甲状旁腺腺瘤的CT诊断

本文介绍了甲状旁腺腺瘤的CT检查方法,并报告了15例手术和病理证实的甲状旁腺腺瘤的CT表现。其中12例(占80％)术前CT检查作出准确定位诊断。文中还分析了腺瘤的强化曲线特征并与血管强化曲线进行了比较。     

甲状旁腺功能亢进症42例诊断的探讨

本文报道42例手术证实的原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症病例,男性22例,女性20例。发病年龄多在20～50岁。腺瘤36例(占85％),增生4例,Ⅰ型多发性内分泌腺瘤病1例,甲状旁腺腺癌1例。骨病(占86％),骨折及泌尿道结石为本病最突出的表现,早期常被误诊为关节炎(18例)或各种骨病(骨质疏松、软骨病、骨结核、骨肿瘤)及尿路结石。实验室检查中血钙增     

甲状旁腺机能亢进的X线诊断

甲状旁腺机能亢进(简称副甲亢)是具有多种临床表现并不少见的疾病。副甲亢分为原发性和继发性两种。原发性副甲亢以良性甲状旁腺腺瘤最多见,约占80～87％,有的报导高达96％。以主细胞腺瘤为主。常累及一     

不同病理类型原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症临床表现的比较分析

目的分析不同病理类型甲状旁腺功能亢进(PHPT)的临床表现特点。方法回顾性分析1958—2005年北京协和医院收治经手术病理证实的280例PHPT患者的临床资料。按病理类型分为甲状旁腺腺瘤组208例,甲状旁腺增生组52例及甲状旁腺腺癌组20例。结果腺癌组中男性高于另外2组(P<0.05)。增生及腺癌组中骨畸形、骨软化比例较低,增生组骨吸收、病理性骨折比例低于腺瘤组;胃肠道症状、多饮多尿及泌尿系统病变在腺癌组中高于另外2组(P均<0.05)。血总钙(TCa)、血游离钙离子(ICa)及24h尿Ca在腺癌组显著高于腺瘤组及增生组(P均<0.01),在腺瘤组与增生组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。出现高钙危象的比例在腺癌组显著高于另外2组(P<0.01)。腺癌组病灶重量高于增生组,腺瘤组病灶直径小于增生组(P均<0.05)。结论在本组病例中,腺癌组男性比例较高,泌尿系统病变更为多见,出现高钙危象的比例显著增高,术后复发的比例较高。增生组骨骼系统病变相对较轻,其病变甲状旁腺重量低于腺癌与腺瘤组。     

甲状旁腺腺瘤9例临床特点及延误诊断分析

目的探讨甲状旁腺腺瘤患者的临床特点和延误诊断的原因。方法回顾性分析2000年1月至2005年6月华中科技大学同济医学院协和医院收治的经手术确诊的9例甲状旁腺腺瘤患者的资料。结果9例中男性4例,女性5例。误诊时间8个月至11年。9例患者均有骨骼系统临床表现,同时兼有泌尿系统、消化系统表现者各有7例和6例。所有患者均有低血磷和血碱性磷酸酶升高,8例有高血钙和高尿钙。7例患者血清甲状旁腺素(PTH)明显升高。99m锝-甲氧基异丁基异腈(99mTc-MIBI)甲状旁腺显像是最佳定位检查。结论完整的病史,细致的体检和实验室检查对于甲状旁腺腺瘤的诊断十分重要。     

原发性甲状旁腺机能亢进

作者报导自1965～1972年经手术病理证实的65例原发性甲状旁腺机能亢进。活检结果为:腺瘤15例,增生14例,腺瘤和增生混合的34例,癌2例。临床所见:女性39例,男性26例。平均年龄为52.5岁。最常见的临床表现为肾结石,占51％。少数病人其主要表现为高血压,消化性溃疡,精神病,骨骼疼痛和胰腺炎。25例曾用过克尿塞药物治疗,有人报告可能克尿塞刺激甲状旁腺引起甲状旁腺机能亢进。4例有假性痛风史,关节内曾抽出焦磷酸盐的结晶。25例无甲状旁腺机能亢进的临床表现,只是在内科常规生化检查时才被诊断。生化检查:65例都作血钙、血磷的测定。血钙的     

高频多普勒彩色超声对40例甲状旁腺腺瘤的诊断价值

甲状旁腺腺瘤属内分泌肿瘤,多数引起原发甲状旁腺功能亢进。甲状旁腺腺瘤术前病灶的检出和准确定位是治疗的关键,高频多普勒超声在甲状旁腺疾病的诊断和治疗方面的应用也越来越多。笔者总结经手术、病理证实的40例甲状旁腺腺瘤,探讨高频超声成像对其的诊断价值,现报道如下。     

