海南岛近岸海域COD时空变化及其富营养化贡献

【目的】研究海南岛近岸海域表层海水化学需氧量(COD)的时空分布特征,评价COD污染水平,研究区域COD浓度与多种环境因子之间的关系。【方法】根据2016年枯水季、丰水季和平水季海南岛近岸海域表层海水现场调查资料,进行单因子指数法和综合指数法分析。【结果】海南省近岸海域表层海水COD的平均质量浓度为(0.75±0.43) mg/L,浓度范围为0.14～2.74 mg/L;COD浓度高值区主要分布在龙尾河口临近小海海域,枯水季研究海域表层海水COD污染水平高于丰水季节;COD对富营养化的贡献范围为38.2%～69.7%,平均贡献率为(51.0±5.1)%,贡献率随着富营养化指数的增加而减小;3个季节COD与盐度均存在显著负相关(P<0.01)。【结论】COD时空分布主要受陆源输入和水动力过程的影响。COD是影响海南岛近岸海域富营养化的重要因子但非决定性因子。随着富营养化程度增加,来自营养盐对富营养化贡献更为显著。     

Characteristics of nutrients in the Jiulong River and its impact on Xiamen Water, China

Water samples were collected at 20 sites on 4 occasions in 2009(twice in May,and once in both August and November) along the Jiulong River,South China to examine how nutrient inputs from the Jiulong River could affect the nutrient status of the Xiamen Water.Samples were analyzed for nitrite(NO2-N),nitrate(NO3-N),ammonium(NH4-N),phosphate(PO4-P),silicate(SiO3-Si),salinity,and temperature,to determine the nutrient and trophic status of the river.The results indicate that nutrients are derived mainly from river runoff.NO3-N was the main form of DIN in most parts of the river.In addition,NO3-N,DIN,and SiO3-Si behave conservatively.There is a surplus of DIN and SiO3-Si in the river,and PO4-P is a limitation on phytoplankton growth.The concentration of DIN is typically above 0.60 mg/dm3,and higher than 1.00 mg/dm3in most parts of the river.The concentration of PO4-P is typically above 0.02 mg/dm3,while the concentration of SiO3-Si is higher than 1.00 mg/dm3.Between 2003 and 2008,samples were collected 3 times per year(May,August and November) at 27 sites in the Xiamen Water and analyzed for NO2-N,NO3-N,NH4-N,PO4-P,salinity,and temperature.We discovered that the Jiulong River was the key source of DIN into the Xiamen Water,but not PO4-P,indicating the reason of the N/P molar ratio imbalance in the Xiamen Water.In the future,the effects of high DIN concentrations on the phytoplankton communities and marine ecosystems of the Xiamen Water shall be studied.     

北海市工业园西排污口及邻近海域水环境分析

本文根据2008年4、6、8、10月北海市工业园西排污口及邻近海域水环境质量的监测资料,采用单因子评价法对该排污口及邻近海域水环境质量进行了综合评价与分析,结果表明:排污口水质中COD在4、6、8、10月4个航次的监测中都超标,BOD5和磷酸盐在其中3个航次均超标;排污口邻近海域主要污染因子是石油类、磷酸盐、无机氮,相...     

A STUDY ON THE RELATIONSHIPS OF THE NUTRIENTS NEAR THE CHANGJIANG RIVER ESTUARY WITH THE FLOW OF THE CHANGJIANG RIVER WATER

Investigations from August, 1985 to July , 1986 showed that the high concentration area of PO4-P , SiO3-Si and NO3-N gradually reduced with the reduction of the area of the Changjiang River diluted water from summer, autumn to winter , and that the seasonal distributions and variations of the nutrients concentrations were mainly controlled by the river flow and were also related to the growth and decline of phytoplankton . The conservation of SiO3-Si and NO3-N in the estuary in the flood season was poorer than that in the dry season .. The behaviour of PO4-P in the estuary shows that aside from -biological removal, buffering of PCU-P is possible in the estuary . The highest monthly average concentrations and annual average concentrations in the river mouth were respectively 0.88 and 0.57 umol/L for PO4-P,191.5 and 96.2 umol/L for SiO3-Si, and 81.6 and 58.6 umol/L for NOs-N . The Changjiang's annual transports of PO4-P , SiO3-Si and NO3-N to the sea were about 1.4×104tons , 204.4×104 tons and 63.6×104     

