     

膜下滴灌制度与生物炭用量对玉米生长及水氮利用效率的影响

为探明干旱地区盐碱地膜下滴灌不同灌水下限施用生物炭对玉米产量和水肥利用效率的响应差异及相互影响关系,提出较优的灌溉制度和生物炭用量。连续2年在河套灌区盐渍化农田玉米生长阶段进行小区控制试验,设计3个灌水下限[土壤基质势为-15(W15),-25(W25),-35(W35)kPa,灌水定额为22.5 mm]和3个生物炭用量水平[0(B0),15(B15),30(B30)t/hm²],2因素完全随机试验设计,共9个处理。测定并分析玉米全生育期0—15 cm土壤理化性状、作物生长特征和水氮利用效率。结果表明：不同灌水下限施用生物炭整体提高玉米全生育期土壤含水率、有机质和碱解氮含量,同一灌溉水平下生物炭用量越高,各指标提升的幅度越大。施用生物炭提高玉米地上部干物质积累量和产量,灌溉水利用效率和氮肥偏生产力显著提高,且生物炭施用当年的效果普遍优于翌年。相较于不施用生物炭的对照,W15、W25、W35条件下,B15使玉米产量平均增加12.8%,10.3%,14.2%,灌溉水利用效率提高14.2%,10.4%,12.9%,氮肥偏生产力提升12.8%,10.4%,14.0%,其节...     

不同生育期淋洗对微咸水滴灌玉米农田水盐及产量的影响

为了明确不同淋洗时间对微咸水滴灌农田脱盐和增产的影响,在内蒙古河套灌区进步村节水综合试验站开展了微咸水滴灌试验,分别在拔节期(T1)、抽雄期(T2)、灌浆期(T3)设置1次畦灌淋洗,以及生育期无淋洗(CK)共4个处理,研究不同生育期淋洗对微咸水滴灌农田水盐及作物产量的影响。结果表明:不同生育期淋洗后0-60 cm平均土壤含水率提高了18.9%,且T1、T2和T3处理0-40 cm土壤含水率显著高于CK处理,持续时间分别为12,25,28天;生育期淋洗后土壤储水量和作物耗水量分别平均增加了20.92%和21.52%。生育期淋洗后膜内平均盐分降低了78.0%,拔节期、抽雄期、灌浆期淋洗后盐分分别下降了0.20,0.36,0.44 mS/cm。淋洗后膜内0-60 cm脱盐率平均提高55.01%,60-100 cm脱盐率平均提高125.79%,且淋洗后膜外脱盐率高于膜内,平均高38.90%。拔节期淋洗显著提高产量及其构成因子,产量提高了18.8%,穗长、穗宽和行粒数分别提高6.8%,5.5%,7.0%,收获指数提高了7.8%(P<0.05);抽雄期淋洗产量提高了8.1%(P<0.05),而灌浆期淋洗对产量无显著影响(P>0.05),故在拔节期淋洗土壤作物受盐分胁迫时间较短,增产效应最明显。     

Soil erosion on Alfisols in Western Nigeria: IV. Nutrient element losses in runoff and eroded sediments

Nutrient element losses in runoff and eroded sediments were monitored during 1972 on different slopes and under different soil and crop management treatments. The experiments were conducted on 25 × 4 m field runoff plots, established on natural slopes of 1, 5, 10 and 15%. The soil and crop management treatments consisted of bare fallow (plowed), maize-maize (plowed and mulched), maize-maize (plowed), maize-cowpeas (no-till), and cowpeas-maize (plowed).Total loss of nutrient elements in runoff and eroded soil materials was significantly affected by slope and by soil and crop management treatments. Total annual nutrient element losses in runoff were 55 kg/ha for bare-fallow, 17 kg/ha for maize-maize (plowed), 12 kg/ha for cowpeas-maize (plowed), 2.3 kg/ha for maize-maize (plowed and mulched) and 4.3 kg/ha for maize-cowpeas (no-till). The concentration of nitrate in seepage water was two or three times higher than in surface water. Nutrient losses in eroded soil materials from the mulched and no-till treatments were negligible. From the plowed treatments, greatest losses were of organic matter and total nitrogen. The enrichment ratios were 2.4 times for organic carbon, 1.6 times for N, and 5.8 times for available phosphorus.     