以低血糖昏迷就诊的多发性内分泌腺瘤1型四例并文献复习

目的 探讨以低血糖昏迷就诊的多发性内分泌腺瘤1型(MENI型)的临床特点及诊治经验.方法 对因复低血糖昏迷住院、经内分泌激素和影像检查及手术确诊为MEN1型的4例患者临床资料进行分析.结果 (1)4例患者均具备Whipple三联征,影像榆查显示胰腺内占位性病变,手术病理证实为胰岛素瘤,其中2例为多发性.(2)1例合并垂体瘤、甲状旁腺瘤(术后复发)和肾上腺皮质腺瘤,1例合并垂体瘤、甲状旁腺瘤(2个)和肾卜腺结节增生,1例合并垂体瘤和甲状旁腺瘤,另1例合并垂体瘤及可疑甲状旁腺瘤.结论 (1)对于胰岛素瘤患者,应仔细检查是否存在MENl型.(2)对于MEN1型患者,手术时应关注甲状旁腺瘤(或增生)和胰岛素瘤是否为多发及异位等情况.术后应定期随访以监测病变的复发和新病变发生.     

原发性甲状旁腺机能亢进症漏误诊6例分析

原发性甲状旁腺机能亢进症(下称甲旁亢)危害严重,容易误诊。近年来,我们收治漏误诊病人6例,经手术病理证实为甲状旁腺腺瘤或增生。现将误诊原因及教训分析如下。例1:女,38岁。曾因失眠、健忘、乏力、厌食、便秘10年,神经内科诊为神经衰     

甲状旁腺机能亢进

甲状旁腺机能亢进(简称甲旁亢),因初期症状轻而易误诊。现将本病的有关资料简要综述如下。一、分类:目前多数学者认为甲旁亢主要分原发性和继发性二类。原发性甲旁亢主要因甲状旁腺肿瘤及增生引起甲状旁腺激素分泌过多所致,甲状旁腺腺瘤引起者约占80～90%,以单发性多见。且常与甲状腺腺瘤、胰岛细胞腺瘤、肾     

Undefined complications of parathyroid adenoma, parathyroid hyperplasia (primary hyperparathyroidism), thyroid follicular adenoma, thyroid papillary carcinoma, temporal astrocytoma, cerebellar meningioma, and hemangioma of external auditory meatus and oral papilloma

A 59-year-old woman who had parathyroid adenoma, parathyroid hyperplasia, thyroid follicular adenoma, thyroid papillary carcinoma, astrocytoma of the right temporal lobe, cerebellar meningioma, capillary hemangioma of the left external auditory meatus and papilloma of the left upper gingiva is reported. Dynamic magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography with contrast-enhancement and gastrofiberscopy revealed no remarkable findings in the pituitary, pancreas, adrenals, stomach or duodenum. Similar lesions were not found in any family members. Defect of the causative genes of multiple endocrine neoplasia types I and IIa, MENIN and RET was not detected. Further follow-up of this patient and family members is needed.     

Coexistence of a parathyroid adenoma and parathyroid cyst causing primary hyperparathyroidism

The association of a functional parathyroid cyst with a parathyroid adenoma is an uncommon finding. In this report we describe the clinical history of a 60-yr-old man, presenting with the following findings: hypercalcemia (18.9 mg/dl), elevated serum parathormone levels (1320 pg/dl), hypercalciuria (228 mg/dl), and hyperphosphaturia (155 mg/dl). Neck ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and 99Tc Sestamibi scintigraphy led to the identification of a left parathyroid adenoma, located at the lower pole of the left thyroid gland lobe, associated with a parathyroid cyst, located at the upper extremity of the same thyroid lobe. Parathyroidectomy was performed and the histological examination confirmed the diagnosis of a parathyroid adenoma with aspects of cystic degeneration and an upper parathyroid cyst. Analysis of the crystal clear intracystic fluid showed elevated parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels (137.000 pg/ml). The patient is normocalcemic at 2 yr after surgery without signs of recurrent parathyroid enlargements. Aetiology, diagnosis and management of parathyroid cyst will be discussed.     

Double parathyroid carcinoma

The incidence of parathyroid carcinoma is rare. We recently encountered a case of double carcinoma, located in the right and left upper parathyroid glands. A 67-year old man came to the Teikyo University Hospital because of his bilateral parathyroid masses with hypercalcemia and high parathyroid hormone (PTH). Preoperative diagnoses were parathyroid adenoma in the left lobe and papillary thyroid carcinoma or parathyroid carcinoma in the right lobe. First, the left tumor was removed; however, iPTH was still high. The right mass was then resected and iPTH fell to normal range. Histological examination revealed both tumors were parathyroid carcinoma. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of double parathyroid carcinoma confirmed histologically.     

