探测器分块排列的CT系统及其图像重建

为解决CT系统中扫描视野受限及低剂量成像问题,提出一种探测器分块排列的CT系统及其稀疏角度CT图像迭代重建方法。探测器分块排列可扩大CT图像物体扫描视野,稀疏角度采集投影数据能有效降低辐射剂量,同时采用ART-TV迭代算法重建CT图像。仿真实验表明:该方法可有效扩大CT系统扫描视野,在稀疏角度获取投影数据采集方式下,利用ART-TV迭代重建算法可重建优质CT图像,实现降低辐射剂量的目的。     

基于半扇束扫描的CT图像迭代重建算法

为解决探测器尺寸受限导致的CT图像重建区域面积受限以及X射线辐射剂量较大问题,提出一种半扇束扫描模式下的CT图像迭代重建算法。该算法将探测器水平偏置,稀疏角度下采集物体投影数据,利用ART-TV迭代算法对投影数据进行重建,达到预设迭代次数后,输出重建图像。实验结果表明:半扫描可扩大重建面积,降低探测器成本;利用迭代重建算法,降低剂量的同时重建优质CT图像。     

基于闪烁凝胶的放疗二维剂量验证系统研制及可行性研究

为实现放疗二维剂量验证结果的实时、高分辨获取,基于灌装好的组织等效闪烁凝胶材料和相机等光学元器件搭建了剂量测量系统,并对该系统在IMRT质控剂量验证中的可行性进行实验验证。采用TPS剂量值对放疗均匀射束闪烁凝胶发光图像的像素灰度值进行标定。构建便于分区域对比分析的放疗计划,利用标定系数将凝胶闪烁光分布转换为剂量的二维分布。利用平板电离室对放疗计划进行测量,将凝胶系统与平板电离室的测量结果进行对比。结果显示,凝胶系统的测量分辨率远高于平板电离室;在有效成像区域内,凝胶系统的测量结果与平板电离室测量结果相对误差小于5%。这充分说明基于闪烁凝胶的放疗二维剂量验证系统在IMRT质控剂量验证中具有较高的可行性,尤其是对高剂量梯度放疗计划的实时、高分辨验证,后续深入开发可用于临床剂量验证。     

凸度仪钢板厚度分布重建算法研究

X射线热轧钢板凸度仪利用双X射线源、双排电离室阵列探测器获取钢板横截面厚度分布的两组投影数据。本文利用双X射线源与双排阵列探测器的几何布局，以及对钢板横断面厚度分布连续性的先验条件，使用钢板横断面厚度分布的两组投影数据，在钢板横断面两边缘位置确定后，完成对钢板横断面厚度分布的重建。该重建算法目前已在实际的凸度仪系统样机中使用。     

闪烁薄膜探测器X/γ射线能量响应研究

为准确评估闪烁薄膜探测器(OSFD)在脉冲裂变中子参数测量中γ射线对测量结果的影响,利用Geant4程序对闪烁薄膜探测器的X（或γ）射线响应进行模拟,结合半经验电子发光效率曲线,获得探测器能量响应理论曲线,利用662 keV和1.25 MeV的单能γ射线源,以及窄谱剂量标准的48~208 keV准单能X射线能点对探测器响应进行刻度。本研究结果为闪烁薄膜探测器结构的改进,以及探测器在宽能谱脉冲X射线场测量中的应用提供了重要依据。     

高能X射线实时成像技术及固体线性阵列探测器研究

该项目主要研究高阻和低阻硅光二极管阵列探测器的设计及制备工艺,闪烁晶体阵列及隔离层、光反射层的加工装配,两种阵列之间的耦合,线性阵列探测器封装技术,线性阵列探测器性能测试,阵列探测器信号处理及线性扫描二维像的数据获取和图像处理技术,空间分辨和密度分辨率的影响因素等,从而掌握固体线性阵列探测器这一中、高能X射线实时成像和CT成像的核心技术,研制成功固体线性阵列探测器成像单元,掌握线性扫描二维成像技术。     

利用示踪252Cf中子源的材料鉴别技术

本文叙述了利用²⁵²Cf裂变中子源结合飞行时间技术对包裹进行无损检测的可行性研究,通过联合测量中子和伽玛射线的吸收谱确定样品的平均原子序数,完成被测材料的鉴定。实验采用自发裂变的²⁵²Cf中子源作为白中子源和伽马射线源,用塑料闪烁探测器探测中子和伽马射线。通过LabVIEW程序控制步进电机运动并整合获取的实验数据,实现了待测样品断层扫描数据采集工作的自动化。在对闪烁探测器进行能量和时间刻度后,对几种典型材料组成的样品进行实验分析,采集数据重建其分布图像,确认了用这项技术对材料无损检测的可行性。     