Effects of vegetative mulches on growth of indigenous crops in the Kingdom of Tonga

As in many areas of the developing world, intensification of agriculture in Tonga, and other Pacific Islands, has put increased pressure on the soil resource. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of mulch on the growth and yield of two important food and fibre crops. The first was conducted on sloping land to evaluate the effect of guinea grass (Megathyrsus maximus ) mulch and hedgerows on taro [Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott] yield, and in controlling soil erosion. The second compared the response of paper mulberry [Broussonetia papyrifera (L) Ventenot] to different management regimes of a grass fallow. Thick vegetative mulch increased taro corm yield by 81% and reduced soil loss by 50% compared to local farmer practice, and the soil loss from taro with mulch was comparable to the perennial cash hedgerow treatment. Mulch increased paper mulberry bark yield by 30% compared to the non‐mulch control. Comparative economic analysis showed that increased net profit in the mulched treatments compared to the non‐mulched control was T$2660/ha for taro and T$12 108/ha for paper mulberry. Considering that mulch is readily available to many farmers throughout the Pacific Islands and elsewhere in the tropics, it is recommended as a sustainable practice for crop production.     

Effect of different tillage methods on maize growth on a tropical inceptisol with impeded drainage

Two trials to compare the effect of coventional, minimum and zero tillage on maize growth on a lowland tropical clay soil with impeded drainage were carried out during the rainy season of 1980 in Trinidad. During the first trial where low levels of nitrogen (50 kg/ha) and grass mulch (2 t/ha) were used, the mean fresh weight yield of ears from conventional tillage was 5.64 t/ha. Zero and minimum tillage treatments yielded about 40% less. Conventional tillage also produced significantly taller plants and more stem and leave dry matter (P = 0.05) than the other two tillage methods. The growth and yield of maize resulting from minimum and zero tillage were not significantly different.During the second trial where rainfall was heavy and higher levels of nitrogen (85 kg/ha) and grass mulch (6 t/ha) were used, seedling emergence was reduced but yields were at least 100% higher than those from the first trial and the fresh weight yield of ears from zero tillage was only 19% less than conventional tillage. Yields from zero tillage plots which had been tilled conventionally for the previous trial were only 1% higher than yields from continuous zero tillage. This improved performance of the zero tillage treatment indicates its potential for maize production on this fine textured soil and suggests the need for further studies with accompanying economic analysis.     

Stacking集成模型模拟膜下滴灌玉米逐日蒸散量和作物系数

为准确模拟膜下滴灌玉米逐日蒸散量和作物系数,该研究以4个经典机器学习模型:随机森林(Random Forest,RF)、支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)、BP神经网络(Back Propagation Neural Network,BP)和Adaboost集成学习模型(Adaboost,ADA)为基础,基于Stacking算法建立了集成学习模型(Linear Stacking Model,LSM)对膜下滴灌玉米逐日蒸散量和作物系数进行模拟。并将LSM的模拟精度与RF、SVM、BP和ADA模型的模拟精度相比较,结果表明:1)RF、SVM、BP和ADA模型模拟膜下滴灌玉米的逐日蒸散量和作物系数时的相对均方根误差均大于0.2;2)相比RF、SVM、BP和ADA模型,LSM模型提高了玉米逐日蒸散量和作物系数模拟精度。LSM模拟的膜下滴灌玉米的作物系数相比于FAO推荐值更接近实测值;3)日序数、平均温度、株高、叶面积指数和短波辐射5个特征对玉米膜下滴灌玉米日蒸散量和作物系数影响最高,基于这5个特征建立的LSM模型模拟膜下滴灌玉米的蒸散量和作物系数的R2分别为0.9和0.89,相对均方根误差分别为0.23和0.16。因此,建议在该研究区使用日序数、平均温度、株高、叶面积指数和短波辐射5个特征参数建立LSM模型模拟膜下滴灌玉米蒸散量和作物系数。该研究可为高效节水条件下作物蒸散量和作物系数的精准模拟和合理制定灌溉制度提供参考。     

Modelling the impacts of maize decomposition on glyphosate dynamics in mulch

The retention of crop residues as mulch on the soil surface in conservation agriculture systems greatly influences the fate of pesticides, as most of the applied pesticide is intercepted by mulch before moving to the soil. This work was conducted in order to model the effect of maize decomposition on glyphosate degradation in mulch and soil. Labelled ¹⁴C‐glyphosate degradation was monitored for 49 days in three treatments with the same soils but with maize residues at different stages of decomposition (0, 20 and 49 days). Fresh residues of maize (0 days) exhibited an evolution of their biochemical fractions to a greater extent than decomposed residues. Glyphosate mineralization was faster in the 0‐day treatment in mulch residues and in the soil layer below the mulch. However, a greater formation of non‐extractable residues (NERs) was observed in mulch residues and soils in the 20‐ and 49‐day treatments than in the 0‐day treatment. Modelling maize mulch decomposition with the COP‐soil model indicated that microbial activity was different in the three treatments and depended on the initial composition of maize residues. Glyphosate mineralization in mulch and soil can be simulated with an assumption of co‐metabolism by coupling the modules of pesticide degradation and mulch carbon decomposition. Glyphosate and its metabolites, including soluble and adsorbed fractions, were simulated with the same adsorption coefficients for all treatments. The simulation of NER formation, however, suggested that more than one microbial population may be involved in the degradation process and could be added in the future development of the model.     