Androgen producing adrenal adenoma. Report on a case associated with hyperparathyroidism

In a 41-year-old hirsute woman, severe hypercalcemia led to the discovery of hyperparathyroidism related to the involvement (hyperplasia/or adenoma) of the 4 parathyroid glands. Plasma and urinary DHA, plasma DHA-sulfate and delta 5 steroid precursors were elevated. Steroid hormone hypersecretion was stimulated by hCG and ACTH, and exhibited a paradoxical rise during dexamethasone administration. Computerized tomography scanning as well as arteriography disclosed bilateral adrenal hyperplasia and left adrenal adenoma. Bilateral adrenal vein catheterization indicated a left/right gradient for delta 5 steroids and delta 5 steroid sulfates. At surgery a left brown adrenal encapsulated adenoma was removed with a hyperplastic adrenal gland. Results of in vitro studies (adrenal steroid content and incubation) together with postadrenalectomy hormonal results suggest that the left brown adrenal adenoma was the main source of excessive androgen production. The infrequent association of an androgen-producing adrenal adenoma with hyperparathyroidism raises the hypothesis of multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome. However, evidence for this diagnosis is lacking in the absence of other glandular involvement and of family history.     

A patient with classic severe primary hyperparathyroidism in whom both Tc-99m MIBI scintigraphy and FDG-PET failed to detect the parathyroid tumor

A 24-year-old woman was admitted to our department for further examination of hypercalcemia, a high level of intact parathyroid hormone (PTH) and a right parathyroid tumor. She complained of bone pain throughout her body and was unable to walk due to systemic cystic osteofibrosis, including a brown tumor of the left lower extremities. Neck ultrasonography (US) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a tumor 2 cm in diameter in the upper side of the right thyroid lobe. 99mTc sestamibi (99mTc-MIBI) imaging and F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) were performed to diagnose primary hyperparathyroidism and examination of other parathyroid glands. However, neither imaging modality detected the parathyroid tumor. To confirm the diagnosis, we performed selective venous sampling around the parathyroid and the patient was diagnosed with primary hyperparathyroidism due to a right parathyroid tumor. Resection of the right parathyroid tumor was performed and the pathological diagnosis was parathyroid adenoma. To date, both 99mTc-MIBI and FDG-PET are useful to localize parathyroid tumors. In this case, however, neither modality detected the tumor. Although recent studies state that expression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) in parathyroid tumors plays an important role in the false-negative results of both 99mTc-MIBI scans and FDG-PET, immunohistological study detected no P-gp expression in the parathyroid tumor in the current case.     

A case of aldosterone-producing adrenocortical adenoma associated with preclinical Cushing's syndrome and hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone

A rare case of aldosterone-producing adrenocortical adenoma with preclinical Cushing's syndrome and hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) is described. A 64-year-old male patient had a history of hypertension for two decades and hypokalemia for 4 years. He suffered from left hemiparesis and aphasia due to cerebral hemorrhage, but his appearance was not Cushingoid. His plasma renin activity was below the normal range, while plasma aldosterone concentration was high. They did not respond to furosemide-upright test. His plasma cortisol level in the morning was at the upper limit of the normal range, but it did not show a diurnal rhythm nor was it suppressed by 1 mg and 8 mg of dexamethasone. Computed tomography showed a low density tumor in the right adrenal gland. An adrenal scintigram under dexamethasone treatment revealed an uptake of the tracer on the right side, and plasma aldosterone and cortisol concentrations in the adrenal vein were higher on the right side than on the opposite. The diagnosis of right aldosterone-producing adrenal adenoma with an autonomous production of cortisol was confirmed by right adrenalectomy. Histological findings showed an adenoma consisting mostly of clear cells, but that the nests of compact cells were scattered. Analysis of an extract from the adenoma revealed that the adenoma contained an excess amount of aldosterone and that the cortisol/corticosterone ratio was higher than that of aldosterone-producing adenoma. Both serum calcium and PTH levels remained high one year after adrenalectomy. Ultrasonography revealed the swelling of a parathyroid gland on the left side, indicating the coexistence of an autonomous hyperparathyroidism.     