塑料闪烁光纤阵列探测器的结构设计

具有多层阵列结构的塑料闪烁光纤探测器可实现土壤中⁹⁰Sr含量的直接、快速测量，闪烁光纤阵列结构和信号处理方式是提高⁹⁰Sr含量测量精度和抗γ射线干扰能力的关键参数。本文利用蒙特卡罗方法对探测器建模和计算，优化了探测器的结构。推荐的闪烁光纤阵列探测器为5层结构，第4层为厚度不小于6 mm的聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯（PMMA）吸收层，其他层为厚度1 mm的双涂层方形塑料闪烁光纤阵列。第1~3层信号符合后输出，可提高探测器对γ射线的甄别能力。     

BH3105E型中子剂量当量仪研制

研制成功BH3105E型中子剂量当量仪.仪器采用镉吸收棒法实现热中子至14 MeV区间等剂量当量测量;选用6Li玻璃闪烁体作为中子探测器;探头输出信号送至硬件电路进行处理.信号经主放大器、脉冲幅度甄别器、整形器由处理器进行计数采集.仪器系统软件设计实现了测量数据存储,采用串口协议与单片机进行通讯.     

α放射性表面污染位置灵敏探测器模拟设计

为解决计数型表面污染仪无法给出污染分布的问题,设计了基于闪烁体和硅光电倍增管的α位置灵敏探测器。利用GEANT4模拟了α粒子在探测器中输运与发光全过程,并根据光子的分布重建α粒子的位置。模拟结果表明,采用0.1 mm厚的GAGG闪烁体与1 mm有机玻璃光导耦合的探测器,模拟结果的最高分辨率可达0.1 mm;使用GAGG闪烁体搭建的α位置灵敏探测器分辨率可达0.8 mm,ZnS闪烁体分辨率可达0.4 mm;设计的α位置灵敏探测器具有较高的位置分辨性能,可满足表面污染分布测量的需求。     

Design and development of five-channel interference filter polychromator for SST-1 Thomson scattering system

Five-channel interference filter polychromator is designed and fabricated for measuring electron temperature and density from Thomson scattered spectrum of SST-1 tokamak plasma. The instrument is designed for measuring electron temperature in the range of 20 eV-3 keV and electron density of 10¹⁸-10¹⁹ m⁻³. Optical ray tracing software, Zemax is used for simulating and optimizing the optical design. Each polychromator is a stand-alone unit with field programmable gate array (FPGA) based controller unit for easy operation, monitoring of the temperature variation of the instrument and communicating to a central personal computer (PC). The control unit also protects the avalanche photo diode (APD) detectors from damage due to high current flow, sets the slow channel gain and switches on the biasing power supply. Characteristics of the present polychromator design are relatively high signal throughput and variable bandwidth selection of filters combined with a stable, low cost and relatively simple configuration. Filter selection, arrangement order of filters, statistical error analysis, mechanical and optical design and estimation of electron temperature and density are discussed in this article. The fabricated filter polychromator is tested for its image quality, optical alignment, and integrated performance.     

A new digital Gaussian pulse shaping algorithm based on bilinear transformation

Nuclear pulse signal needs to be transformed to a suitable pulse shape to remove noise and improve energy resolution of a nuclear spectrometry system. In this paper, a new digital Gaussian shaping method is proposed.According to Sallen-Key analog Gaussian shaping filter circuits, the system function of Sallen-Key analog Gaussian shaping filter is deduced on the basis of Kirchhoff laws. The system function of the digital Gaussian shaping filter based on bilinear transformation is deduced too. The expression of unit impulse response of the digital Gaussian shaping filter is obtained by inverse z-transform. The response of digital Gaussian shaping filter is deduced from convolution sum of the unit impulse response and the digital nuclear pulse signal. The simulation and experimental results show that the digital nuclear pulse has been transformed to a pulse with a pseudo-Gaussian, which confirms the feasibility of the new digital Gaussian pulse shaping algorithm based on bilinear transformation.     

