胰腺囊实性肿瘤伴局部淋巴结转移1例

患者女性,14岁。偶发性上腹绞痛半年,近20天加重。B超检查示胰头及体部显示尚清,胰尾部扫及8.5cm×6.7cm×7.5cm囊实性团块,内见片状强回声,底部显示液性无回声暗区。临床诊断:胰腺肿瘤,性质待定。术中见肿瘤位于胰尾部,约12cm×12cm×10cm大小,周围水肿明显,侵及胃后壁、胃结肠韧带,包膜完整,边界清,肿物与脾静脉明显粘连,行胰腺肿物及胰腺体尾部及脾切除术。     

胰腺内副脾巨大表皮样囊肿1例

患者女性 ,36岁。发现左上腹肿物 3天。入院查体 :右侧卧位于左上腹触及一约 8cm× 8cm质中肿物 ,界清 ,无压痛 ,活动度大。肿物表面光滑 ,与周围组织无粘连 ,无外伤及胰腺炎病史。B超及CT检查示胰尾部约 7cm× 7cm的类圆形囊性占位 ,边界尚清 ,周边见血流信号。实验室检查指标无异常。全麻下行剖腹探查 ,术中见胰尾部 8cm× 8cm× 8cm的圆形囊性肿物 ,边界清 ,未发现区域淋巴结及其他器官转移。切除肿物及少许胰腺组织送检。临床诊断 :胰尾囊腺瘤。患者术后状态良好 ,随访两年无复发。病理检查　巨检 :囊性肿物一个 ,8cm× 8cm× 7cm大小…     

胰腺浆液性微囊性腺瘤1例

患者女性,40岁。自述2年前无明显诱因出现上腹部胀痛、进食后加重,口干、口苦、食欲不振等症状。后因劳累及饮食不慎,上述症状反复发作。CT示胰体尾部占位性疾病,考虑胰腺黏液腺瘤。血生化检查:血清CA19-914U/ml,AFP7ng/ml,CEA4ng/ml,CA-12513·6U/ml,淀粉酶255·9U/L;尿淀粉酶3112·6U/L。术中见胰体有一6cm×5cm大小包块,质稍硬,与周围组织粘连不紧密,但与胰腺粘连紧密。病理检查巨检:部分胰腺及不整形组织,其中见一直径7cm包膜完整的肿物,与周围组织界限清楚,肿物切面为蜂窝状多微小囊改变,囊内为无色清亮液体,其间见灰白色纤维…     

胰腺无功能性胰岛细胞瘤超声表现1例

患者男,42岁.常规体检时超声发现:胰腺显示清,胰管无扩张,胰腺体尾部与胃之间可见一大小约6.8 cm×7.0 cm×5.2 cm包块回声(图1、2),边界清,内回声尚均质,与胃壁分界清.CDFI:周边及内部可探及血流信号.超声诊断:胰腺体尾部与胃之间实性包块来源于胰腺,良性可能性大.CT:胰腺体尾部肿物(胰腺腺瘤?胰腺无功能性胰岛细胞瘤?).手术显示:胰腺体尾部与胃之间见一7.0 cm×8.0 cm×6.0 cm大小实性包块,与胰腺、胃、脾关系密切.手术行胰腺体尾部、脾切除.病理诊断:胰腺无功能性胰岛细胞瘤.     

小儿胰腺实性假乳头状瘤超声表现1例

患者女,10岁.反复中上腹疼痛不适1年余入院,查体:一般情况尚好,神志清,皮肤、巩膜无黄染,全腹触软,上腹部扪及一大小约45 mm×45 mm的包块,质地中等,肝脾肋下未及.既往无殊.血常规,生化常规检查正常,血淀粉酶71 U/L正常.超声检查:胰腺形态轮廓欠规整,胰体尾部见一大小约47 mm×41 mm的实性中等偏低回声,呈类圆形,局限性隆起,有包膜,边界尚清,推之不活动,内部回声不均,可见点状强回声及局部小片状液性无回声区(图1).CDFI:其内见点状血流信号.PW:测及动脉样频谱,呈低速低阻型.提示:胰腺尾部混合性占位,以实性为主;上腹部增强CT提示:胰腺体尾部肿块,考虑为胰母细胞瘤.上腹部增强MR提示:胰体尾部占位,囊腺瘤待排.     

胰腺内副脾上皮性囊肿1例

患者男性,30岁,因外伤后检查发现胰腺占位5天。腹部超声示:脾门下方见大小约3.5 cm×2.5 cm低回声影,形态尚规则,边界尚清晰,CDFI:其内未见明显血流信号。腹部增强CT示:胰尾部见一类圆形肿块影,大小约3.7 cm×3.0 cm(图1)。遂行脾脏及胰尾部肿块切除,术中见胰尾部直径约3 cm的肿瘤,边界清楚。     

何杰金淋巴瘤合并胃癌、胰腺癌1例

患者男,18岁。因呕吐、上腹不适并消瘦、乏力20天于1994年9月15日入院.8年前曾因左颈部淋巴结肿大、病理诊断为何杰金淋巴瘤,于北京某医院行系统放疗、化疗后缓解。查体:T 36.8℃,发育、营养差、消瘦、贫血貌,皮肤粘膜无黄染及出血点,表浅淋巴结无肿大,心肺正常,上腹稍膨隆,可见胃蠕动波,未触及明显包块,肝、脾肋下未触及,胃震水音阳性,肠鸣音正常。实验室检查:Hb 85g/L、WBC 5.8×10~9/L.中性0.7.淋巴0.27,单核0.0l,嗜酸粒细胞0.02;大便隐血阴性,ESR 46mm/h,肝、肾功能正常.血淀粉酶110U(索氏法),尿淀粉酶510U(索氏法),胸片正常。上消化道钡餐示幽门不全梗阻;胰腺B超示胰尾3.0cm×2.0cm实性占位.剖腹检查:见幽门部有4.0cm×3.0cm×3.0cm肿物、向外浸润,质硬累及部分十二指肠.胰尾部触及3.0cm×3.0cm×3.0cm硬块,与周围粘连较重,行胃癌根治加胰尾切除术。病理检查报告:胃低分化癌、胰腺导管腺癌。经两个疗程化疗后好转出院.     