Management influence on maize–wheat system performance,water productivity and soil biology

Cereal cropping productivity in the Indo‐Gangetic Plain (IGP) of India is declining, which may be overcome by diversification, alternate crop establishment methods and mulching. This study was conducted to determine whether no‐till flat (NTF), permanent raised beds (PRB) and nontraditional ex situ mulching would improve crop and water productivity, economic profitability and soil biological properties in an irrigated maize (Zea mays)–wheat (Triticum aestivum) system (MWS). NTF systems produced 10% higher economic net returns compared with PRBs. Non‐traditional mulching (Sesbania, Jatropha and Brassica) increased yields by >10% and net returns by >12% compared with no‐mulch. The water saving in PRBs compared with NTF systems was 79, 94 and 173 mm/ha in maize, wheat and MWS, respectively. PRBs saved 29.2% of irrigation water and improved the MWS irrigation water productivity (WP_I) by 24.5% over NTF. On average, mulching saved 23.8 mm/ha irrigation water over no‐mulch and improved WP_I by 12.0%. PRBs with ex situ mulching produced wheat and maize equivalent system yields lower than NTF but improved WP_I and soil biological properties. Jatropha and Sesbania mulching improved yield, water saving, WP_I and system profitability. In limited irrigation and no crop residue availability conditions, Sesbania, Jatropha and Brassica vegetation material have potential applications for ex situ mulching under PRBs for water saving and NTF for productivity.     

华北平原冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系对氮素环境承受力分析

通过田间试验研究了华北地区冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系对氮素的环境承受力。结果表明,冬小麦和夏玉米达到最高产量时的施氮量分别是112和180.kg/hm2。氮肥利用率和农学利用率随施氮量的增加而降低,生理利用率表现出抛物线的趋势。在农户习惯施氮条件下,冬小麦和夏玉米的氮肥利用率分别是10%和6%,每千克氮肥分别增产2和3千克。灌水和集中降雨是引起土壤硝态氮明显下移的主要因素。氮素平衡计算的结果表明,低施氮量时,氮素盈余以残留Nmin为主,高量施氮则以表观损失为主。将收获后090.cm土壤中的硝态氮的量控制到150kg/hm2,可以在兼顾环境的前提下获得较高的产量;此时冬小麦季的施氮量是122.kg/hm2,产量(干物重)达到最高产量4331.kg/hm2;夏玉米季的施氮量是145.kg/hm2,产量(干物重)是7965.kg/hm2,达到最高产量的97%。     

Soil erosion on alfisols in Western Nigeria: I. Effects of slope,crop rotation and residue management

The effect of slope, crop rotation and residue management on runoff and soil loss was investigated using field runoff plots of 25 m × 4 m on natural slopes of 1, 5, 10 and 15% on an Alfisol on the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) research site near Ibadan, Nigeria. The soil and crop management treatments consisted of conventionnally plowed bare fallow, maize-maize (conventionally plowed and mulched), maize-maize (conventionally plowed), maize-cowpeas (zero-tillage), and cowpeas-maize (conventionally plowed). The effect of two contour lengths of 12.5 and 37.5 m was also investigated for the maize-cowpeas rotation.Soil erosion under slopes of 5, 10 and 15% is severe for these soils and if not controlled can limit crop growth.Mulching and no-till treatments had negligible runoff and soil loss. During 1973 the annual runoff losses from the 15% slope were 36, 2 and 2% of the total annual rainfall for the bare-fallow, mulched and no-till treatments, respectively. Annual soil losses during 1973 from the 15% slope were 230 t/ha from bare-fallow, 0.0 t/ha from maize-maize (mulched), 41 t/ha from maize-maize (conventional plowing), 0.1 t/ha from maize-cowpeas (no-till) and 43 t/ha from cowpeas-maize (plowed). Significant soil erosion was associated with only a few extremely intense storms. The soil loss during a single rainstorm increased exponentially with an increase in slope gradient. There was no definite relationship between contour length and runoff or soil loss.