剂量仪中数字滤波器设计

单探测器宽量程剂量仪测量范围能超过8个数量级,远大于常规脉冲计数法的剂量仪。在单探测器宽量程剂量仪中,平均等待时间的计算误差直接关系到最终辐射强度或剂量率的计算精度。平均时间求取的实质是采用低通滤波器处理等待时间。信号处理领域中成熟的数字滤波器设计的基础是信号频谱分析,没有考虑核探测中的随机因素,由其设计的滤波器不能同时提高响应速度与测量精度这两个指标。针对单探测器宽量程剂量仪测量等待时间与数字滤波器设计方法的特点,本文提出了基于多目标粒子群优化的滤波器设计方法。理论分析与实验结果均表明：与传统方法所设计的滤波器相比,本文方法所设计的滤波器在相同测量精度条件下具有最快的响应速度;在相同响应速度条件下,具有最高的测量精度。本方法适用于设计宽量程剂量仪或其他类型辐射测量装置的数字滤波器。     

X射线CT成像条状伪影校正

X射线CT成像过程中,由光子饥饿引起的CT图像中的条状伪影退化了CT图像的质量,增大了CT图像的数值统计误差,进而影响到材料探测结果。本文提出了一种基于自适应中值滤波的条状伪影校正方法,该方法依据投影数据的幅值自适应地设定滤波的窗口尺寸。针对多个相邻探元处于光子饥饿状态的情况,设定了阈值,判断中值滤波后的投影信号幅值是否处于阈值之下,否则继续扩大滤波窗口,直至满足阈值判断准则。本文通过实验验证了方法的有效性,该方法简单易行,适于实际工程应用。     

逆滤波器法在能谱测量中的应用

由于传统测量能谱的方法是采用单道、多道的方法,其有一定的分辨时间,并且无法克服相近脉冲的叠加效应,提出了采用逆滤波器法测量能谱的方法。该方法将探测器系统看作具有某一传递函数的线性系统,对探测器系统的输出进行采样,构造系统的离散逆系统,使采样信号通过逆系统,即可取得原始入射粒子的能量与入射时间。仿真结果表明,采用该方法不仅能准确测量原始入射射线的能量,并能测出其入射时间,克服了传统单道、多道进行能谱测量的一些缺点。     

Comparison among Methods for Evaluating Dose Equivalent in Pulsed and Mixed Radiation Field

In order to ascertain the accuracy and applicability of the method which was developed in the previous paper for evaluating the dose equivalent in a single-burst and mixed radiation field, a comparison with two other ones has been carried out. One is based on the measurement of the neutron energy spectrum with TOF system and the separate measurement of the absorbed doses with twin chambers. In the other, a tissue-equivalent proportional counter is used for measuring the LET distribution of the absorbed dose. The average quality factor has been evaluated in a pulsed and mixed field generated by an electron linear accelerator. A good agreement has been found among these methods.

A problem about the experimental determination of the dose equivalent index has also been discussed. It was pointed out that the average quality factor as a function of the depth in tissue could be regarded as characteristic of the mixed radiation field.     

应用小波新阈值函数对低放射性活性炭测氡γ能谱的消噪

提出了一种用于低放射性活性炭测氡的γ能谱消噪的小波阈值函数。在Matlab平台上,通过对野外实测γ能谱的消噪处理,对比分析了多点均滑消噪、傅里叶变换消噪、小波软阈值消噪及新阈值函数消噪的优缺点。结果表明:应用阈值函数对低放射性γ能谱的消噪,在反映γ能谱特征的峰本比、峰高、峰面积及本底值参数方面的效果优于传统的方法,且保留了原始信号的细节特征,具有较高的实用价值。     

Derivative-Hilbert-Backprojection based image reconstruction from truncated projections in helical cone-beam CT

In helical cone-beam computed tomography(CT), Feldkamp-Davis-Kress(FDK) based image reconstruction algorithms are by far the most popular. However, artifacts are commonly met in the presence of lateral projection truncation. The reason is that the ramp filter is global. To restrain the truncation artifacts, an approximate reconstruction formula is proposed based on the Derivative-Hilbert-Backprojection(DHB) framework. In the method, the first order derivative filter is followed by the Hilbert transform. Since the filtered projection values are almost zero by the first order derivative filter, the following Hilbert transform has little influence on the projection values, even though the projections are laterally truncated. The proposed method has two main advantages. First, it has comparable computational efficiency and image quality as well as the conventional helical FDK algorithm for non-truncated projections. The second advantage is that images can be reconstructed with acceptable quality and much lower computational cost in comparison to the Laplace operator based algorithm in cases with truncated projections. To point out the advantages of our method, simulations on the computer and real data experiments on our laboratory industrial cone-beam CT are conducted. The simulated and experimental results demonstrate that the method is feasible for image reconstruction in the case of projection truncation.