红海湾养殖区底质水中氮、磷的分布特征

着重研究了红海湾养殖区底质水中 NO-3 -N、NO-2 -N、NH 4-N、PO3 -4 -P、有机质及 c( NO-3 -N) /c P 和 ∑c N/c P( ∑c N=c( NO-2 ) c( NO-3 ) c( NH 4) )比值的分布特征 ,并对该湾低质水中氮、磷及有机质的季节变化及其它们之间的相互关系作了讨论 ,结果表明 :在春、夏、冬三个季节中 ,NH 4-N的浓度比NO-2 -N及 NO-3 -N高 ,春季 NH 4-N的平均浓度为 92 .60 μm ol/L,占总无机氮 80 .57% ;夏季浓度为4 7.0 4μmol/L ,占总无机氮 61 .64 % ;冬季 NH 4-N的浓度最低 ,为 9.60μmol/L ,占总无机氮 4 5.76% ;而夏季 PO3 -4 -P浓度及有机质的含量比春、冬季高 ,分别为 53 .68μm ol/L和 1 .3 62 %。分析指出该湾底质水中无机氮是以 NH 4-N为主要存在形态。     

2010-2017年嵊泗马鞍列岛保护区海域水质调查与评价

【目的】分析评价2010-2017年嵊泗马鞍列岛保护区海域的水质状况。【方法】采用水质有机污染指数(A)法进行水质有机污染评价,采用富营养化指数(E)法和营养状态质量指数(INQ)法进行水质富营养化评价。【结果】该保护区海域水质化学需氧量(COD)和溶解氧(DO)符合第一类海水水质标准,无机磷(DIP)含量有3个年份符合第一类海水水质标准,其余年份超过第一类但符合第二类海水水质标准,无机氮(DIN)质量浓度超标严重,2015年达到0.674 mg/L;叶绿素a(Chl-a)本底含量较高,适宜条件下使得浮游植物大量繁殖,Chl-a含量急剧上升,并容易诱发赤潮;有机污染指数评价显示,2012-2015年水质有机污染状况达到中度污染以上,并且有3年达到严重污染级别,最大A值为2014年和2015年的4.10,2016年污染最轻,为开始受到污染级别;富营养化指数和营养状态质量指数评价显示,最大E值和INQ值分别为2012年的4.29和2010年的8.59,DIN含量高是富营养化的主要贡献因子。【结论】该保护区海域水质主要污染因子为DIN,水质有机污染状况呈现年度波动状态,水质富营养化较严重。     

Nutrient and eutrophication characteristics of the Dongshan Bay,South China

We recorded NO 3-N, NO 2-N, NH 4-N, PO 4-P, SiO 3-Si, salinity, and temperature data at 10 stations in the Dongshan Bay in May, June, July, August, October, and November 2008, analyzing nutrient and eutrophication characteristics. The mean concentration of dissolved inorganic nitrogen(DIN) was 0.30–0.40 mg/dm 3; generally, NO 3-N was the main form in most areas. The mean concentrations of PO 4-P and SiO 3-Si were 0.040–0.060 mg/dm 3 and 1.00–1.50 mg/dm 3, respectively. We proved that the majority of the SiO 3-Si in the Dongshan Bay came from the Zhangjiang River, with some coming from the Bachimen Strait. DIN originated from both the Zhangjiang River and the Bachimen Strait. Most PO 4-P originated from the Bachimen Strait, and some came from the Zhangjiang River. We found that P was an overall limiting factor to the phytoplankton community in most of the Dongshan Bay, and that Si and N were in surplus. However, near the Bachimen Strait Si became a limiting factor, especially for diatoms, while P and N were in comparative surplus. We used a potential eutrophication assessment method to analyze eutrophication, and showed that the most serious eutrophication occurred near the Zhangjiang River estuary and near the Bachimen Strait. In 2008, DIN levels were four times higher than that in 1988; PO 4-P levels were threefold higher, while SiO 3-Si was approximately double. Dissolved nutrients increased between 1988 and 2008. DIN increased at the greatest rate comparing to PO 4-P and SiO 3-Si, thus the N/P and N/Si mol ratios increased. Further studies on the effects of high DIN concentrations on the phytoplankton communities and marine ecosystems of the Dongshan Bay are needed.     