肾透明细胞癌胰腺多发转移1例

患者女,58岁,体检发现胰腺占位1月余;5年前在我院接受左肾癌根治术,切除左肾与脾,病理结果为肾透明细胞癌.糖尿病史1年余.体检:左腹部及下腹正中分别见20 cm及10 cm陈旧性手术瘢痕,余未见异常.肿瘤标记物检查AFP、CEA、CA19-9、CA125、CA15-3均(-).实验室检查:血糖6.52 mmol/L,α-淀粉酶(-);肝肾功等未见异常.超声:胰头区见大小约1.3 cm×1.2 cm的囊性无回声区,胰尾部见两个相邻囊性无回声团块,分别为2.1 cm×1.9 cm和1.8 cm×1.5 cm;CDFI:胰腺病变区未见明显异常血流信号.左肾和脾缺如.CT:平扫见胰颈及胰尾区软组织实性团块(图1A),界清,大小分别为1.9 cm×2.5 cm、2.4 cm×2.5 cm,CT值约32～34 HU;增强(图1B)及CTA(图1C)示肿块明显强化,血供丰富,胰管未见扩张;考虑胰岛细胞瘤可能,结合病史,转移瘤不能除外.99mTc-MDP全身核素骨显像未见确切骨转移征象.     

超声诊断单纯胰腺断裂1例

患儿男,11岁.7小时前腹部外伤,当时仅感轻微腹痛,数小时后出现持续性腹痛,伴呕吐,呕吐物为胃内容物.腹部体查:腹肌紧张,全腹压痛及反跳痛,中上腹明显,全腹未扪及肿块,肝脾未触及.实验室检查:血淀粉酶2 884.5 u/L;尿淀粉酶54 308 u/L.超声检查见:胰头厚17mm,尾厚14mm,头、尾轮廓清楚,胰颈与胰体交界处连续性中断,被10 mm×20 mm液性暗区分隔,胰腺回声尚均质,主胰管未见扩张(图1)).腹腔内可见液性暗区,深70 mm,透声差(图2),肝肾间隙,脾肾间隙分别探及深3 mm,4 mm少量液性暗区.超声诊断:①胰腺声像改变:胰腺裂伤可能性大;②腹腔积液.术中所见:腹腔内有浑浊血性液体,约200 ml,探查见大网膜有皂化斑,肝、胆、脾、胃、十二指肠、小肠、结肠未见异常.胰颈部肠系膜上静脉前方约2/3断开.术后诊断:①胰腺断裂;②腹膜炎.     

胰腺平滑肌瘤1例

1病历简介女,28岁。主诉左上腹肿物,伴反复疼痛1月余。体检：左中上腹触及一肿物,约18．5cm×12.0cm×10．0cm,质中度,固定,表面光滑,边界模糊不清,伴有触压痛;皮色正常。实验室检查明性。超声所见：左中上腹可见一巨大囊实性肿物,肿物密度不均匀,中央部分较低,呈液性无回声区,周围呈实质低回声区;肿物34．0cm×24．0cm×16．0cm,与胰体尾部紧连,胃体底部受压,边界较清楚,边缘欠规则。B超诊断：考虑胰腺体尾部恶性肿瘤。手术与病理：术中见肿物源于胰体尾部,与胃壁、大网膜、模结肠等粘连,约40．ocmX28ocmX20．OCm,…     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Modified micro-superior percutaneously-assisted total hip: early experiences & case reports

Because of the extensile nature and familiarity of the standard posterior-lateral approach to the hip, a family of "micro-posterior" approaches has been developed. This family includes the Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (PATH) approach, the Supercapsular (SuperCap) approach and a newer hybrid approach, the Supercapsular Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (SuperPATH) approach. Such approaches should ideally provide a continuum for the surgeon: from a "micro" (external rotator sparing) posterior approach, to a "mini" (external rotator sacrificing) posterior approach, to a standard posterior approach. This could keep a surgeon within his comfort zone during the learning curve of the procedure, while leaving options for complicated reconstructions for the more practiced micro-posterior surgeons. This paper details one author's experiences utilizing this combined approach, as well as permutations of this entire micro-posterior family of approaches as applied to more complex hip reconstructions.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Structure and function of "metalloantibiotics"

Although most antibiotics do not need metal ions for their biological activities, there are a number of antibiotics that require metal ions to function properly, such as bleomycin (BLM), streptonigrin (SN), and bacitracin. The coordinated metal ions in these antibiotics play an important role in maintaining proper structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Removal of the metal ions from these antibiotics can cause changes in structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Similar to the case of "metalloproteins," these antibiotics are dubbed "metalloantibiotics" which are the title subjects of this review. Metalloantibiotics can interact with several different kinds of biomolecules, including DNA, RNA, proteins, receptors, and lipids, rendering their unique and specific bioactivities. In addition to the microbial-originated metalloantibiotics, many metalloantibiotic derivatives and metal complexes of synthetic ligands also show antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-neoplastic activities which are also briefly discussed to provide a broad sense of the term "metalloantibiotics."