Giant mediastinal parathyroid adenoma

Primary hyperparathyroidism is most commonly caused by either a parathyroid adenoma or parathyroid hyperplasia. Parathyroid adenomas also rarely attain huge proportions. We present a case of a 63-year-old female patient causing hypercalcemia and the mass which is located in the mediastinum. High intact parathormone level secondary to an ectopic hypersecretory parathyroid adenoma were detected (642 pg/mL). It was removed via a right thoracic approach. In this case parathyroid adenoma measuring 7 x 5 x 4 cm and weighing 145 g; to our knowledge the greatest mass reported in the literature. Despite its huge size it did not cause many of the hypercalcemic symptoms.     

PRE-OPERATIVE LOCALIZATION OF ALDOSTERONE-SECRETING ADRENAL ADENOMAS

Techniques for pre-operative localization of aldosterone-secreting adrenal adenomas were studied in thirty-seven patients, each with hypertension and biochemical evidence of primary hyperaldosteronism and each later having adrenal surgery (thirty-two adenomas, five bilateral adrenal hyperplasia). Bilateral adrenal vein catheterization was attempted in all cases; it was successful on the left side in all patients and in 92% of cases on the right. Adrenal vein plasma samples were obtained from the left side in 92% and from the right in 73% of cases. Adrenal vein plasma aldosterone measurements correctly indicated the presence of tumour in twenty-eight cases but falsely predicted unilateral adenoma in two cases of bilateral adrenal hyperplasia. Adrenal venography also correctly predicted unilateral adrenal adenomas in twenty-six cases but falsely suggested the presence of tumour in three cases of bilateral adrenal hyperplasia. Computed tomography (CT) was used in the last eight cases. In seven instances the predictions (six adenomas, one bilateral adrenal hyperplasia) were confirmed at surgery. However, the remaining patient harboured an adenoma 20 mm in diameter which was not detected by CT although diagnosed both by adrenal venography and adrenal vein aldosterone measurements. Ultrasound detected adenoma in only three of twenty-two cases examined. Although further comparative studies of the type described here are required, the results of computed tomography are promising and suggest that this non-invasive technique might well become the first choice procedure in localizing aldosterone-secreting adenomas.     

Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2a and germ line C634G RET mutation diagnosed in an 80-year-old patient

An 80-year-old man presented with progressive fatigue. Blood tests showed that serum calcium was increased (2.93 mmol/l, normal range 2.20-2.55 mmol/l) and serum concentration of intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) inappropriately high (198 pg/ml, normal range 15-85 pg/ml). Neck ultrasonography and Tc-MIBI scintigraphy revealed a right parathyroid adenoma and a multinodular goiter. Serum calcitonin was significantly increased (220 pg/ml, normal range < 10 pg/ml). Concomitantly, a chest-abdominal computed tomography was performed and revealed a 22 mm right adrenal incidentaloma. The urinary catecholamines and metabolites were two-fold above the upper limit of normal. After right adrenalectomy which confirmed the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma, the patient underwent total thyroidectomy with dissection of the central lymph node compartment and right parathyroidectomy. On histopathologic examination, both thyroid lobes presented 13 foci of MTC without lymph node metastasis and the parathyroid gland presented a benign adenoma without hyperplasia. The patient underwent screening and genetic testing revealing a germ line C634 G RET mutation. The diagnosis of Men2a at the age of 80 years and the absence of lymph node metastasis of the multiple MTC in a carrier of C634G mutation were unusual and argued for the possible role of genetic modifier(s) in this MEN 2a patient.     

健康人群的肺部听诊情况调查及结果分析

目的：获得正常健康人群肺部听诊结果分布情况。方法用专用肺部听诊设备对1896名健康成人行肺部听诊并录音,由呼吸专业医师根据录音判断肺部听诊情况。肺部听诊采集录取肺部喉部、左上、右上、左中、右中、左下、右下、左后、右后9个部位肺音。统计分析各部位啰音分布百分比。结果符合入选条件者1450人,9个听诊部位全部正常者1014人(69.9%),至少有1个部位听诊有啰音者436人(30.06%),至少有2个部位有啰音者190人(13.10%),至少有3个部位有啰音者81人(占5.58%)；出现干啰音比例由高至低依次为：左上(13.4%)、左中和左后(1.4%)、喉部和右上和左下(1.2%)、右下(1.0%)、右后(0.9%)；湿啰音比例由高至低依次为：右下(6.6%)、左后(5.9%)、右中(5.8%)、左下(5.1%)、右后(2.8%)、喉部(2.1%)、右上(1.9%)、左上(0.8%)；左中、右下和左后同时具有干啰音和湿啰音各2例(0.1%)。各听诊部位间听诊啰音分布及听诊部位间啰音分布情况差异无统计学意义(P >0.05)。结论健康成人肺部啰音并非少见,其临床意义有待进一步研究。