长岛北四岛海洋牧场海域环境适宜性分析

对长岛北四岛海洋牧场海域101个表层沉积物和102个表层海水样进行取样调查,开展表层沉积物类型、粒度、表层沉积物和海水重金属等指标分析测试,采用单因子污染指数法、富集系数法和潜在生态危害指数法评价该区表层沉积物潜在生态风险,采用海水水质分类和单因子污染指数法评价表层海水污染情况。表层沉积物结果表明：沉积物为泥质砂质砾、砾质泥质砂、砾质泥、含砾泥质砂、砂、粉砂质砂和砂质粉砂,平均粒径介于2.44~5.44Ф;Hg、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、As、Cr、硫化物和石油类都符合第一类标准,属于清洁沉积物;Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Hg和As富集系数均＜1,处于低度污染水平;Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Hg和As单项潜在生态危害系数Eir介于0.56~30.71之间,RI均值为66.27,远低于低度生态危害的划分标准值。表层海水结果表明：21个站位受到Hg污染,略高于第一类标准,满足第二类标准,主要位于研究区西北部、西中部和东北部海域,其余指标均符合规定第一类标准;Hg、Cu和Zn含量处于较清洁环境范围内,As、COD、石油类、Pb、Cr和Cd含量处于自然本底环境。根据海底沉积物和海水分析结果得出,长岛北四岛海域海洋牧场规划区底质和水质环境适宜建设海洋牧场。     

湖光岩玛珥湖叶绿素a与水质因子的相关分析及富营养化评价

2013年1~12月对湖光岩玛珥湖水体的叶绿素a和水质因子进行周年的逐月监测,探讨叶绿素a与水质因子的相关关系,并应用修正的卡尔森营养状态指数(TSI)对该湖泊的营养状态进行分析评价。结果表明,湖光岩玛珥湖水体叶绿素a含量的变化范围为1.08~4.22μg·L-1。氮磷比年均值为20.9,磷为营养限制因子,氮、磷共同限制浮游植物的生长。影响叶绿素a含量的主动因子与叶绿素a之间的Pearson相关系数大小关系为:r(NH4+-N)r(DO)r(NO2--N)r(TP)r(TN)r(NO3--N),其中NH4+-N与叶绿素a含量呈极显著正相关,r(NH4+-N)=0.907,NH4+-N为调控该湖泊浮游植物生长最关键的水质因子。水体TSI值的全年变化范围为34.6~48.0,其中1、2、3月的TSI37,属贫营养型;而其他月份为38TSI53,属中营养型;从全年分布来看,湖光岩玛珥湖属贫-中营养型。     

台风对工厂化虾池生态系统中COD的影响

根据2003年7月台风发生期间工厂化虾池生态系中的实测数据,重点分析了不同养成密度虾池生态系中COD的变化状况及其影响因素。结果表明:台风气候对虾池生态系中COD的影响较大,台风发生时COD含量相对较高,台风前后相对较低;台风气候对COD周日变化的影响以养成密度大的养殖池较为显著,养成密度小的养殖池则影响较小;COD与环境因子之间的相关性差异也较大,台风前,养成密度大的养殖池与NO2-呈显著正相关(r=0.668),与T和Chl.a呈负相关关系(r=-0.608或r=-0.633);台风后与PO4-P、NH4+和Chl.a之间则表现的显著正相关(r=0.907、0.832、0.846)。而养成密度低的养殖池,台风前COD与pH呈显著负相关(r=-0.732),台风后与PO4-P和NO2-分别呈显著正相关(r=0.720)和良好正相关(r=0.591)。但在台风发生时,二池均无此类相关性出现。     

红藻石和蓝藻石概念及分类归属的综述和修订

在分析和总结前人对红藻石和蓝藻石研究成果基础上,结合岩石薄片显微镜下观察实例,发现在以往碳酸盐岩颗粒分类中没有红藻石和蓝藻石的合适位置.鉴于红藻石重要的成因意义和造礁作用,有必要明确红藻石的概念和归属.珊瑚藻本身极易钙化,经生物矿化作用最终保存下来的珊瑚藻屑一直放在生物碎屑中,而红藻石是由非固着的珊瑚藻构成的钙质独立结...     

动力及环境集中监控系统应用中问题的分析及建议

介绍了通讯专网机房集中监控系统的整体情况,组网方式,重点讨论了动力及环境集中监控系统在使用过程中存在的一些问题,提出了改进建议,最后对监控系统的管理问题提出了看法.     

《激光原理与激光技术》课程建设与教学改革的实践探索

根据在激光原理与激光技术课程建设和教学改革实践中的体会,从课程建设和教改的必要性、课程内容体系改革、教学手段和方法改革、课堂教学模式的探索和实践、大力培养学生科研意识和创新精神、完善课程考核模式等方面作了详细分析和阐述.     

对信息化测绘及其体系的认识与理解

依托信息化测绘及其体系建设的重要意义和战略前景,本文在对测绘体系发展的不同阶段进行比较分析的基础上,研究了信息化测绘及其体系的定位,并结合其发展趋势探讨了对信息化测绘及其体系的认识与理解。     

西施舌人工育苗及幼虫、稚贝生长研究

对西施舌 (Coelomactraantiquata)室内人工育苗进行了研究。结果表明 ,西施舌在广东的繁殖高峰期为 5～ 6月 ,用阴干加流水刺激的方法诱导亲贝排放精卵 ,其受精率和孵化率可达 98%左右。 1997年和 1999年两次育苗试验结果 :在盐度为 2 6 .0 0～ 32 .0 0、水温为 2 3～ 2 6℃条件下 ,幼虫在培育密度为 1～ 2mL- 1时生长较好 ,经 9～ 10d培育 ,可进入附着变态期 ,其壳长生长速度为14 .1μm·d- 1。稚贝阶段在日流水量为育苗水体的 1.5～ 2 .0倍时取得较好效果 ,其壳长生长速度为 112 .4 μm·d- 1。     

航空无方向性信标(NDB)天线与地网的设计原理及计算方法

在简单分析“T”形天线和地波传输特点的基础上,以行业标准中对NDB覆盖半径和覆盖区中最小场强为切入点,运用电磁波传输和天线与地网的工程公式,探索了NDB天线和地网的设计原理和计算方法.据此建立相应的数学模型.     

Composition and Distributions of Nitrogen and Phosphorus and Assessment of Eutrophication Status in the Maowei Sea

Maowei Sea(MWS) is the largest oyster maricuture bay in Southwest China. Surface water from 12 sampling sites were collected during the dry season to study the composition and distribution of different forms of nitrogen(N) and phosphorus(P) beginning from the inner bay to the bay mouth in the MWS. An improved multi-parameter eutrophication index was developed and applied for the evaluation of the water quality in the MWS. Dissolved inorganic nitrogen(DIN), dissolved organic nitrogen(DON), and particulate nitrogen(PN) averagely accounted for 11.28%, 65.32%, and 23.39% of total N(TN) pool, dissolved inorganic phosphorus(DIP), dissolved organic phosphorus(DOP), and particulate phosphorus(PP) averagely accounted for 54.58%, 30.31%, and 15.12% of total P(TP) pool, respectively. DON and DIP were respectively the dominant forms of N and P in surface water of the MWS, during the study period. Concentration trends of DIN, DIP, DOP, PN, dissolved silicate(DSi), total organic carbon(TOC), chemical oxygen demand(COD) decreased from the inner bay to the bay mouth, suggesting that the MWS may be largely influenced by land-based inputs. Based on nutrient contents and stoichiometry, it likely that phytoplankton growth in the MWS is strongly limited by DIP during the dry season. Results from the improved eutrophication index revealed that the water quality in the MWS is in a state of moderate to poor eutrophication(average EI = 0.953). The eutrophication state decreased from the inner bay to the bay mouth. Nitrate(NO3-N), DON, DIP, DOP, and DSi showed significant positive correlations with eutrophication index(r2 = 0.52 – 0.78, P < 0.05), implying that these nutrients are among the significant factors, which could be used in evaluating the eutrophication status of the MWS.     

针铁矿和蒙脱石对菲的吸附解吸行为与热力学研究

采用批量振荡吸附平衡法设计针铁矿和蒙脱石对菲的吸附解吸试验,对比研究了针铁矿和蒙脱石对菲的吸附解吸行为,并考察了不同K+浓度的溶液对蒙脱石吸附菲的影响,比较分析了线性吸附模型和Freundlich吸附模型描述矿物吸附等温线的准确性,并从吸附热力学角度探讨了矿物的吸附机理。结果表明:针铁矿和蒙脱石对菲的吸附解吸均表现出明显的非线性和解吸滞后现象;相对于线性吸附模型来说,针铁矿和蒙脱石对菲的吸附解吸更符合Freundlich吸附模型;与蒙脱石相比,针铁矿对菲的吸附更为显著,且具有更好的稳定性;溶液中软阳离子K+的存在使蒙脱石对菲的吸附能力得到显著提高;菲在蒙脱石和针铁矿上的吸附过程是一个自发放热,同时伴随着熵值减小的过程;随着温度的升高,蒙脱石和针铁矿对菲的吸附能力均减弱。     

致密页岩油气赋存运移机理及应用模型

致密页岩油气已经成为当前非常规油气资源勘探与开发的核心领域,致密页岩油气的赋存运移机理研究对于这项资源的勘探、资源评估、开发方式等方面都具有重要意义。近些年随着北美页岩气革命的兴起,国内外开展了大量研究工作,主要的研究进展包括:致密储层微观孔隙结构的观察与描述,表明致密储层中的微纳米孔隙大量发育,对油气的赋存与运移有重要影响;页岩气在低渗储层中的流动运移机理,其中以渗流-扩散-解吸附为框架的模型已经被广泛接受和应用;单井产量与可采资源量预测,以L型衰减曲线为代表的单井产量模型和EUR预测模型在生产中已经大量采用。然而当前的研究还存在许多不尽完善之处,例如:微观孔隙结构的表征尚未能为宏观分析提供很好的量化参数;现有的页岩气流动运移理论不适用于页岩油;非常规资源评估方法经验性太强等。      

Synthesis and Characterization of a Hydroxyethyl Derivative of Chitosan and Evaluation of Its Biosafety

Hydroxyethyl chitosan(HE-chitosan) is a water-soluble derivative of chitosan with many apparent biological properties. For example, it is non-toxic and rapidly biodegradable. Moreover, HE-chitosan has advantages in water-solubility, moisture retention and gelling property due to its hydroxyethyl group. However, the biocompatibility and biodegradability of this multifunctional derivative have rarely been documented although they are critical for its application in biomedical and clinical treatments. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the biosafety of HE-chitosan, and draw important clues for its diverse applications. HE-chitosan was synthesized and characterized its chemical structure with FTIR. Its molecular weight(MW) was determined by gel permeation chromatography(GPC), and its deacetylation degree(DD) was investigated through potentiometric analysis. The cytotoxicity of HE-chitosan on mouse fibroblast cell L929 was tested. The biocompatibility and biodegradability of HE-chitosan in rat and rabbit were evaluated. The FTIR results indicated that the hydroxyethyl groups were linked to C6 of chitosan. The GPC analysis confirmed that its Mw was about 90.01 k Da. It was also demonstrated that HE-chitosan had excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability in vivo and had no cytotoxicity on L929. These findings indicated that HE-chitosan can potentially be applied as a biomaterial in tissue engineering, drug delivery, and other biomedical fields.